Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

Volumn 405, Issue 30, 2013, Pages 9791-9803

  Fabritius, Marie ^a   Chtioui, Haithem ^b   Battistella, Giovanni ^b   Annoni, Jean Marie ^c   Dao, Kim ^b   Favrat, Bernard ^a   Fornari, Eleonora ^b   Lauer, Estelle ^a   Maeder, Philippe ^b   Giroud, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY CENTER OF LEGAL MEDICINE   (Switzerland)

^b LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FRIBOURG   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cannabis; Heavy use; Occasional use; Oral fluid; Pharmacokinetic; Whole blood

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; HEAVY USE; OCCASIONAL USE; ORAL FLUIDS; WHOLE BLOOD;

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACOKINETICS; SURVEYS;

BLOOD;

CANNABIS;

DRONABINOL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CANNABIS SMOKING; CHEMISTRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; HUMAN; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MALE; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; SALIVA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; TIME; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DRONABINOL; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; SALIVA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; TIME FACTORS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84890130072     PISSN: 16182642     EISSN: 16182650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7412-1     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Augsburger M, Donze N, Menetrey A, Brossard C, Sporkert F, Giroud C, Mangin P (2005) Concentration of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.025
2. Menetrey A, Augsburger M, Giroud C, Mangin P (2001) Cannabis and automobile driving. Praxis 90(34):1398-1407
3. Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, Theunissen EL, Toennes SW, Moeller MR (2009) Neurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 23(3):266-277. doi: 10.1177/0269881108092393
4. Moosmann B, Roth N, Auwarter V (2013) Hair analysis for THCA-A THC and CBN after passive in vivo exposure to marijuana smoke. Drug Test Anal. doi: 10.1002/dta.1474
5. Huestis MA, Gustafson RA, Moolchan ET, Barnes A, Bourland JA, Sweeney SA, Hayes EF, Carpenter PM, Smith ML (2007) Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented cannabis users. Forensic Sci Int 169(2-3):129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.005
6. Musshoff F, Madea B (2006) Review of biologic matrices (urine, blood, hair) as indicators of recent or ongoing cannabis use. Ther Drug Monit 28(2):155-163. doi: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000197091.07807.22
7. Daldrup T, Käferstein H, Köhler H, Maier R, Musshoff F (2000) Deciding between one off/occasional and regular cannabis consumption. Blutalkohol 37(1):39-47
8. Fabritius M, Staub C, Mangin P, Giroud C (2013) Analysis of cannabinoids in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 31(1):151-163
9. Perez-Reyes M (1990) Marijuana smoking: factors that influence the bioavailability of tetrahydrocannabinol. NIDA Res Monogr 99:42-62
10. Niedbala RS, Kardos KW, Fritch DF, Kardos S, Fries T, Waga J, Robb J, Cone EJ (2001) Detection of marijuana use by oral fluid and urine analysis following single-dose administration of smoked and oral marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 25(5):289-303
11. Huestis MA, Cone EJ (2004) Relationship of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in oral fluid and plasma after controlled administration of smoked cannabis. J Anal Toxicol 28(6):394-399
12. Laloup M, Del Mar Ramirez Fernandez M, Wood M, De Boeck G, Maes V, Samyn N (2006) Correlation of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations determined by LC-MS-MS in oral fluid and plasma from impaired drivers and evaluation of the on-site Drager DrugTest. Forensic Sci Int 161(2-3):175-179. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.03.033
13. Toennes SW, Kauert GF, Steinmeyer S, Moeller MR (2005) Driving under the influence of drugs - evaluation of analytical data of drugs in oral fluid, serum and urine, and correlation with impairment symptoms. Forensic Sci Int 152(2-3):149-155. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.002
14. Toennes SW, Steinmeyer S, Maurer HJ, Moeller MR, Kauert GF (2005) Screening for drugs of abuse in oral fluid - correlation of analysis results with serum in forensic cases. J Anal Toxicol 29(1):22-27
15. Lee D, Vandrey R, Milman G, Bergamaschi M, Mendu DR, Murray JA, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA (2013) Oral fluid/plasma cannabinoid ratios following controlled oral THC and smoked cannabis administration. Anal Bioanal Chem. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7159-8
16. Brenneisen R, Meyer P, Chtioui H, Saugy M, Kamber M (2010) Plasma and urine profiles of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites 11-hydroxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol after cannabis smoking by male volunteers to estimate recent consumption by athletes. Anal Bioanal Chem 396(7):2493-2502. doi: 10.1007/s00216-009-3431-3
17. Deiana S, Watanabe A, Yamasaki Y, Amada N, Arthur M, Fleming S, Woodcock H, Dorward P, Pigliacampo B, Close S, Platt B, Riedel G (2012) Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Psychopharmacology 219(3):859-873. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2415-0
18. Karschner EL, Darwin WD, Goodwin RS, Wright S, Huestis MA (2011) Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration. Clin Chem 57(1):66-75. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.152439
19. Schwilke EW, Schwope DM, Karschner EL, Lowe RH, Darwin WD, Kelly DL, Goodwin RS, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2009) Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC plasma pharmacokinetics during and after continuous high-dose oral THC. Clin Chem 55(12):2180-2189. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.122119
