X-ray powder diffraction with emphasis on qualitative and quantitative analysis in industrial mineralogy

European Mineralogical Union Notes in Mineralogy

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 35-76

  Bish, David L ^a   Plötze, Michael ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891156363     PISSN: 14172917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1180/EMU-notes.9.3     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Aldridge, L.P. (1982) Accuracy and precision of phase analysis in Portland cement by Bogue, microscopic and X-ray diffraction methods. Cement and Concrete Research, 12, 381-398.
2. Bish, D.L. (1993) Studies of clays and clay minerals using X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method. Chapter 4 in: Computer Applications to X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis of Clay Minerals (R.C. Reynolds, Jr. & J.R. Walker, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 5. The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, pp. 79-122.
3. Bish, D.L. (1994) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of soils. Chapter 9 in: Quantitative Methods in Soil Mineralogy (J.E. Amonette & L.W. Zelazny, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 5, The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, pp. 267-295.
4. Bish, D. L. & Chipera, S. J. (1988) Problems and solutions in quantitative analysis of complex mixtures by X-ray powder diffraction. In: Advances in X-ray Analysis. Plenum Press, New York, 31, pp. 295-308.
5. Bish, D.L. & Ebinger, M.H. (1989) Rietveld refinement of synthetic goethite and Mn-substituted goethite. Clay Minerals Society 26th Annual Meeting, Abstracts, p. 18.
6. Bish, D.L. & Howard, S.A. (1986) Quantitative analysis via the Rietveld method. Workshop on Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis, NBS, June 23-24, 1986.
7. Bish, D.L. & Howard, S.A. (1988) Quantitative phase analysis using the Rietveld method. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 21, 86-91.
8. Bish, D.L. & Post, J.E. (1993) Quantitative mineralogical analysis using the Rietveld full-pattern fitting method. American Mineralogist, 78, 932-940.
9. Bish, D.L. & Reynolds, R.C., Jr. (1989) Sample preparation for X-ray diffraction. Chapter 4 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 369 pp.
10. Bloss, F.D., Frenzel, G. & Robinson, P.D. (1967) Reducing orientation in diffractometer samples. American Mineralogist, 52, 1243-1247.
11. Boski, T. & Herbillon, A.J. (1988) Quantitative determination of hematite and goethite in lateritic bauxites by thermodifferential X-ray powder diffraction. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 176-180.
12. Braun, G.E. (1986) Quantitative analysis of mineral mixtures using linear programming. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 330-337.
13. Brindley, G.W. (1945) The effect of grain or particle size on X-ray reflections from mixed powders and alloys considered in relation to the quantitative determination of crystalline substances by X-ray methods. Philosophical Magazine, 36, 347-369.
14. Brindley, G.W. (1980) Quantitative X-ray mineral analysis of clays. Chapter 7 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-ray Identification (G.W. Brindley & G. Brown, editors). Monograph 5, Mineralogical Society, London, pp. 411-438.
15. Brown, G. & Brindley, G.W. (1980) X-ray diffraction procedures for clay mineral identification. Chapter 5 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification (G.W. Brindley & G. Brown, editors). Monograph 5, Mineralogical Society, London, pp. 305-360.
16. Brown, G. & Wood, I.G. (1985) Estimation of iron oxides in soil clays by profile refinement combined with differential X-ray diffraction. Clay Minerals, 20, 15-27.
17. Calvert, L.D. & Sirianni, A.F. (1980) A technique for controlling preferred orientation in powder diffraction samples. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 13, 462.
18. Calvert, L.D., Sirianni, A.F., Gainsford, G.J. & Hubbard, C.R. (1983) A comparison of methods for reducing preferred orientation. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 26, 105-110.
19. Carter, J.R., Hatcher, M.T. & Di Carlo, L. (1987) Quantitative analysis of quartz and cristobalite in bentonite clay based products by X-ray diffraction. Analytical Chemistry, 59, 513-519.
20. Chayes, F. (1951) Modal analyses of the granite and diabase test rocks. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 980, 59-68.
21. Chipera, S.J. & Bish, D.L. (1988) Pitfalls in profile refinement of clay mineral diffraction patterns. Clay Minerals Society Abstracts, 1988, p. 39.
22. Chipera, S.J. & Bish, D.L. (1991) Measurement of mass absorption coefficients using Compton-scattered Cu radiation in X-ray diffraction analysis. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 34, 325-335.
