Child independent mobility: Making the case, and understanding how the physical and social environments impact on the behavior

Urbanization and the Global Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 51-79

  Badland, Hannah ^a  

^a AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890917546     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (158)

1. Active Healthy Kids Canada (2008). Canada's Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Toronto, Active Healthy Kids Canada.
2. Adams, R. (1992). "Is happiness a home in the suburbs? The influence of urban versus suburban neighborhoods on psychological health." Journal of Community Psychology. 20: 353-372.
3. Adams, J. (1999). The social implications of hypermobility. Project on Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST). The economic and social implications of sustainable transportation. Working Party on Pollution Prevention and Control (Eds). Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: 95-113.
4. Agran, P., D. Winn, et al. (1994). "Differences in child pedestrian injury events by location." Pediatrics. 93(2): 284-288.
5. Ahlport, K., L. Linnan, et al. (2008). "Barriers to and facilitators of walking and bicycling to school: Formative results from the non-motorized travel study." Health Education & Behavior. 35(2): 221-244.
6. Almedom, A. (2005). "Social capital and mental health: An interdisciplinary review of primary evidence." Social Science & Medicine. 61: 943-964.
7. Åslund, C., B. Starrin, et al. (2010). "Social capital in relation to depression, musculoskeletal pain, and psychosomatic symptoms: a cross-sectional study of a large population-based cohort of Swedish adolescents." BMC Public Health. 10: 715.
8. Badland, H. and G. Schofield (2005). "Transport, urban design, and physical activity: An evidence based-update." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 10(3): 177-196.
9. Badland, H., M. Oliver, et al. (in press). "Measuring children's independent mobility: Comparing objective and self-reported approaches." Children's Geographies.
10. Banham, R. (1971). Los Angeles. The Architecture of Four Ecologies. Berkley, University of California Press.
11. Barker, J. and S. Weller (2003). "Geography of methodological issues in research with children." Qualitative Research. 3(2): 207-227.
12. Bejleri, I., R. Steiner, et al. (2011). "Using GIS to analyze the role of barriers and facilitators to walking in children's travel to school." Urban Design International. 16(1): 51-62.
13. Björklid, P. (1994). "Children-traffic-environment." Architecture and Behaviour. 10(4): 399-406.
14. Boarnet, M., C. Anderson, et al. (2005). "Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School legislation: Urban form changes and children's active transportation to school." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 28(2S2): 134-140.
15. Braza, M., W. Shoemaker, et al. (2006). "Neighborhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary school in 34 California communities." American Journal of Health Promotion. 19(2): 128-136.
16. Brener, N., J. Billy, et al. (2003). "Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: Evidence from the scientific literature." Journal of Adolescent Health. 33: 436-457.
17. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
18. Burdette, H. and R. Whitaker (2005). "A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children." Pediatrics. 116(3): 657-662.
19. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008). State and national level crime trend estimates (online resource). Washington, DC, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
20. Burman, M., J. Brown, et al. (2000). A view from the girls: Exploring violence and violent behaviour. Glasgow, Economic and Social Research Council.
21. Carver, A., J. Salmon, et al. (2005). "How do perceptions of local neighbourhood related to adolescent's walking and cycling?" American Journal of Health Promotion. 20: 139-147.
22. Carver, A., A. Timperio, et al. (2008). "Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity-A review " Health & Place. 14(2): 217-227.
23. Children's Environments Research Group and Innocenti Research Centre (2008). The child friendly cities research program: Summary and update. The Hague, UNICEF.
24. Clements, R. (2004). "An investigation of the status of outdoor play." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood. 5(1): 68-79.
25. Cole, R., E. Leslie, et al. (2007). "Residential proximity to school and the active travel choices of parents." Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 18(2): 127-134.
26. Collins, D. and R. Kearns (2004). "Geographies of inequality: Child pedestrian injury and walking school buses in Auckland, New Zealand." Social Science & Medicine. 60: 61-91.
27. Collins, D. and R. Kearns (2009). "Walking school buses in the Auckland region: A longitudinal assessment." Transport Policy. 17: 1-8.
28. Cooper, A., L. Andersen, et al. (2005). "Physical activity levels of children who walk, cycle, or are driven to school." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 29(3): 179-184.
29. Copperman, R. and C. Bhat (2007). "An analysis of the determinants of children's weekend physical activity participation." Transportation. 34: 67-87.