20. Schwope DM, Karschner EL, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2011) Identification of recent cannabis use: whole-blood and plasma free and glucuronidated cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled smoked cannabis administration. Clin Chem 57(10):1406-1414. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.171777
21. Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Theunissen EL, Moeller MR, Kauert GF (2008) Comparison of cannabinoid pharmacokinetic properties in occasional and heavy users smoking a marijuana or placebo joint. J Anal Toxicol 32(7):470-477
22. Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG, Theunissen EL, Moeller MR, Kauert GF (2010) Pharmacokinetic properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid of occasional and chronic users. J Anal Toxicol 34(4):216-221
23. Kauert GF, Ramaekers JG, Schneider E, Moeller MR, Toennes SW (2007) Pharmacokinetic properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in serum and oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 31(5):288-293
24. Milman G, Schwope DM, Schwilke EW, Darwin WD, Kelly DL, Goodwin RS, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2011) Oral fluid and plasma cannabinoid ratios after around-the-clock controlled oral Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Clin Chem 57(11):1597-1606. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.169490
25. Grotenhermen F (2003) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical pharmacokinetics 42(4):327-360
26. Battistella G, Fornari E, Thomas A, Mall JF, Chtioui H, Appenzeller M, Annoni JM, Favrat B, Maeder P, Giroud C (2013) Weed or wheel! FMRI, behavioural, and toxicological investigations of how cannabis smoking affects skills necessary for driving. PloS one 8(1):e52545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052545
27. Muntendam R, Happyana N, Erkelens T, Bruining F, Kayser O (2012) Time dependant metabolomics and transcriptional analysis of cannabinoid biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa var Bedrobinol and Bediol grown under standardized condition and with genetic homogeneity. Online Int J Med Plants Res 1(2):31-40
28. Langel K, Engblom C, Pehrsson A, Gunnar T, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P (2008) Drug testing in oral fluid-evaluation of sample collection devices. J Anal Toxicol 32(6):393-401
29. Thomas A, Widmer C, Hopfgartner G, Staub C (2007) Fast gas chromatography and negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for forensic analysis of cannabinoids in whole blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 45(3):495-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.019
30. Mariani JJ, Brooks D, Haney M, Levin FR (2011) Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug Alcohol Depend 113(2-3):249-251. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008
31. Lindgren JE, Ohlsson A, Agurell S, Hollister L, Gillespie H (1981) Clinical effects and plasma levels of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in heavy and light users of cannabis. Psychopharmacology 74(3):208-212
32. Wall ME, Sadler BM, Brine D, Taylor H, Perez-Reyes M (1983) Metabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in men and women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34(3):352-363
33. Drummer OH (2005) Review: pharmacokinetics of illicit drugs in oral fluid. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):133-142. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.022
34. Verstraete AG (2004) Detection times of drugs of abuse in blood, urine, and oral fluid. Ther Drug Monit 26(2):200-205
35. Jung J, Kempf J, Mahler H, Weinmann W (2007) Detection of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A in human urine and blood serum by LC-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom JMS 42(3):354-360. doi: 10.1002/jms.1167
36. Mikes F, Waser PG (1971) Marihuana components: effects of smoking on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Science 172(3988):1158-1159
37. Radunz L, Westphal F, Maser E, Rochholz G (2012) THCVA-A - a new additional marker for illegal cannabis consumption. Forensic Sci Int 215(1-3):171-174. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.001
38. Huestis MA, Henningfield JE, Cone EJ (1992) Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana. J Anal Toxicol 16(5):276-282
39. Milman G, Schwope DM, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2012) Cannabinoids and metabolites in expectorated oral fluid following controlled smoked cannabis. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 413(7-8):765-770. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.01.011
40. Crouch DJ (2005) Oral fluid collection: the neglected variable in oral fluid testing. Forensic Sci Int 150(2-3):165-173. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005. 02.028
41. Kauert GF, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Toennes SW (2006) Assay of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluid-evaluation of the OraSure oral specimen collection device. J Anal Toxicol 30(4):274-277
42. Green B, Kavanagh D, Young R (2003) Being stoned: a review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug Alcohol Rev 22(4):453-460. doi: 10.1080/09595230310001613976
43. Hall W, Solowij N (1998) Adverse effects of cannabis. Lancet 352(9140):1611-1616. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1
44. Theunissen EL, Kauert GF, Toennes SW, Moeller MR, Sambeth A, Blanchard MM, Ramaekers JG (2012) Neurophysiological functioning of occasional and heavy cannabis users during THC intoxication. Psychopharmacology 220(2):341-350. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2479-x