23. Chipera, S.J. & Bish, D.L. (2002) FULLPAT: a full-pattern quantitative analysis program for X-ray powder diffraction using measured and calculated patterns. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 35, 744-749.
24. Chipera, S.J. & Bish, D.L. (2009) FULLPAT: A Full Pattern Quantitative Analysis Program for X-ray Powder Diffraction. www.ccp14.ac.uk/mirror/mirror.htm
25. Chung, F.H. (1974a) Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures. I. Matrix-flushing method of quantitative multicomponent analysis. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 7, 519-525.
26. Chung, F.H. (1974b) Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures. II. Adiabatic principle of X-ray diffraction analysis of mixtures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 7, 526-531.
27. Chung, F.H. & Smith, D.K. (2000) Industrial Applications of X-ray Diffraction. Dekker, New York.
28. 5. Acta Crystallographica B, 27, 2311-2315.
29. Copeland, L.E. & Bragg, R.H. (1958) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 30, 196-206.
30. Cullity, B.D. (1978) Elements of X-ray Diffraction. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
31. Davis, B.L. (1986) A tubular aerosol suspension chamber for the preparation of powder samples for X-ray diffraction analysis. Powder Diffraction, 1, 240-243.
32. Davis, B.L. & Cho, N.-K. (1977) Theory and application of X-ray diffraction compound analysis to highvolume filter samples. Atmospheric Environment, 11, 73-85.
33. Davis, B.L. & Johnson, L.R. (1982) Sample preparation and methodology for X-ray quantitative analysis of thin aerosol layers deposited on glass fiber and membrane filters. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 25, 295-300.
34. Davis, B.L. & Johnson, L.R. (1989) Quantitative mineral analysis by X-ray transmission and X-ray diffraction. Chapter 4 in: Quantitative Mineral Analysis of Clays (D.R. Pevear & F.A. Mumpton, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 1, Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 103-117.
35. Davis, B.L. & Walawender, M.J. (1982) Quantitative mineralogical analysis of granitoid rocks: a comparison of X-ray and optical techniques. American Mineralogist, 67, 1135-1143.
36. De la Torre, A.G., Bruque, S.,Campo, J. & Aranda, M.A.G. (2002) The Superstructure of C3S from Synchrotron and Neutron Powder Diffraction and its Role in Quantitative Phase Analyses. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 1347-1356.
37. De Noirfontaine, M.-N., Dunstetter, F., Courtial, M., Gasecki, G. & Signes-Frehel, M. (2006) Polymorphism of Tricalcium Silicate, the Major Compound of Portland Cement Clinker 2: Modelling Alite for Rietveld Analysis, an Industrial Challenge. Cement and Concrete Research, 36, 54-64.
38. de Villiers, J. & Verryn, S. (2007) Modern techniques in X-ray diffraction applied to metallurgy. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 107, 83-86.
39. de Wolff, P.M. (1947) A theory of X-ray absorption in mixed powders. Physica, 13, 62-78.
40. de Wolff, P.M., Taylor, J.M. & Parrish, W. (1959) Experimental study of effect of crystallite size statistics on X-ray diffractometer intensities. Journal of Applied Physics, 30, 63-69.
41. Dollase, W.A. (1986) Correction of intensities for preferred orientation in powder diffractometry: Application of the March model. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 19, 267-272.
42. Ebinger, M.H. & Bish, D.L. (1990) Rietveld refinement of goethite and Cr-goethite from X-ray powder data. Clay Minerals Society 27th Annual Meeting, Abstracts, p. 46.
43. Flörke, O.W. & Saalfeld, H. (1955) Ein Verfahren zur Herstellung texturfreier Röntgen-Pulverpräparate. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 106, 460-466.
44. Füllmann, T. & Walenta, G. (2003) The quantitative Rietveld phase analysis in industrial application. ZKG International, 56, 45-53.
45. Gonzalez, C.R. (1987) General theory of the effect of granularity in powder X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallographica, A43, 769-774.
46. Hanawalt, J.D. & Rinn, H.W. (1936) Identification of crystalline materials. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 8, 244-247.
47. Harvey, C.C. & Lagaly, G. (2006) Conventional Applications. In: Handbook of Clay Science (F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng & G. Lagaly, editors). Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 1, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 501-540.
48. Hendricks, S.B. & Fry, W.H. (1930) The results of X-ray and microscopical examinations of soil colloids. Soil Science, 29, 547-580.
