Age and educational track influence adolescent discounting of delayed rewards

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 4, Issue DEC, 2013, Pages

  Lee, Nikki C ^a,b   de Groot, Renate H M ^a,b,c   Boschloo, Annemarie ^a   Dekker, Sanne ^a   Krabbendam, Lydia ^a   Jolles, Jelle ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Age; Development; Educational track; Temporal discounting

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891683940     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00993     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: a behavioural theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychol. Bull. 82, 463-496. doi: 10.1037/h0076860
2. Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Grant, J. D., and Heath, A. C. (2011). Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: a longitudinal twin study. Behav. Genet. 41, 175-183. doi: 10.1007/s10519-010-9384-7
3. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull. 121, 65-94. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
4. Boschloo, A., Ouwehand, C., Dekker, S., Lee, N., de Groot, R., Krabbendam, L., et al. (2012). The relation between breakfast skipping and school performance in adolescents. Mind Brain Educ. 6, 81-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2012.01138.x
5. Casey, B. J., Getz, S., and Galvan, A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Dev. Rev. 28, 62-77. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.003
6. Christakou, A., Brammer, M., and Rubia, K. (2011). Maturation of limbic corticostriatal activation and connectivity associated with developmental changes in temporal discounting. Neuroimage 24, 1344-1354. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.067
7. Dekker, S., Krabbendam, L., Lee, N. C., Boschloo, A., de Groot, R., and Jolles, J. (2013). Sex differences in goal orientation in adolescents aged 10-19: the older boys adopt work-avoidant goals twice as often as girls. Learn. Individ. Diff. 26, 196-200. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.011
8. De Wit, H., Flory, J. D., Acheson, A., McCloskey, M., and Manuck, S. B. (2007). IQ and non-planning impulsivity are independently associated with delay-discounting in middle-aged adults. Person. Individ. Diff.42, 111-121. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.026
9. Diamond, A., and Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 333, 959-964. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529
10. Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., and Jacobs, E. A. (2003). Delay discounting in pathological gamblers. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 36, 449-458. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2003.36-449
11. Field, M., Christiansen, P., Cole, J., and Goudie, A. (2007). Delay discounting and the alcohol Stroop in heavy drinking adolescents. Addiction 102, 579-586. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01743.x
12. Giedd, J. N. (2004). Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1021, 77-85. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.009
13. Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., et al. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 8174-8179. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402680101
14. Green, L., Fry, A., and Myerson, J. (1994). Discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison. Psychol. Sci. 5, 33-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x
15. Green, L., Myerson, J., and McFadden, E. (1997). Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward. Mem. Cogn. 25, 715-723. doi: 10.3758/BF03211314
16. Green, L., Myerson, J., and Ostaszewski, P. (1999). Discounting of delayed rewards across the life span: age differences in individual discounting functions. Behav. Process. 46, 89-96. doi: 10.1016/S0376-6357(99)00021-2
17. Harrison, G. W., Lau, M. I., and Williams, M. B. (2002). Estimating individual discount rates in Denmark: a field experiment. Am. Econ. Rev. 92, 1606-1617. doi: 10.1257/000282802762024674
18. Jaroni, J. L., Wright, S. M., Lerman, C., and Epstein, L. H. (2004). Relationship between education and delay discounting in smokers. Addict. behav. 29, 1171-1175. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.014
19. Johnson, M. W., and Bickel, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 77, 129-146. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129
20. Kirby, K. N., and Marakovic, N. N. (1996). Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: rates decrease as amounts increase. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 3, 100-104. doi: 10.3758/BF03210748
21. Kirby, K. N., Winston, G. C., and Santiesteban, M. (2005). Impatience and grades: delay-discount rates correlate negatively with college GPA. Learn. Individ. Diff. 15, 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2005.01.003
22. Lee, N. C., Krabbendam, L., Dekker, S., Boschloo, A., de Groot, R. H. M., and Jolles, J. (2012). Academic motivation mediates the influence of temporal discounting on academic achievement during adolescence. Trends Neurosci. Educ. 1, 43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2012.07.001
23. Logue, A. W., Rodriguez, M. L., Pena-Correal, T. E., and Mauro, B. C. (1984). Choice in a self-control paradigm: quantification of experience-based differences. J. Exp. Analy. Behav. 41, 53-67. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1984.41-53
24. Luna, B., Garver, K. E., Urban, T. A., Lazar, N. A., and Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Dev. 75, 1357-1372. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x
25. Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., and Kastern, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 11, 139-145. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.139
26. Madden, G. J., Raiff, B. R., Lagorio, C. H., Begotka, A. M., Mueller, A. M., Hehli, D. J., et al. (2004). Delay discounting of potentially real and hypothetical rewards: II. Between-and within-subject comparisons. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 12, 251-261. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.12.4.251
27. Mitchell, S. H. (2011). The genetic basis of delay discounting and its genetic relationship to alcohol dependence. Behav. Process. 87, 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.02.008
28. Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., et al. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 2693-2698. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010076108
29. Myerson, J., and Green, L. (1995). Discounting of delayed rewards-models of individual choice. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 64, 263-276. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1995.64-263
30. Myerson, J., Green, L., and Warusawitharana, M. (2001). Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 76, 235-243. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235
31. Olson, E. A., Collins, P. F., Hooper, C. J., Muetzel, R., Lim, K. O., and Luciana, M. (2009). White matter integrity predicts delay discounting behavior in 9-to 23-year-olds: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 21, 1406-1421. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21107
32. Olson, E. A., Hooper, C. J., Collins, P., and Luciana, M. (2007). Adolescents' performance on delay and probability discounting tasks: contributions of age, intelligence, executive functioning, and self-reported externalizing behavior. Person. Individ. Diff. 43, 1886-1897. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.06.016
33. Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., and Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. J. Exp. Analy. Behav. 55, 233-244. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233
34. Reimers, S., Maylor, E. A., Stewart, N., and Chater, N. (2009). Associations between a one-shot delay discounting measure and age, income, education and real-world impulsive behavior. Person. Individ. Diff. 47, 973-978. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.026
35. Reyna, V. F., and Farley, F. (2006). Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making-Implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychol. Sci. Pub. Interest 7, 1-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x
36. Reynolds, B., and Fields, S. (2012). Delay discounting by adolescents experimenting with cigarette smoking. Addiction 107, 417-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03644.x
37. Reynolds, B., Ortengren, A., Richards, J. B., and de Wit, H. (2006). Dimensions of impulsive behaviour: personality and behavioural measures. Person. Individ. Diff. 40, 305-315. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.024
38. Robles, E., and Vargas, P. A. (2008). Parameters of delay discounting assesment: number of trials, effort, and sequential effects. Behav. Process. 78, 285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2007.10.012
39. Robles, E., Vargas, P. A., and Bejarano, R. (2009). Within-subject differences in degree of delay discounting as a function of order of presentation of hypothetical cash rewards. Behav. Process. 81, 260-263. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.02.018
40. Scheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., et al. (2006). Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: effects of age and ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychologia 44, 2092-2103. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012
41. Shamosh, N. A., DeYoung, C. G., Green, A. E., Reis, D. L., Johnson, M. R., Conway, A. R. A., et al. (2008). Individual differences in delay discounting: relation to intelligence, working memory, and anterior prefrontal cortex. Psychol. Sci. 19, 904-911. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x
42. Shamosh, N. A., and Gray, J. R. (2008). Delay discounting and intelligence: a meta-analysis. Intelligence 36, 289-305. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2007.09.004
43. Silva, F. J., and Gross, T. F. (2004). The rich get richer: students' discounting of hypothetical delayed rewards and real effortful extra credit. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11, 1124-1128. doi: 10.3758/BF03196747
44. Silverman, I. W. (2003). Gender differences in delay of gratification: a meta-analysis. Sex Roles 49, 451-463. doi: 10.1023/A:1025872421115
45. Somerville, L. H., Hare, T., and Casey, B. J. (2011). Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 2123-2134. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21572
46. Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Dev. Rev. 28, 78-106. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002
47. Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O'Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., and Banich, M. (2009). Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Dev. 80, 28-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.x
48. van den Bos, W., Crone, E. A., and Guroglu, B. (2012). Brain function during probabilistic learning in relation to IQ and level of education. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 25, S78-S89. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.007