Visual gravitational motion and the vestibular system in humans

Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience

Volumn 7, Issue 1 DEC, 2013, Pages

  Lacquaniti, Francesco ^a,b   Bosco, Gianfranco ^a,b   Indovina, Iole ^a,b   La Scaleia, Barbara ^b   Maffei, Vincenzo ^b   Moscatelli, Alessandro ^c   Zago, Myrka ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^b IRCCS FONDAZIONE SANTA LUCIA   (Italy)

^c BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Insula; Interception; Internal model; Microgravity; Self motion; Temporo parietal junction; Time perception

Indexed keywords

ANATOMIC LANDMARK; ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; BRAIN REGION; CALORIC VESTIBULAR TEST; EYE TRACKING; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GRAVITY SENSING; HUMAN; INSULA; KINEMATICS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; ONLINE ANALYSIS; PARIETAL CORTEX; POSTERIOR INSULA; RETROINSULA; SYLVIAN FISSURE; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VESTIBULAR SYSTEM; VISUAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; VISUAL ORIENTATION; VISUAL SYSTEM; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION;

EID: 84891548910     PISSN: 16625145     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00101     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Antal, A., Baudewig, J., Paulus, W., and Dechent, P. (2008). The posterior cingulate cortex and planum temporale/parietal operculum are activated by coherent visual motion. Vis. Neurosci. 25, 17-26. doi: 10.1017/S09525238080 80024
2. Baier, B., Conrad, J., Zu Eulenburg, P., Best, C., Müller-Forell, W., Birklein, F., et al. (2013). Insular strokes cause no vestibular deficits. Stroke 44, 2604-2606. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001816
3. Baumgartner, T., Speck, D., Wettstein, D., Masnari, O., Beeli, G., and Jäncke, L. (2008). Feeling present in arousing virtual reality worlds: prefrontal brain regions differentially orchestrate presence experience in adults and children. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2:8. doi: 10.3389/neuro.09.008.2008
4. Baurès, R., and Hecht, H. (2011). The effect of body posture on long-range time-to-contact estimation. Perception 40, 674-681. doi: 10.1068/p6945
5. Bennett, S. J., and Benguigui, N. (2013). Is acceleration used for ocular pursuit and spatial estimation during prediction motion? PLoS ONE 8:e63382. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063382
6. Bense, S., Stephan, T., Yousry, T. A., Brandt, T., and Dieterich, M. (2001). Multisen-sory cortical signal increases and decreases during vestibular galvanic stimulation (fMRI). J. Neurophysiol. 85, 886-899.
7. Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., and Seeck, M. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature 419, 269-270. doi: 10.1038/419269a
8. Bosco, G., Carrozzo, M., and Lacquaniti, F. (2008). Contributions of the human temporoparietal junction and MT/V5+ to the timing of interception revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurosci. 28, 12071-12084. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2869-08.2008
9. Bosco, G., Delle Monache, S., and Lacquaniti, F. (2012). Catching what we can't see: manual interception of occluded fly-ball trajectories. PLoS ONE 7:e49381. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049381
10. Bottini, G., Karnath, H. O., Vallar, G., Sterzi, R., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., et al. (2001). Cerebral representations for egocentric space. Functional-anatomical evidence from caloric vestibular stimulation and neck vibration. Brain 124, 1182-1196. doi: 10.1093/brain/124.6.1182