30. Cornell, E., D. Hadley, et al. (2001). "Adventure as a stimulus for cognitive development." Journal of Environmental Psychology. 21: 219-231.
31. Currie, C., C. Roberts, et al. (2004). Young people's health in context. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: International report from the 2001/2002 survey. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe.
32. Datar, A., R. Sturm, et al. (2004). "Childhood overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders. ." Obesity Research. 12(1): 58-68.
33. Davie, R., C. Panting, et al. (2004). "Mobile phone ownership and usage among pre-adolescents." Telematics and Informatics. 21(4): 359-373.
34. Davison, K. and C. Lawson (2006). "Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 3(19).
35. Dellinger, A. and C. Staunton (2002). "Barriers to children walking and biking to school-United States 1999." Journal of the American Medical Association. 288(11): 1343-1344.
36. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2008). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision highlights. World urbanization prospects. New York, United Nations.
37. Department for Transport (2010). National Travel Survey. London, Department for Transport.
38. Drukker, M., C. Kaplan, et al. (2003). "Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis." Social Science and Medicine. 57(5): 825-841.
39. Dunn, J., D. Kinney, et al. (2003). "Parental ideologies and children's after-school activities." American Behavioral Scientist. 46(10): 1359-1386.
40. Eaton, D., L. Kann, et al. (2006). "Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2005." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 55(SS05): 1-108.
41. Faulkner, G., V. Richichi, et al. (2010). "What's "quickest and easiest?": Parental decision making about school trip mode." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7(62): doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1187-1162.
42. Fava, S. (1958). Contrast in neighboring: New York and a suburban county. The suburban community. W. Dobriner. New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons: 121-131.
43. Ferguson, K. (2006). "Social capital and children's wellbeing: A critical synthesis of the international social capital literature." International Journal of Social Welfare. 15(1): 2-18.
44. Finkelhor, D. and R. Ormrod (2000). Juvenile justice bulletin: Characteristics of crimes against juveniles. Washington, DC, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
45. Fishman, R. (1982). Urban utopias in the twentieth century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. Cambridge, MIT Press.
46. Flynn, M., D. McNeil, et al. (2006). "Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with 'best practice' recommendations." Obesity Reviews. 7(S1): 7-66.
47. Fotel, T. and T. Thomsen (2004). "The surveillance of children's mobility." Surveillance & Society. 1(4): 535-554.
48. Frank, L. D., P. O. Engelke, et al. (2003). Health and community design: The impact of the built environment on physical activity. Washington, Island Press.
49. Frank, L., J. Kerr, et al. (2007). "Urban form relationships with walk trip frequency and distance amongst youth." American Journal of Health Promotion. 21(4S): 305-311.
50. Franklin, J. (2002). The New Handbook of Children's Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice. London, Routledge.
51. Freeman, C. and R. Quigg (2009). "Commuting lives: Children's mobility and energy use." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 52(3): 393-412.
52. Gielen, A., S. DeFrancesco, et al. (2004). "Child pedestrians: The role of parental beliefs and practices in promoting safe walking in urban neighborhoods." Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 81(4): 545-555.
53. Gordon-Larsen, P., M. C. Nelson, et al. (2005). "Associations among active transportation, physical activity, and weight status in young adults." Obesity Research. 13(5): 868-875.
54. Gordon-Larsen, P., M. Nelson, et al. (2006). "Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity." Pediatrics. 117(2): 417-424.
55. Grize, L., B. Bringolf-Isler, et al. (2010). "Trend in active transportation to school among Swiss school children and its associated factors: Three cross-sectional surveys 1994, 2000 and 2005." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7(28).
56. Hillman, M., J. Adams, et al. (1990). One false move.... A study of children's independent mobility. London, PSI Publishing.
57. Hillman, M. (2006). "Children's rights and adults' wrongs." Children's Geographies. 4(1): 61-67.
58. Hinckson, E. and H. Badland (in press). "School Travel Plans: Preliminary evidence for changing school-related travel patterns in elementary school children." American Journal of Health Promotion.
59. Home Office Statistics (2008). Crime in England and Wales 2007/2008. London, Home Office.
60. Howard, A. (2010). "Keeping children safe: Rethinking how we design our surroundings." Canadian Medical Association Journal. 182(6): 579-578.
