Detection Times of Drugs of Abuse in Blood, Urine, and Oral Fluid

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 200-205

  Verstraete, Alain G ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Detection time; Drugs of abuse; Matrix

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; 7 AMINO 1,3 DIHYDRO 5 PHENYL 2H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 2 ONE; AMPHETAMINE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; FLUNITRAZEPAM; LYSERGIDE; METHAMPHETAMINE;

ANALYTIC METHOD; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG SALIVA LEVEL; HUMAN; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TIME;

HUMANS; SALIVA; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE DETECTION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 4644271920     PISSN: 01634356     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200404000-00020     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (56)

1. Kintz P. La soumission chimique. Aspects analytiques et expertises médico-légales. Ann Toxicol Anal. 2001;13:120-121.
2. Questel F, Diamant-Berger O, Lagier G. Soumission médicamenteuse: analyse d'une série de résultats toxicologiques urinaires. Ann Toxicol Anal. 2001;13:121-122.
3. ElSohly MA, Salamone SJ. Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:141-146.
4. Braithwaite RA, Jarvie DR, Minty PS, et al. Screening for drugs of abuse. I: Opiates, amphetamines and cocaine. Ann Clin Biochem. 1995;32:123-153.
5. Simpson D, Braithwaite RA, Jarvie DR, et al. Screening for drugs of abuse (II): Cannabinoids, lysergic acid diethylamide, buprenorphine, methadone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other drugs. Ann Clin Biochem. 1997;34:460-510.
6. Vandevenne M, Vandenbussche H, Verstraete A. Detection time of drugs of abuse in urine. Acta Clin Belg. 2000;55:323-333.
7. Samyn N, Verstraete A, van Haeren C, et al. Analysis of drugs of abuse in saliva. Forensic Sci Rev. 1999;11:1-19.
8. Iten PX. Datenblatt Amphetamine. In: Iten PX, ed. Fahren untrer Drogen-oder Medikamenteneinfluss. Forensische Interpretation und Begutachtung. Zürich: Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Zürich, 1994:87-91.
9. Ghysel M. Amphétamines et dérivés. In: Kintz P, ed. Toxicologie et pharmacologie médicolégales. Paris: Elsevier, 1998:465-541.
10. Poklis A, Still J, Slattum PW, et al. Urinary excretion of d-amphetamine following oral doses in humans: implications for urine drug testing. J Anal Toxicol. 1998;22:481-486.
11. Smith Kielland A, Skuterud B, Morland J. Urinary excretion of amphetamine after termination of drug abuse. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:325-329.
12. Wan SH, Matin SB, Azarnoff DL. Kinetics, salivary excretion of amphetamine isomers, and effect of urinary pH. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;23:585-590.
13. Cook CE, Jeffcoat AR, Hill JM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine self-administered to human subjects by smoking S-(+)-methamphetamine hydrochloride. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993;21:717-723.
14. Oyler JM, Cone EJ, Joseph R-EJ, et al. Duration of detectable methamphetamine and amphetamine excretion in urine after controlled oral administration of methamphetamine to humans. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1703-1714.
15. Schepers RJ, Oyler JM, Joseph REJ, et al. Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers. Clin Chem. 2003;49:121-132.
16. Pacifici R, Farre M, Pichini S, et al. Sweat testing of MDMA with the Drugwipe analytical device: a controlled study with two volunteers. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:144-146.
17. Navarro M, Pichini S, Farre M, et al. Usefulness of saliva for measurement of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its metabolites: correlation with plasma drug concentrations and effect of salivary pH. Clin Chem. 2001;47:1788-1795.
18. Iten PX. Datenblatt Designer-Amphetamine. In: Iten PX, ed. Fahren untrer Drogen-oder Medikamenteneinfluss. Forensische Interpretation und Begutachtung. Zürich: Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Zürich, 1994:92-95.
19. Ensslin HK, Kovar KA, Maurer HH. Toxicological detection of the designer drug 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE, "Eve") and its metabolites in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fluorescence polarization immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1996;683:189-197.
20. Kintz P. Excretion of MBDB and BDB in urine, saliva, and sweat following single oral administration. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:570-575.
21. Iten PX. Datenblatt Cannabis. In: Iten PX, ed. Fahren untrer Drogen-oder Medikamenteneinfluss. Forensische Interpretation und Begutachtung. Zürich: Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Zürich, 1994:96-121.
22. Reiter A, Hake J, Meissner C, et al. Time of drug elimination in chronic drug abusers. Case study of 52 patients in a "low-step" detoxification ward. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;119:248-253.
23. Huestis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans after single smoked doses of marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1996;20:441-452.
24. Niedbala RS, Kardos KW, Fritch DF, et al. Detection of marijuana use by oral fluid and urine analysis following single-dose administration of smoked and oral marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:289-303.
25. Smith-Kielland A, Skuterud B, Morland J. Urinary excretion of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinoids in frequent and infrequent drug users. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:323-332.