11. Bozzi, P. (1958). Analisi fenomenologica del moto pendolare armonico. Riv. Psicol. 52, 281-302.
12. Braddick, O. J. (1980). Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 290, 137-151. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1980. 0087
13. Brandt, T., Bartenstein, P., Janek, A., and Dieterich, M. (1998). Reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. Visual motion stimulation deactivates the parieto-insular vestibular cortex. Brain 121, 1749-1758. doi: 10.1093/brain/121. 9.1749
14. Brandt, T., and Dieterich, M. (1999). The vestibular cortex. Its locations, functions, and disorders. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 871, 293-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09193.x
15. Brenner, E., and Smeets, J. B. J. (1997). Fast responses of the human hand to changes in target position. J. Mot. Behav. 29, 297-310. doi: 10.1080/00222899709600017
16. Brouwer, A. M., Lopez-Moliner, J., Brenner, E., and Smeets, J. B. (2006). Determining whether a ball will land behind or in front of you: not just a combination of expansion and angular velocity. Vision Res. 46, 382-391. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.002
17. Calderone, J. B., and Kaiser, M. K. (1989). Visual acceleration detection: Effect of sign and motion orientation. Percept. Psychophys. 45, 391-394. doi: 10.3758/BF03210711
18. Cardin, V., and Smith, A. T. (2010). Sensitivity of human visual and vestibular cortical regions to egomotion-compatible visual stimulation. Cereb. Cortex 20, 1964-1973. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp268
19. Cesqui, B., d'Avella A., Portone, A., and Lacquaniti, F. (2012). Catching a ball at the right time and place: individual factors matter. PLoS ONE 7:e31770. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031770
20. Chang, D. H., Harris, L. R., and Troje, N. F. (2010). Frames of reference for biological motion and face perception. J. Vis. 10, 22. doi: 10.1167/10.6.22
21. Chen, A., DeAngelis, G. C., and Angelaki, D. E. (2010). Macaque parieto-insular vestibular cortex: responses to self-motion and optic flow. J. Neurosci. 30, 3022-3042. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4029-09.2010
22. Chen, A., DeAngelis, G. C., and Angelaki, D. E. (2011a). Convergence of vestibular and visual self-motion signals in an area of the posterior sylvian fissure. J. Neurosci. 31, 11617-11627. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1266-11.2011
23. Chen, A., DeAngelis, G. C., and Angelaki, D. E. (2011b). Representation of vestibular and visual cues to self-motion in ventral intraparietal cortex. J. Neurosci. 31, 12036-12052. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0395-11.2011
24. D'Andola, M., Cesqui, B., Portone, A., Fernandez, L., Lacquaniti, F., and d'Avella, A. (2013). Spatiotemporal characteristics of muscle patterns for ball catching. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 7:107. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00107
25. de Bruyn, B., and Orban, G. A. (1988). Human velocity and direction discrimination measured with random dot patterns. Vision Res. 28, 1323-1335. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(88)90064-8
26. De Saedeleer, C., Vidal, M., Lipshits, M., Bengoetxea, A., Cebolla, A. M., Berthoz, A., et al. (2013). Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion. Exp. Brain Res. 226, 95-106. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3414-7
27. De Sá Teixeira, N. A., Hecht, H., and Oliveira, A. M. (2013). The representational dynamics of remembered projectile locations. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 39, 1690-1699. doi: 10.1037/a0031777
28. Dessing, J. C., and Craig, C. M. (2010). Bending it like Beckham: how to visually fool the goalkeeper. PLoS ONE 5:e13161. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013161
29. Dessing, J. C., Oostwoud Wijdenes, L., Peper, C. L., and Beek, P. J. (2009). Adaptations of lateral hand movements to early and late visual occlusion in catching. Exp. Brain Res. 192, 669-682. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1588-1
30. De Vrijer, M., Medendorp, W. P., and Van Gisbergen, J. A. (2008). Shared computational mechanism for tilt compensation accounts for biased vertical-ity percepts in motion and pattern vision. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 915-930. doi: 10.1152/jn.00921.2007
31. de Waele, C., Baudonnière, P. M., Lepecq, J. C., Tran Ba Huy, P., and Vidal, P. P. (2001). Vestibular projections in the human cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 141, 541-551. doi: 10.1007/s00221-001-0894-7
32. Diaz, G., Cooper, J., Rothkopf, C., and Hayhoe, M. (2013). Saccades to future ball location reveal memory-based prediction in a virtual-reality interception task. J. Vis. 13, 20. doi: 10.1167/13.1.20
33. Dieterich, M., Bense, S., Lutz, S., Drzezga, A., Stephan, T., Bartenstein, P., et al. (2003a). Dominance for vestibular cortical function in the non-dominant hemisphere. Cereb. Cortex 13, 994-1007. doi: 10.1093/cercor/13.9.994
34. Dieterich, M., Bense, S., Stephan, T., Yousry, T. A., and Brandt, T. (2003b). FMRI signal increases and decreases in cortical areas during small-field optoki-netic stimulation and central fixation. Exp. Brain Res. 148, 117-127. doi: 10.1007/s00221-002-1267-6
35. Distler, H. K., Gegenfurtner, K. R., van Veen, H. A., and Hawken, M. J. (2000). Velocity constancy in a virtual reality environment. Perception 29, 1423-1435. doi: 10.1068/p3115
36. Duffy, C. J., and Wurtz, R. H. (1991). Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. I. A continuum of response selectivity to large-field stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 1329-1345.