61. Hutchby, I. and E. Moran-Ellis (1998). Children and Social Competence. Arenas of Action. London, The Falmer Press.
62. International Energy Agency (2005). Saving oil in a hurry. Paris, International Energy Agency: 168s.
63. Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York, Random House.
64. Jacobsen, P. (2003). "Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling." Injury Prevention. 9(3): 205-209.
65. Janz, K., J. Dawson, et al. (2000). "Tracking physical fitness and physical activity from childhood to adolescence: The Muscatine Study." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32(7): 1250-1257.
66. Janz, K., S. Kwon, et al. (2009). "Sustained effect of early physical activity on body fat mass in older children." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37(1): 35-40.
67. Johansson, M. (2006). "Environment and parental factors are determinants of travel mode for children's leisure travel." Journal of Environmental Psychology. 26: 156-169.
68. Jones, A., E. Coombes, et al. (2009). "Environmental supportiveness for physical activity in English schoolchildren: A study using Global Positioning Systems." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 6(42).
69. Joshi, M. and M. MacLean (1999). "Parental attitudes to children's journeys to school." World Transport Policy and Practice. 1(4): 29-36.
70. Karsten, L. (2005). "It all used to be better? Different generations on continuity and change in urban children's daily use of space." Children's Geographies. 3(3): 275-290.
71. Kawachi, I. and L. Berkman (2003). Neighborhoods and Health. New York, Oxford University Press.
72. Kearns, R., D. Collins, et al. (2003). "The walking school bus: Extending children's geographies." Area. 35(3): 285-292.
73. Kerr, J., D. Rosenberg, et al. (2006). "Active commuting to school: Associations with environment and parental concerns." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 38: 787-794.
74. Klesges, L., T. Baranowski, et al. (2004). "Social desirability bias in self-reported dietary, physical activity and weight concerns measures in 8-to 10-year-old African-American girls: results from the Girls health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS)." Preventive Medicine. 38: S78-S87.
75. Knuth, A. and P. Hallal (2009). "Temporal trends in physical activity: A systematic review." Journal of Physical Activity & Health. 6(5): 548-559.
76. Kunstler, J. (2005). The long emergency: Surviving the converging catastrophes of the twenty-first century. New York, Grove Press.
77. Kytta, M. (2004). "The extent of children's independent mobility and the number of acutalised affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments." Journal of Environmental Psychology. 24(179-198).
78. Laflamme, L. and F. Diderichsen (2000). "Social differences in traffic injury risks in childhood and youth-a literature review and a research agenda." Injury Prevention. 6: 293-298.
79. Lobstein, T., L. Baur, et al. (2004). "Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health." Obesity Reviews. 5(S1): 4-85.
80. Mackett, R. (2002). Increasing car dependency of children: should we be worried? Institution of Civil Engineers.
81. Mackett, R. (2004). Making Children's Lives More Active. London, Centre for Transport Studies, University College London.
82. Mackett, R., Y. Gong, et al. (2007a). Children's local travel behaviour-how the environment influences, controls, and facilitates it. 11th World Conference on Transport Research. Berkeley, California.
83. Mackett, R., D. Banister, et al. (2007b). Final report on 'Children's activities, perceptions and behaviour in the local environment (CAPABLE)'. London, University College London.
84. Marten, N. and T. Olds (2004). "Patterns of active transport in 11-12 year old Australian children." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 28: 167-172.
85. Matthews, H. (1995). "Living on the edge: children as 'outsiders'." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 86(5): 456-466.
86. McDonald, N. (2007). "Active transportation to school. Trends among U.S. schoolchildren, 1969-2001." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 32(6): 509-516.
87. McDonell, J. (2007). "Neighborhood characteristics, parenting, and children's safety." Social Indicators Research. 83(1): 177-199.
88. McMillan, T., K. Day, et al. (2006). "Johnny walks to school-does Jane? Sex differences in children's active travel to school." Children, Youth and Environments. 16(1): 75-89.
89. McMillan, T. (2007). "The relative influence of urban form of a child's travel mode to school." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 41: 69-79.
90. Misra, A. and L. Khurana (2008). "Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93: S9-S30.
91. Moore, R. (1986). Childhood's domain. Play and place in child development. Dover, New Hampshire, Croom Helm.
92. Morrow, V. (2003). Improving the neighbourhood for children. Children in the city, home, neighbourhood and community. P. Christensen and M. O'Brien. London, Routledge Falmer: 162-183.
