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On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2012 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association
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Writing Group Members 22215894 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182456d46
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Writing Group Members, Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2012 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125:188-97A.
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Circulation
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Roger, V.L.1
Go, A.S.2
Lloyd-Jones, D.M.3
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2
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79960066694
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Adherence to a low-risk, healthy lifestyle and risk of sudden cardiac death among women
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21730242 10.1001/jama.2011.907 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXoslGht74%3D
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Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rexrode KM, et al. Adherence to a low-risk, healthy lifestyle and risk of sudden cardiac death among women. JAMA. 2011;306(1):62-9.
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JAMA
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Chiuve, S.E.1
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3
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84880198721
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Low-risk lifestyle, coronary calcium, cardiovascular events and mortality: Results from MESA
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Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]. To investigate the associations of smoking, weight maintenance, physical activity and diet with coronary calcium, cardiovascular events and mortality. Conclusion: The combination of these lifestyle behaviors was associated with lower coronary calcium incidence, slower calcium progression and lower all-cause mortality
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Ahmed HM, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, et al. Low-risk lifestyle, coronary calcium, cardiovascular events and mortality: Results from MESA. Am J Epidemiol 2013 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]. To investigate the associations of smoking, weight maintenance, physical activity and diet with coronary calcium, cardiovascular events and mortality. Conclusion: The combination of these lifestyle behaviors was associated with lower coronary calcium incidence, slower calcium progression and lower all-cause mortality.
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(2013)
Am J Epidemiol
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Ahmed, H.M.1
Blaha, M.J.2
Nasir, K.3
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65549115509
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Health effects of vegan diets
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19279075 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlt1Oktb4%3D
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Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1627s.
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Am J Clin Nutr
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Craig, W.J.1
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A plant-based diets and control of lipids and coronary heart disease risk
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18937895 10.1007/s11883-008-0075-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlKqsbjF
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Rao V, Al-Weshahy A. A plant-based diets and control of lipids and coronary heart disease risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:478.
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Curr Atheroscler Rep
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Rao, V.1
Al-Weshahy, A.2
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0035912775
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The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease
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11412050 10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3Mzls1Wrtw%3D%3D
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Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1106.
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Ann Intern Med
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Joshipura, K.J.1
Hu, F.B.2
Manson, J.E.3
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Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: Meta-analysis of cohort studies
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16443039 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68069-0
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He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;367:320.
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Lancet
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He, F.J.1
Nowson, C.A.2
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8
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Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: A pooled analysis of cohort studies
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14980987 10.1001/archinte.164.4.370
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Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, et al. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:370.
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Arch Intern Med
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Pereira, M.A.1
O'Reilly, E.2
Augustsson, K.3
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9
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84878175497
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Attenuated association between increasing BMI and unfavorable lipid profiles in Chinese Buddhist vegetarians
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1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpvVartr0%3D To compare BMI, lipid/lipoprotein measures and predicted CHD in Buddhist monks vs. omnivore men. Conclusion: Buddhist monks had significantly lower cluster of CV risk factors (BMI, glucose, BP and lipid/lipoprotein profile) and predicted probability of CHD
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Zhang HJ, Han P, Sun SY, et al. Attenuated association between increasing BMI and unfavorable lipid profiles in Chinese Buddhist vegetarians. Asian Pac J Clin Nutr. 2013;22(2):249-56. To compare BMI, lipid/lipoprotein measures and predicted CHD in Buddhist monks vs. omnivore men. Conclusion: Buddhist monks had significantly lower cluster of CV risk factors (BMI, glucose, BP and lipid/lipoprotein profile) and predicted probability of CHD.
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(2013)
Asian Pac J Clin Nutr
, vol.22
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, pp. 249-256
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Zhang, H.J.1
Han, P.2
Sun, S.Y.3
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10
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84861829724
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Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet exerts favorable effects on metabolic parameters, intima-media thickness, and cardiovascular risk in healthy men
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22412169 10.1177/0884533611436173 To investigate whether a Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet has protective effects on metabolic and CVD risk. Conclusion: BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C ApoA, ApoB, TC:HDL-C ratio, IMT-L, IMT-R, and average IMT were significantly lower in lacto-vegetarians. Probability of CVD was lower in the vegetarians after age 55
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Yang SY, Li XJ, Zhang W, et al. Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet exerts favorable effects on metabolic parameters, intima-media thickness, and cardiovascular risk in healthy men. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27:392-8. To investigate whether a Chinese lacto-vegetarian diet has protective effects on metabolic and CVD risk. Conclusion: BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C ApoA, ApoB, TC:HDL-C ratio, IMT-L, IMT-R, and average IMT were significantly lower in lacto-vegetarians. Probability of CVD was lower in the vegetarians after age 55.