37. Fernandez, C., and Goldberg, J. M. (1976). Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. I. Response to static tilts and to long-duration centrifugal force. J. Neurophysiol. 39, 970-984.
38. Field, D. T., and Wann, J. P. (2005). Perceiving time to collision activates the sensorimotor cortex. Curr. Biol. 15, 453-458. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.081
39. Frick, A., Huber, S., Reips, U. D., and Krist, H. (2005). Task-specific knowledge of the law of pendulum motion in children and adults. Swiss J. Psychol. 64, 103-114. doi: 10.1024/1421-0185.64.2.103
40. Fukushima, K. (1997). Corticovestibular interactions: anatomy, electrophys-iology, and functional considerations. Exp. Brain Res. 117, 1-16. doi: 10.1007/PL00005786
41. Gómez, J., and López-Moliner, J. (2013). Synergies between optical and physical variables in intercepting parabolic targets. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 7:46. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00046
42. Grealy, M. A., Craig, C. M., Bourdin, C., and Coleman, S. G. (2004). Judging time intervals using a model of perceptuo-motor control. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1185-1195. doi: 10.1162/0898929041920478
43. Guldin, W. O., and Grüsser, O. J. (1998). Is there a vestibular cortex? Trends Neurosci. 21, 254-259. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01211-3
44. Hubbard, T. L. (1995). Environmental invariants in the representation of motion: implied dynamics and representational momentum, gravity, friction and centripetal force. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2, 322-338. doi: 10.3758/BF03210971
45. Huber, S., and Krist, H. (2004). When is the ball going to hit the ground? Duration estimates, eye movements, and mental imagery of object motion. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 30, 431-444. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.431
46. Indovina, I., Maffei, V., Bosco, G., Zago, M., Macaluso, E., and Lacquaniti, F. (2005). Representation of visual gravitational motion in the human vestibular cortex. Science 308, 416-419. doi: 10.1126/science.1107961
47. Indovina, I., Maffei, V., and Lacquaniti, F. (2013a). Anticipating the effects of visual gravity during simulated self-motion: estimates of time-to-passage along vertical and horizontal paths. Exp. Brain Res. 229, 579-586. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3620-3
48. Indovina, I., Maffei, V., Pauwels, K., Macaluso, E., Orban, G. A., and Lacquaniti, F. (2013b). Simulated self-motion in a visual gravity field: sensitivity to vertical and horizontal heading in the human brain. Neuroimage 71, 114-124. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.005
49. Isnard, J., Guenot, M., Sindou, M., and Mauguiere, F. (2004). Clinical manifestations of insular lobe seizures: a stereo-electroencephalographic study. Epilepsia 45, 1079-1090. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.68903.x
50. Jenkin, H. L., Jenkin, M. R., Dyde, R. T., and Harris, L. R. (2004). Shape-from-shading depends on visual, gravitational, and body-orientation cues. Perception 33, 1453-1461. doi: 10.1068/p5285
51. Katsumata, H., and Russell, D. M. (2012). Prospective versus predictive control in timing of hitting a falling ball. Exp. Brain Res. 216, 499-514. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2954-y
52. Kawato, M. (1999). Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 718-727. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(99) 00028-8
53. Kleinschmidt, A., Thilo, K.V., Büchel, C., Gresty, M. A., Bronstein, A. M., and Frack-owiak R. S. J. (2002). Neural correlates of visual-motion perception as object- or self-motion. Neuroimage 16, 873-882. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1181