26. Huestis MA, Cone EJ. Differentiating new marijuana use from residual drug excretion in occasional marijuana users. J Anal Toxicol. 1998;22:445-454.
27. Fraser AD, Worth D. Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a Delta9-THC-COOH to creatinine ratio study #2. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133:26-31.
28. Fraser AD, Worth D. Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a delta9-THCCOOH to creatinine ratio study. J Anal Toxicol. 1999;23:531-534.
29. Cone EJ, Johnson RE, Paul BD, et al. Marijuana-laced brownies: behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. J Anal Toxicol. 1988;12:169-175.
30. Lafolie P, Beck O, Blennow G, et al. Importance of creatinine analyses of urine when screening for abused drugs. Clin Chem. 1991;37:1927-1931.
31. Kielland KB. Urinutskillelse av cannabismetabolitter [Urinary excretion of cannabis metabolites]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1992;112:1585-1586.
32. Iten PX. Datenblatt Kokain. In: Iten PX, ed. Fahren untrer Drogen-oder Medikamenteneinfluss. Forensische Interpretation und Begutachtung. Zürich: Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Zürich, 1994:143-162.
33. Cone EJ, Menchen SL, Paul BD, et al. Validity testing of commercial urine cocaine metabolite assays: I. Assay detection times, individual excretion patterns, and kinetics after cocaine administration to humans. J Forensic Sci. 1989;34:15-31.
34. Hamilton HE, Wallace JE, Shimek ELJ, et al. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine excretion in humans. J Forensic Sci. 1977;22:697-707.
35. Preston KL, Epstein DH, Cone EJ, et al. Urinary elimination of cocaine metabolites in chronic cocaine users during cessation. J Anal Toxicol. 2002;26:393-400.
36. Reichman OS, Otto RA. Effect of intranasal cocaine on the urine drug screen for benzoylecgonine. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;106:223-225.
37. Weiss RD, Gawin FH. Protracted elimination of cocaine metabolites in long-term high-dose cocaine abusers. Am J Med. 1988;85:879-880.
38. Cone EJ, Oyler J, Darwin WD. Cocaine disposition in saliva following intravenous, intranasal, and smoked administration. J Anal Toxicol. 1997;21:465-475.
39. Cone EJ, Weddington WWJ. Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use. J Anal Toxicol. 1989;13:65-68.
40. Foltz RL. LSD: Pharmacokinetics and new metabolites. Proceedings of the California Association of Toxicologists 1995:20-29.
41. Vu Duc T, Vernay A, Calanca A. Détection de l'acide lysergique diéthylamide (LSD) dans l'urine humaine: élimination, dépistage et confirmation analytique. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1991;121:1887-1890.
42. Foltz RL, Reuschel SA. Investigation of the metabolism of LSD and the development of methods for detecting LSD use. NWBR 1998;98-011:1-29.
43. Poch GK, Klette KL, Hallare DA, et al. Detection of metabolites of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine specimens: 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, a prevalent metabolite of LSD. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;724:23-33.
44. Jenkins AJ, Keenan RM, Henningfield JE, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of smoked heroin. J Anal Toxicol. 1994;18:317-330.
45. Cone EJ. Testing human hair for drugs of abuse. I. Individual dose and time profiles of morphine and codeine in plasma, saliva, urine, and beard compared to drug-induced effects on pupils and behavior. J Anal Toxicol. 1990;14:1-7.
46. Goldberger BA, Darwin WD, Grant TM, et al. Measurement of heroin and its metabolites by isotope-dilution electron-impact mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 1993;39:670-675.
47. Smith ML, Shimomura ET, Summers J, et al. Urinary excretion profiles for total morphine, free morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine following smoked and intravenous heroin. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25:504-514.
48. Narongchai P, Sribanditmonkol P, Thampithug S, et al. The duration time of urine morphine detection in heroin addicts by radioimmunoassay. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002;85:82-86.
49. Kim I, Barnes AJ, Oyler JM, et al. Plasma and oral fluid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral codeine administration. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1486-1496.
50. Negrusz A, Moore CM, Stockham TL, et al. Elimination of 7-aminoflunitrazepam and flunitrazepam in urine after a single dose of Rohypnol. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:1031-1040.
51. Kintz P, Villain M, Cirimele V, et al. Usage criminel de substances psycho-actives: le problème de la durée de détection. Acta Clin Belg Suppl. 2002;24-30.
52. Samyn N, De Boeck G, Cirimele V, et al. Detection of flunitrazepam and 7-aminoflunitrazepam in oral fluid after controlled administration of rohypnol. J Anal Toxicol. 2002;26:211-215.
53. Hoes MJ, Vree TB, Guelen PJ. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic in man. Encephale. 1980;6:93-99.
54. Kintz P, Goulle JP, Cirimele V, et al. Window of detection of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in blood and saliva. Clin Chem. 2001;47:2033-2034.
55. Negrusz A, Moore CM, Hinkel KB, et al. Deposition of 7-aminoflunitrazepam and flunitrazepam in hair after a single dose of Rohypnol. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46:1143-1151.
56. Negrusz A, Moore CM, Kern JL, et al. Quantitation of clonazepam and its major metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam in hair. J Anal Toxicol. 2000;24:614-620.