93. Mullan, E. (2003). "Do you think that your local area is a good place for young people to grow up? The effects of traffic and car parking on young people's views." Health & Place. 9(4): 351-360.
94. Nader, P., R. Bradley, et al. (2008). "Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years." Journal of the American Medical Association. 300(3): 295-305.
95. Nelson, N. (2005). Influences in Childhood on the Development of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood. An Occasional Paper. Wellington, New Zealand, Ministry of Health.
96. NHS Information Centre Lifestyle Statistics (2006). Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet: England, 2006. Leeds, NHS Information Centre.
97. O'Brien, M., D. Jones, et al. (2000). "Children's independent spatial mobility in the urban public realm." Childhood. 7: 257-277.
98. Oliver, M. and G. Schofield (2010). Childhood obesity, physical activity and the physical environment. Geographies of obesity: Environmental understandings of the obesity epidemic. J. Pearce and K. Witten. Surrey, Ashgate Publishing.
99. Page, A., A. Cooper, et al. (2009). "Independent mobility in relation to weekday and weekend physical activity in children aged 10-11 years: The PEACH Project." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 6(2).
100. Page, A., A. Cooper, et al. (2010). "Independent mobility, perceptions of the built environment and children's participation in play, active travel and structured exercise and sport: The PEACH Project." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 7: doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1187-1117.
101. Pain, R., R. Grundy, et al. (2005). "'So long as I take my mobile': Mobile phones, urban life and geographies of young people's safety." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 29(4): 814-830.
102. Panter, J., A. Jones, et al. (2008). "Environmental determinants of active travel in youth: A review and framework for future research." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 5: doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1185-1134.
103. Panter, J., A. Jones, et al. (2010). "Attitudes, social support and environmental perceptions as predictors of active commuting behaviour in school children." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 64: 41-48.
104. Petch, R. and R. Henson (2000). "Child road safety in the urban environment." Journal of Transport Geography. 8: 197-211.
105. Pooley, C., J. Turnbull, et al. (2005). "The journey to school in Britain since the 1940s: Continuity and change." Area. 37(1): 43-53.
106. Prezza, M., S. Pilloni, et al. (2001). "The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation." Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. 11: 435-450.
107. Prezza, M. (2007a). "Children's independent mobility: A review of recent italian literature." Children, Youth and Environments. 17(4): 293-318.
108. Prezza, M. and M. Pacilli (2007b). "Current fear of crime, sense of community, and loneliness in italian adolescents: The role of autonomous mobility and play during childhood." Journal of Community Psychology. 35(2): 151-170.
109. Prezza, M., F. Alparone, et al. (2010). "Social participation and independent mobility in children: The effects of two implentations of 'We go to school alone'." Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 38(1): 8-25.
110. Proshansky, H. and N. Gottlieb (1989). "The development of place identity in the child." Zero to Three. (December): 18-25.
111. Putnam, R. (1993). "The prosperous community: Social capital and public life." American Prospect. 13: 268-269.
112. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone. New York, Simon and Schuster.
113. Reilly, J., J. Armstrong, et al. (2005). "Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study." bmj.com.
114. Reiss, M. (1975). School trip safety and urban play areas. Washington, DC, Federal Highway Administration.
115. Rissotto, A. and F. Tonucci (2002). "Freedom of movement and environmental knowledge in elementary school children." Journal of Environmental Psychology. 22(1-2): 65-77.
116. Rivkin, M. (1995). The great outdoors: Restoring children's right to play outside. Washington, DC, National Association for the Education of Young Children.
117. Roberts, I. (1993). "Why have child pedestrian death rates fallen?" British Medical Journal. 306: 1737-1739.
118. Roberts, I., R. Norton, et al. (1995). "Effect of environmental factors on risk of injury of child pedestrians by motor vehicles: A case control study." British Medical Journal. 310: 91-94.
119. Sallis, J. (1991). "Self-report measures of children's physical activity." Journal of School Health. 61(5): 215-219.
120. Schlossberg, M., J. Greene, et al. (2006). "School trips: Effects of urban form and distance on travel mode." Journal of the American Planning Association. 72(3): 337-346.
121. Schofield, G., S. Gianotti, et al. (2008). "The incidence of injuries traveling to and from school by travel mode." Preventive Medicine. 46(1): 74-76.