54. Krekelberg, B. (2008). Perception of direction is not compensated for neural latency. Behav. Brain Sci. 31, 208-209. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X08003920
55. Kushiro, K., Taga, G., and Watanabe, H. (2007). Frame of reference for visual perception in young infants during change of body position. Exp. Brain Res. 183, 523-529. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1070-5
56. Lacquaniti, F., Carrozzo, M., and Borghese, N. A. (1993). "The role of vision in tuning anticipatory motor responses of the limbs," in Multisensory Control of Movement, eds A. Berthoz, C. Gielen, V. Henn, K. P. Hoffmann, M. Imbert, F. Lacquaniti, et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 379-393.
57. Lacquaniti, F., and Maioli, C. (1987). Anticipatory and reflex coactivation of antagonist muscles in catching. Brain Res. 406, 373-378. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90810-9
58. Lacquaniti, F., and Maioli, C. (1989). The role of preparation in tuning anticipatory and reflex responses during catching. J. Neurosci. 9, 134-148.
59. Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception 5, 437-459. doi: 10.1068/p050437
60. Le Séac'h, A. B., Senot, P., and McIntyre J. (2010). Egocentric and allocentric reference frames for catching a falling object. Exp Brain Res. 201, 653-662. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-2081-1
61. Lisberger, S. G., and Movshon, J. A. (1999). Visual motion analysis for pursuit eye movements in area MT of macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci. 19, 2224-2246.
62. Lopez, C., Bachofner, C., Mercier, M., and Blanke, O. (2009). Gravity and observer's body orientation influence the visual perception of human body postures. J. Vis. 9, article 1.
63. Lopez, C., and Blanke, O. (2011). The thalamocortical vestibular system in animals and humans. Brain Res. Rev. 67, 119-146. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.12.002
64. Lopez, C., Blanke, O., and Mast, F. W. (2012). The human vestibular cortex revealed by coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neuroscience 212, 159-179. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.028
65. MacNeilage, P. R., Banks, M. S, Berger, D. R., and Bülthoff, H. H. (2007). A Bayesian model of the disambiguation of gravitoinertial force by visual cues. Exp. Brain Res. 179, 263-290. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0792-0
66. Maffei, V., Macaluso, E., Indovina, I., Orban, G., and Lacquaniti, F. (2010). Processing of targets in smooth or apparent motion along the vertical in the human brain: an fMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 360-370. doi: 10.1152/jn.00892. 2009
67. Malikovic, A., Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Eickhoff, S. B., Wilms, M., et al. (2007). Cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human extrastriate cortex in the region of V5/MT+: a probabilistic, stereotaxic map of area hOc5. Cereb. Cortex 17, 562-574. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj181
68. McIntyre, J., Zago, M., Berthoz, A., and Lacquaniti, F. (2001). Does the brain model Newton's laws? Nat. Neurosci. 4, 693-694. doi: 10.1038/89477
69. McKee, S. P., Silverman, G. H., and Nakayama, K. (1986). Precise velocity discrimination despite random variations in temporal frequency and contrast. Vision Res. 26, 609-619. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(86)90009-X
70. Merchant, H., Battaglia-Mayer, A., and Georgopoulos, A. P. (2004). Neural responses during interception of real and apparent circularly moving stimuli in motor cortex and area 7a. Cereb. Cortex 14, 314-331. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhg130
71. Merchant, H., Zarco, W., Prado, L., and Pérez, O. (2009). "Behavioral and neuro-physiological aspects of target interception," in Progress in Motor Control, ed. D. Sternad (NewYork; Springer), 201-220.