49. Hendricks, S.B. & Fry, W.H. (1930) The results of X-ray and microscopical examinations of soil colloids. Soil Science, 29, 547-580.
50. Hermann, H. & Ermrich, M. (1987) Microabsorption of X-ray intensity in randomly packed powder specimens. Acta Crystallographica, A43, 401-405.
51. Hermanns Stengele, R. & Plötze, M. (2000) Suitability of minerals for controlled landfill and containment. In: Environmental Mineralogy (D.J. Vaughan & R.A. Wogelius, editors). EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 2, Eötvös University Press, Budapest, pp. 291-331.
52. Hill, R.J. & Howard, C.J. (1987) Quantitative phase analysis from neutron powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 20, 467-474.
53. Hillier, S. (1999) Use of an Air Brush to Spray Dry Samples for X-ray Powder Diffraction. Clay Minerals, 34, 127-135.
54. Hodgson, M. & Dudeney, A.W.L. (1984) Estimation of clay proportions in mixtures by X-ray diffraction and computerized chemical mass balance. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 19-28.
55. Howard, S.A. & Preston, K.D. (1989) Profile Fitting of Powder Diffraction Patterns. Chapter 8 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 369 pp.
56. Hower, J., Eslinger, E.V., Hower, M.E. & Perry, E.A. (1976) Mechanism of Burial Metamorphism of Argillaceous Sediments: Mineralogical and Chemical Evidence. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 725-737.
57. Hughes, R. & Bohor, B. (1970) Random clay powders prepared by spray drying. American Mineralogist, 55, 1780-1786.
58. Hussey, G.A., Jr. (1972) Use of Simultaneous Linear Equations Program for Quantitative Clay Analysis and the Study of Mineral Alterations During Weathering. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
59. Jenkins, R., Fawcett, T.G., Smith, D.K., Visser, J.W., Morris, M.C. & Frevel, L.K. (1986) JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data sample preparation methods in X-ray powder diffraction. Powder Diffraction, 1, #2, 51-63.
60. Johnson, L.J., Chu, C.H. & Hussey, G.A. (1985) Quantitative clay mineral analysis using simultaneous linear equations. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 107-117.
61. Jonas, E.C. & Kuykendall, J.R. (1966) Preparation of montmorillonites for random powder diffraction. Clay Minerals, 6, 232-235.
62. Jones, R.C. (1989) A Computer Technique for X-ray Diffraction Curve Fitting/Peak Decomposition. Chapter 3 in: Quantitative Mineral Analysis of Clays (D.R. Pevear & F.A. Mumpton, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 1, The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, UAA, 171 pp.
63. Kelley, W.P., Dore, W.H. & Brown, S.M. (1931) The nature of the base exchange material of bentonite, soils, and zeolites, as revealed by chemical investigations and X-ray analysis. Soil Science, 31, 25-55.
64. Kleeberg, R., Monecke, T. & Hillier, S. (2008) Preferred Orientation of Mineral Grains in Sample Mounts for Quantitative XRD Measurements: How Random are Powder Samples? Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 404-415.
65. Klug, H.P. & Alexander, L.E. (1974) X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials. John Wiley, New York.
66. Leroux, J., Lennox, D.H. & Kay, K. (1953) Applications of X-ray diffraction analysis in the environmental field. Analytical Chemistry, 25, 740-748.
67. Madsen, I.C. & Scarlett, N.V.Y. (2000) Cement: Quantitative Phase Analysis of Portland Cement Clinker. In: Industrial Application of X-ray Diffraction (F.H. Chung & D.K. Smith, editors). Dekker, New York, pp. 415-440.
68. Maniar, P.D. & Cooke, G.A. (1987) Modal analyses of granitoids by quantitative X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 72, 433-437.
69. Mansoutre, S. & Lequeux, N. (1996) Quantitative Phase Analysis of Portland Cements from Reactive Powder Concretes by X-ray Powder Diffraction. Advances in Cement Research, 8, 175-182.
70. McNeal, B.L. & Sansoterra, T. (1964) Mineralogical examination of arid-land soils. Soil Science, 97, 367-375.
71. Meyer, H.W., Neubauer, J. & Malovrh, S. (1998) New Quality Control with Standardless Clinker Phase Determination using the Rietveld Refinement. ZKG International, 51, 152-162.