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(2012)
Nutr Clin Pract
, vol.27
, pp. 392-398
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Yang, S.Y.1
Li, X.J.2
Zhang, W.3
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11
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0034655555
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Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women
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10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00911-X 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitlOktb0%3D
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Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Bertron P, et al. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. Am J Cardio. 2000;85:969-72.
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Am J Cardio
, vol.85
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Barnard, N.D.1
Scialli, A.R.2
Bertron, P.3
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12
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67649983234
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Vegetarian Diets
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Position of the American Dietetic Association 10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027
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Position of the American Dietetic Association. Vegetarian Diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:1266-82.
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(2009)
J Am Diet Assoc
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13
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Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets
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15730229 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00104.x
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Berkow SE, Barnard ND. Blood pressure regulation and vegetarian diets. Nutr Rev. 2005;63:1-8.
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(2005)
Nutr Rev
, vol.63
, pp. 1-8
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Berkow, S.E.1
Barnard, N.D.2
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14
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84866350134
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Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: Results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)
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10.1017/S1368980011003454 To evaluate vegetarian diets and the effect on BP. Conclusion: Vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians had lower systolic and diastolic BP vs. omnivores. The odds ratio of hypertension was also less than that of omnivores
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Petterson BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Pub Health Nutr. 2011;15(10):1909-16. To evaluate vegetarian diets and the effect on BP. Conclusion: Vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians had lower systolic and diastolic BP vs. omnivores. The odds ratio of hypertension was also less than that of omnivores.
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(2011)
Pub Health Nutr
, vol.15
, Issue.10
, pp. 1909-1916
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Petterson, B.J.1
Anousheh, R.2
Fan, J.3
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15
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0037184499
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Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
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12444862 10.1001/jama.288.20.2554
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Jiang R, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. JAMA. 2002;288:2554-60.
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JAMA
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Jiang, R.1
Manson, J.E.2
Stampfer, M.J.3
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16
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0042284010
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Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet
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12936955 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFektb4%3D
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Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, et al. Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:610S-6.
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(2003)
Am J Clin Nutr
, vol.78
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Jenkins, D.J.1
Kendall, C.W.2
Marchie, A.3
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17
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40449122910
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Vegetable but not fruit consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese women
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18287369 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXisFygtLg%3D
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Villegas R, Shu XO, Gao YT, et al. Vegetable but not fruit consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese women. J Nutr. 2008;138:574-80.
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(2008)
J Nutr
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Villegas, R.1
Shu, X.O.2
Gao, Y.T.3
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18
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38149077344
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Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women's Health Study
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18175751 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmt1amtg%3D%3D
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Villegas R, Gao YT, Yang G, et al. Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:162-7.
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(2008)
Am J Clin Nutr
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Villegas, R.1
Gao, Y.T.2
Yang, G.3
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19
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33746650041
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A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes
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16873779 10.2337/dc06-0606 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XptVKmtb8%3D
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Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777-83.
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(2006)
Diabetes Care
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, pp. 1777-1783
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Barnard, N.D.1
Cohen, J.2
Jenkins, D.J.3
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20
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79954497754
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Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with Type 2 diabetes
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21480966 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03209.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnt1aqt7s%3D A 24-week randomized open, parallel design used with 74 patients with T2DM to investigate the effect of a vegetarian diet on insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: The vegetarian diet had a greater capacity to improve insulin resistance compared with the conventional diet over 24 weeks with reduction in visceral fat and improvement in adipokines and oxidative stress markers
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Kahleova H, Matoulek M, Malinska H, et al. Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28:549-59. A 24-week randomized open, parallel design used with 74 patients with T2DM to investigate the effect of a vegetarian diet on insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: The vegetarian diet had a greater capacity to improve insulin resistance compared with the conventional diet over 24 weeks with reduction in visceral fat and improvement in adipokines and oxidative stress markers.
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(2011)
Diabet Med
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, pp. 549-559
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Kahleova, H.1
Matoulek, M.2
Malinska, H.3
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21
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35549000518
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A two year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet
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17890496 10.1038/oby.2007.270
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Turner-McGrievy GM, Barnard ND, Scialli AR. A two year randomized weight loss trial comparing a vegan diet to a more moderate low-fat diet. Obesity. 2007;15:2276-81.
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Obesity
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Turner-Mcgrievy, G.M.1
Barnard, N.D.2
Scialli, A.R.3
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22
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33645812761
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Vegetarian diets and weight status
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16673753 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00200.x
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Berkow SE, Barnard N. Vegetarian diets and weight status. Nutr Rev. 2006;64:175-88.
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(2006)
Nutr Rev
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Berkow, S.E.1
Barnard, N.2
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23
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0032816906
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Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: Detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies
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10479225 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVaisro%3D
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Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, et al. Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(suppl):516S-24.