72. Merfeld, D. M., Park, S., Gianna-Poulin, C., Black, F. O., and Wood, S. (2005). Vestibular perception and action employ qualitatively different mechanisms. II. VOR and perceptual responses during combined tilt and translation. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 199-205. doi: 10.1152/jn.00905.2004
73. Merfeld, D. M., Zupan, L., and Peterka, R. J. (1999). Humans use internal models to estimate gravity and linear acceleration. Nature 398, 615-618. doi: 10.1038/19303
74. Miller, W. L., Maffei, V., Bosco, G., Iosa, M., Zago, M., Macaluso, E., et al. (2008). Vestibular nuclei and cerebellum put visual gravitational motion in context. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 1969-1982. doi: 10.1152/jn.00889.2007
75. Moscatelli, A., and Lacquaniti, F. (2011). The weight of time: gravitational force enhances discrimination of visual motion duration. J. Vis. 11, 5. doi: 10.1167/11.4.5
76. Nguyen, D. K., Nguyen, D. B., Malak, R., Leroux, J. M., Carmant, L., Saint-Hilaire, J. M., et al. (2009). Revisiting the role of the insula in refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 50, 510-520. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01758.x
77. Nijhawan, R. (2008). Visual prediction: psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays. Behav. Brain Sci. 31, 179-198. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X08003804
78. Orban, G. A., Fize, D., Peuskens, H., Denys, K., Nelissen, K., Sunaert, S., et al. (2003). Similarities and differences in motion processing between the human and macaque brain: evidence from fMRI. Neuropsychologia 41, 1757-1768. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00177-5
79. Pittenger, J. B. (1990). Detection of violations of the law of pendulum motion: Observers' sensitivity to the relation between period and length. Ecol. Psychol. 2, 55-81. doi: 10.1207/s15326969eco0201_3
80. Regan, D. (1997). Visual factors in hitting and catching. J. Sports Sci. 15, 533-558. doi: 10.1080/026404197366985
81. Regan, D., and Gray, R. (2000). Visually guided collision avoidance and collision achievement. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 99-107. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01442-4
82. Sauvan, X. M., and Peterhans, E. (1999). Orientation constancy in neurons of monkey visual cortex. Vis. Cogn. 6, 43-54. doi: 10.1080/713756803
83. Savelsbergh, G. J., Whiting, H. T., Burden, A. M., and Bartlett, R. M. (1992). The role of predictive visual temporal information in the coordination of muscle activity in catching. Exp. Brain Res. 89, 223-228. doi: 10.1007/BF00229019
84. Senot, P., Baillet, S., Renault, B., and Berthoz, A. (2008). Cortical eynamics of anticipatory mechanisms in interception: a neuromagnetic study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 1827-1838. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20129
85. Senot, P., Zago, M., Lacquaniti, F., and McIntyre J. (2005). Anticipating the effects of gravity when intercepting moving objects: differentiating up and down based on nonvisual cues. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 4471-4480. doi: 10.1152/jn.00527. 2005
86. Senot, P., Zago, M., Le Séac'h A., Zaoui, M., Berthoz, A., Lacquaniti, F., et al. (2012). When up is down in 0g: how gravity sensing affects the timing of inter-ceptive actions. J. Neurosci. 32, 1969-1973. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3886-11. 2012
87. Smith, A. T., Wall, M. B., and Thilo, K. V. (2012). Vestibular inputs to human motion-sensitive visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1068-1077. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr179
88. Tresilian, J. R. (1999). Visually timed action: time out for tau? Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 301-310. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01352-2
89. Troje, N. F. (2003). Reference frames for orientation anisotropies in face recognition and biological-motion perception. Perception, 32, 201-210. doi: 10.1068/p3392
90. Van Beuzekom, A. D., and Van Gisbergen, J. A. (2000). Properties of the internal representation of gravity inferred from spatial-direction and body-tilt estimates. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 11-27.