72. Moore, D. & Reynolds, R.C. (1997) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 378 pp.
73. Mumme, W.G., Hill, R.J., Bushnell-Wye, G. & Segnit, E.R. (1995) Rietveld Crystal Structure Refinements, Crystal Chemistry and Calculated Powder Diffraction Data for the Polymorphs of Dicalcium Silicate and Related Phases. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 169, 35-68.
74. Murray, H.H. (2006) Applied Clay Mineralogy - Occurrences, Processing and Application of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskite-Sepiolite, and Common Clays. Developments in Clay Science, 2, Elsevier, Oxford.
75. Nakamura, T., Sameshima, K., Okunaga, K., Sugiura, Y. & Sato, J. (1989) Determination of amorphous phase in quartz powder by X-ray powder diffractometry. Powder Diffraction, 4, 9-13.
76. 18. Acta Crystallographica B, 31, 1169-1173.
77. O'Connor, B.H. & Raven, M.D. (1988) Application of the Rietveld refinement procedure in assaying powdered mixtures. Powder Diffraction, 3, 2-6.
78. Omotoso, O., McCarty, D.K., Hillier, S. & Kleeberg, R. (2006) Some successful approaches to quantitative mineral analysis as revealed by the 3rd Reynolds contest. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 748-760.
79. Parker, R.J. (1978) Quantitative determination of analcime in pumice samples by X-ray diffraction. Mineralogical Magazine, 42, 103-106.
80. Parrish, W. & Huang, T.C. (1983) Accuracy and precision of intensities in X-ray polycrystalline diffraction. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 26, 35-44.
81. Parrish, W., Mack, M. & Taylor, J. (1966) Determination of apertures in the focusing plane of X-ray powder diffractometers. Journal of Scientific Instruments, 43, 623-628.
82. Pawloski, G.A. (1985) Quantitative determination of mineral content of geological samples by X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 70, 663-667.
83. Pecharsky, V.K. & Zavalij, P.Y. (2003) Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials. Springer, New York.
84. Petruk, W. (2000) Applied Mineralogy in the Mining Industry. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
85. Pevear, D.R. & Mumpton, F.A. (1989) Quantitative Mineral Analysis of Clays. CMS Workshop Lectures, 1, The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, 171 pp.
86. Plötze, M. (2000) Quantitative Phase Analysis of Portland Cement Clinker with the Rietveld Method. In: Applied Mineralogy, Vols 1 and 2 - Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Applied Mineralogy (ICAM 2000) (D. Rammlmair & J. Mederer, editors). Göttingen, Germany, 17-19 July 2000. Balkema, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 879-882.
87. Post, J.E. & Bish, D.L. (1989) Rietveld refinement of crystal structures using powder X-ray diffraction data. Chapter 9 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 369 pp.
88. Reynolds, R.C., Jr. (1968) Effect of particle size on apparent lattice spacings. Acta Crystallographica, A24, 319-320.
89. Reynolds, R.C., Jr. (1989a) Diffraction by small and disordered crystals. Chapter 6 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 369 pp.
90. Reynolds, R.C., Jr. (1989b) Principles and techniques of quantitative analysis of clay minerals by X-ray powder diffraction. Chapter 1 in: Quantitative Mineral Analysis of Clays (D.R. Pevear & F.A. Mumpton, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 1, The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, 171 pp.
91. Rietveld, H.M. (1969) A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2, 65-71.
92. Ross, M. (1968) X-ray diffraction effects by non-ideal crystals of biotite, muscovite, montmorillonite, mixedlayer clays, graphite, and periclase. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 126, 80-97.
93. Ruiz-Hitzky, E. & Van Meerbeek, A. (2006) Clay mineral- and organoclay-polymer nanocomposites. In: Handbook of Clay Science (F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng & G. Lagaly, editors). Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 1, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 583-621.
94. Scarlett, N.V.Y., Madsen, I.C., Manias, C. & Retallack, D. (2001) On-line X-ray diffraction for quantitative phase analysis: application in the Portland cement industry. Powder Diffraction, 1, 71-80.
95. Scrivener, K.L., Füllmann, A., Gallucci, E., Walenta, G. & Bermejo, E. (2004) Quantitative study of Portland cement hydration by X-ray diffraction/Rietveld analysis and independent methods. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1541-1547.
96. Slaughter, M. (1989) Quantitative determination of clays and other minerals in rocks. Chapter 5 in: Quantitative Mineral Analysis of Clays (D.R. Pevear and F.A. Mumpton, editors). CMS Workshop Lectures, 1, The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, Indiana, 171 pp.