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Key, T.J.1
Fraser, G.E.2
Thorogood, M.3
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24
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84861813243
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Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review
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22677895 10.1159/000336175 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xpt1Ckt7w%3D A meta-analyses and systemic review of vegetarian diets and IHD mortality. Conclusion: Mortality from IHD was 29 % lower in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians
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Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;60:233-40. A meta-analyses and systemic review of vegetarian diets and IHD mortality. Conclusion: Mortality from IHD was 29 % lower in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians.
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(2012)
Ann Nutr Metab
, vol.60
, pp. 233-240
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Huang, T.1
Yang, B.2
Zheng, J.3
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25
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84874318219
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Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and non-vegetarians: Result from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study
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23364007 10.3945/ajcn.112.044073 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjt1Cnsb0%3D To examine the association of a vegetarian diet with risk of incident (fatal and non-fatal) IHD. Conclusion: Vegetarians had a 32 % lower risk of IHD
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Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis C, et al. Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and non-vegetarians: result from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:597-603. To examine the association of a vegetarian diet with risk of incident (fatal and non-fatal) IHD. Conclusion: Vegetarians had a 32 % lower risk of IHD.
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(2013)
Am J Clin Nutr
, vol.97
, pp. 597-603
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Crowe, F.L.1
Appleby, P.N.2
Travis, C.3
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26
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33846609195
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Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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17242284 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875
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Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115(4):459-67.
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(2007)
Circulation
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, pp. 459-467
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Lorenz, M.W.1
Markus, H.S.2
Bots, M.L.3
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27
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33644873556
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Carotidintima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: Prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS)
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16339465 10.1161/01.STR.0000196964.24024.ea
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Lorenz MW, von Kegler S, Steinmetz H, et al. Carotidintima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke. 2006;37(1):87-92.
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Stroke
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Lorenz, M.W.1
Von Kegler, S.2
Steinmetz, H.3
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28
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84879789291
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Arterial function of carotid and brachial arteries in postmenopausal vegetarians
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10.2147/VHRM.S18881 To evaluated arterial elasticity of the common carotid and arterial distensibility, compliance and resistance of the brachial artery in postmenopausal vegetarians vs. age matched omnivore controls. Conclusion: Brachial artery resistance was significantly lower in vegetarians
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Su TC, Torng PL, Jeng MF, et al. Arterial function of carotid and brachial arteries in postmenopausal vegetarians. Vasc Health Risk Mngt. 2011;7:517-23. To evaluated arterial elasticity of the common carotid and arterial distensibility, compliance and resistance of the brachial artery in postmenopausal vegetarians vs. age matched omnivore controls. Conclusion: Brachial artery resistance was significantly lower in vegetarians.
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(2011)
Vasc Health Risk Mngt
, vol.7
, pp. 517-523
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Su, T.C.1
Torng, P.L.2
Jeng, M.F.3
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29
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84870227029
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Vegetarian diets, low meat diets and health: A review
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22717188 10.1017/S1368980012000936 Review of the nutrient intake in vegetarian and vegan diets. Conclusion: If essential nutrients are not consumed according to individuals needs, there can be deleterious effects. Nutrients most likely to be deficient in unbalanced or very restrictive vegetarian diets are: Fe, Vit D, Vit B12, and n-3 fatty acids
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McEvoy CT, Temple N, Woodside J. Vegetarian diets, low meat diets and health: a review. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:2287-94. Review of the nutrient intake in vegetarian and vegan diets. Conclusion: If essential nutrients are not consumed according to individuals needs, there can be deleterious effects. Nutrients most likely to be deficient in unbalanced or very restrictive vegetarian diets are: Fe, Vit D, Vit B12, and n-3 fatty acids.
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(2012)
Public Health Nutr
, vol.15
, pp. 2287-2294
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McEvoy, C.T.1
Temple, N.2
Woodside, J.3
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30
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84877331372
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Intestinal micorbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis
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23563705 10.1038/nm.3145 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlsVCqu7w%3D To evaluate micorbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, and its ability to promote atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Microbiota dependent production of TMAO from L-carnitine may contribute to atherosclerosis in omnivores who consume large amounts of L-carnitine. Vegans and vegetarians have significantly reduced capacity to synthesize TMAO from L-carnitine, which may explain the cardiovascular health benefits of these diets
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Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, et al. Intestinal micorbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature Med. 2013;19(5):576-85. To evaluate micorbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, and its ability to promote atherosclerosis. Conclusion: Microbiota dependent production of TMAO from L-carnitine may contribute to atherosclerosis in omnivores who consume large amounts of L-carnitine. Vegans and vegetarians have significantly reduced capacity to synthesize TMAO from L-carnitine, which may explain the cardiovascular health benefits of these diets.
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(2013)
Nature Med
, vol.19
, Issue.5
, pp. 576-585
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Koeth, R.A.1
Wang, Z.2
Levison, B.S.3
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