122. Sennett, R. (1977). The fall of public man. London, Faber and Faber.
123. Sheller, M. and J. Urry (2000). "The city and the car." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 24(4): 737-757.
124. Simpson, B. (1997). "Towards the participation of children and young people in urban planning and design." Urban Studies. 24: 907-923.
125. Sothern, M., M. Loftin, et al. (1999). "The health benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents: Implications for chronic disease prevention." European Journal of Pediatrics. 158: 271-274.
126. Staunton, C., D. Hubsmith, et al. (2003). "Promoting safe walking and biking to school: The Marin County success story." American Journal of Public Health. 93(9): 1431-1434.
127. Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. New York, Cambridge University Press.
128. Strong, W., R. Malina, et al. (2005). "Evidence based physical activity for school-aged youth." Journal of Pediatrics. 146: 732-737.
129. Sutton, S. (1985). Learning through the built environment: An ecological approach to child development. New York, Irvington Press.
130. The World Bank (2010). 2010 World Development Indicators. Washington, DC, The World Bank.
131. Timperio, A., D. Crawford, et al. (2004). "Perceptions about the local neighbourhood and walking and cycling among children." Preventive Medicine. 38: 39-47.
132. Tranter, P. and E. Pawson (2001). "Children's access to local environments: A case-study of Christchurch, New Zealand." Local Environment. 6(1): 27-48.
133. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2001). A league table of child deaths by injury in rich nations. Florence, UNICEF.
134. Urry, J. (2002). "Mobility and proximity." Sociology. 36(2): 255-274.
135. Valentine, G. and J. McKendrick (1997). "Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood." Geoforum. 28(2): 219-235.
136. Vincent, S., R. Pangrazi, et al. (2003). "Activity levels and body mass index of children in the United States, Sweden, and Australia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35(8): 1367-1373.
137. Wang, C. and M. Burris (1997). "Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment." Health Education and Behavior. 24(3): 367-387.
138. Wang, M., S. Kim, et al. (2007). "Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 61: 491-498.
139. Waterston, T., G. Alperstein, et al. (2004). "Social capital: a key factor in child health inequalities." Archives of Disease in Childhood. 89(5): 456-759.
140. Watson, M. and A. Dannenberg (2008). "Investment in Safe Routes to School projects: Public health benefits for the larger community." Prevention of Chronic Disease. 5(3): 1-7.
141. Weller, S. and I. Bruegel (2009). "Children's 'place' in the development of neighbourhood social capital." Urban Studies. 46(3): 629-643.
142. Whitzman, C., V. Romero, et al. (2010). Links between children's independent mobility, active transport, physical activity, and obesity. Preventing childhood obesity: Evidence policy and practice. E. Waters, B. Swinburn, J. Seidell and R. Uauy. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.
143. World Health Organization (2005a). Health effects of transport-related air pollution. M. Krzyanowski, B. Kuna-Dibbert and J. Schneider (Eds). Copenhagen, World Health Organization.
144. World Health Organization (2005b). Effects of air pollution on children's health and development. A review of the evidence. . Copenhagen, World Health Organization.
145. World Health Organization (2006). WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Geneva, World Health Organization.
146. World Health Organization (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, World Health Organization.
147. World Health Organization (2010a). Children, Mobility and Environmental Health. Geneva, World Health Organization.
148. World Health Organization (2010b). "Urbanization and health." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 88(4): 245-246.
149. Ziviani, J., J. Scott, et al. (2004). "Walking to school: Incidental physical activity in the daily occupations of Australian children." Occupational Therapy International. 11(1): 1-11.
150. Adams, R. (1992). "Is happiness a home in the suburbs? The influence of urban versus suburban neighborhoods on psychological health." Journal of Community Psychology. 20: 353-372.
151. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2008). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision highlights. World urbanization prospects. New York, United Nations.
152. Fishman, R. (1982). Urban utopias in the twentieth century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. Cambridge, MIT Press.
153. Frank, L. D., P. O. Engelke, et al. (2003). Health and community design: The impact of the built environment on physical activity. Washington, Island Press.
154. Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York, Random House.
155. Kunstler, J. (2005). The long emergency: Surviving the converging catastrophes of the twenty-first century. New York, Grove Press.
156. World Health Organization (2009). Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease. Geneva, World Health Organization.
157. World Health Organization (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, World Health Organization.
158. World Health Organization (2010). "Urbanization and health." Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 88(4): 245-246.