97. Smith, D.K. (1984) Quantitative phase analysis using the whole X-ray powder diffraction pattern. Acta Crystallographica, A40 supplement, C364 (abstract).
98. Smith, D.K. (1989) Computer analysis of diffraction data. Chapter 7 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 369 pp.
99. Smith, D.K. & Barrett, C.S. (1979) Special handling problems in X-ray diffractometry. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 22, 1-12.
100. Smith, D.K. & Howard, S.A. (1990) Comparisons of the GMQUANT and Rietveld methods for quantitative X-ray powder analysis. 39th Annual Denver Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, p. 91 (abstract).
101. Smith, D.K., Johnson, G.G., Jr. & Ruud, C.O. (1986) Clay mineral analysis by automated powder diffraction analysis using the whole diffraction pattern. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 29, 217-224.
102. Smith, D.K., Johnson, G.G., Jr., Scheible, A., Wims, A.M., Johnson, J.L. & Ullmann, G. (1987) Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction method using the full diffraction pattern. Powder Diffraction, 2, 73-77.
103. Smith, D.K., Nichols, M.C. & Zolensky, M.E. (1982) POWD10. A FORTRAN IV Program for Calculating X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns - Version 10. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
104. Smith, S.T., Snyder, R.L. & Brownell, W.E. (1979a) Minimization of preferred orientation in powders by spray drying. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 22, 77-87.
105. Smith, S.T., Snyder, R.L. & Brownell, W.E. (1979b) Quantitative phase analysis of Devonian shales by computer controlled X-ray diffraction of spray dried samples. Advances in X-ray Analysis, 22, 181-191.
106. Sneider, R.M., King, H.R., Hawkes, H.E. & Davis, T.B. (1983) Methods for detection and characterization of reservoir rock, Deep Basin Gas Area, Western Canada. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 35, 1725-1734.
107. Snyder, R.L. & Bish, D.L. (1989) Quantitative analysis. Chapter 5 in: Modern Powder Diffraction (D.L. Bish & J.E. Post, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 369 pp.
108. Środoń, J. (2006) Identification and quantitative analysis of clay minerals. Chapter 12.2 in: Handbook of Clay Science (F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng & G. Lagaly, editors). Developments in Clay Science, 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1224 pp.
109. Stewart, D.B. & Wright, T.L. (1974) Al/Si order and symmetry of natural alkali feldspars, and the relationship of strained cell parameters to bulk composition. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 97, 356-377.
110. 2O solid-solution series. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 152, 259-307.
111. Taylor, H.F.W. (1997) Cement Chemistry. Thomas Telford, London.
112. Taylor, J.C. (1991) Computer programs for standardless quantitative analysis of minerals using the full powder diffraction profile. Powder Diffraction, 6, 2-9.
113. Taylor, J.C. & Matulis, C.E. (1991) Absorption contrast effects in the quantitative XRD analysis of powders by full multiphase profile refinement. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 24, 14-17.
114. Treacy, M.M.J. & Higgins, J.B. (2001) Collection of Simulated XRD Powder Patterns for Zeolites. International Zeolite Association Structure Commission. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
115. Ufer, K., Stanjek, H., Roth, G., Dohrmann, R., Kleeberg, R. & Kaufhold, S. (2008) Quantitative phase analysis of bentonites by the Rietveld method. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 272-282.
116. Visser, J.W. & de Wolff, P.M. (1964) Absolute Intensities. Report 641.109, Technische Physische Dienst, Delft, The Netherlands.
117. Westphal, T., Walenta, T., Füllmann, M., Gimenez, E., Bermejo, K., Scrivener, K. & Pöllmann, H. (2002) Characterization of Cementitious Materials - Part III. International Chemistry Review.
118. Whittig, L.D. & Allardice, W.R. (1986) X-ray diffraction techniques. Chapter 12 in: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods (A. Klute, editor). American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
119. Wilchinsky, Z.W. (1951) Effect of crystal, grain, and particle size on X-ray power diffracted from powders. Acta Crystallographica, 4, 1-9.
120. Wiles, D.B. & Young, R.A. (1981) A new computer program for Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 14, 149-151.
121. Yukino, K. & Uno, R. (1986) "1-scanning" - A method of evaluating the dimensional and orientational distribution of crystallites by X-ray powder diffractometer. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 25, 661-666.