91. Vidal, M., Amorim, M. A., McIntyre, J., and Berthoz, A. (2006). The perception of visually presented yaw and pitch turns: assessing the contribution of motion, static, and cognitive cues. Percept. Psychophys. 68, 1338-1350 doi: 10.3758/BF03193732
92. Vishton, P. M., Reardon, K. M., and Stevens, J. A. (2010). Timing of anticipatory muscle tensing control: responses before and after expected impact. Exp. Brain Res. 202, 661-667. doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2172-z
93. Warren, W. H. (2006). The dynamics of perception and action. Psychol. Rev. 113, 358-389. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358
94. Watamaniuk, S. N. J., and Heinen, S. J. (2003). Perceptual and oculomotor evidence of limitations on processing accelerating motion. J. Vis. 3, 698-709. doi: 10.1167/3.11.5
95. Werkhoven, P., Snippe, H. P., and Toet, A. (1992). Visual processing of optic acceleration. Vision Res. 32, 2313-2329. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(92) 90095-Z
96. Zago, M., Bosco, G., Maffei, V., Iosa, M., Ivanenko, Y. P., and Lacquaniti, F. (2004). Internal models of target motion: expected dynamics overrides measured kinematics in timing manual interceptions. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 1620-1634. doi: 10.1152/jn.00862.2003
97. Zago, M., Bosco, G., Maffei, V., Iosa, M., Ivanenko, Y. P., and Lacquaniti, F. (2005). Fast adaptation of the internal model of gravity for manual interceptions: evidence for event-dependent learning. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 1055-1068. doi: 10.1152/jn.00833.2004
98. Zago, M., Iosa, M., Maffei, V., and Lacquaniti, F. (2010). Extrapolation of vertical target motion through a brief visual occlusion. Exp. Brain Res. 201, 365-384. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-2041-9
99. Zago, M., La Scaleia, B., Miller, W. L., and Lacquaniti, F. (2011a). Coherence of structural visual cues and pictorial gravity paves the way for interceptive actions. J. Vis. 11, 13. doi: 10.1167/11.10.13
100. Zago, M., La Scaleia, B., Miller, W. L., and Lacquaniti, F. (2011b). Observing human movements helps decoding environmental forces. Exp. Brain Res. 215, 53-63. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2871-0
101. Zago, M., and Lacquaniti, F. (2005a). Cognitive, perceptual and action-oriented representations of falling objects. Neuropsychologia 43, 178-188. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.005
102. Zago, M., and Lacquaniti, F. (2005b). Internal model of gravity for hand interception: parametric adaptation to zero-gravity visual targets on Earth. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 1346-1357. doi: 10.1152/jn.00215.2005
103. Zago, M., and Lacquaniti, F. (2005c). Visual perception and interception of falling objects: a review of evidence for an internal model of gravity. J. Neural Eng. 2, S198-S208. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/2/3/S04
104. Zago, M., McIntyre, J., Senot, P., and Lacquaniti, F. (2008). Internal models and prediction of visual gravitational motion. Vision Res. 48, 1532-1538. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.04.005
105. Zago, M., McIntyre, J., Senot, P., and Lacquaniti, F. (2009). Visuo-motor coordination and internal models for object interception. Exp. Brain Res. 192, 571-604. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1691-3
106. zu Eulenburg, P., Caspers, S., Roski, C., and Eickhoff, S. B. (2012). Meta-analytical definition and functional connectivity of the human vestibular cortex. Neuroimage 60, 162-169. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.032
107. Zupan, L. H., Merfeld, D. M., and Darlot, C. (2002). Using sensory weighting to model the influence of canal, otolith and visual cues on spatial orientation and eye movements. Biol. Cybern. 86, 209-2030. doi: 10.1007/s00422-001-0290-1