Immigration, repatriation, and deportation: The Mexican-origin population in the United States, 1920-1950

International Migration Review

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 944-975

  Gratton, Brian ^a   Merchant, Emily ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT; IMMIGRATION; IMMIGRATION POLICY; LATINO PEOPLE; REPATRIATION;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84890082182     PISSN: 01979183     EISSN: 17477379     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/imre.12054     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. "Agreement Respecting the Temporary Migration of Mexican Agricultural Workers" 1942 56 Stat. 1759, Executive Agreement Series 278.
2. Aguila, J. R., 2004 " Ayuda Mutua Mexicana: el Origen de las Comisiones Honoríficas y las Brigadas de la Cruz Azul." In Labor Consular Mexicana en Estados Unidos Siglos XIX y XX: Cinco Ensayos Histõricos. Ed., F. S. Alanis Enciso,. Naucalpan, MX: Senado de la República. Pp. 95-120.
3. Aguila, J. R., 2007 " Mexican/United States Immigration Policy Prior to the Great Depression." Diplomatic History 31 (2): 207-225.
4. Alanis Enciso, F. S., 2007a " ¿Cuántos fueron? La repatriaciõn de mexicanos en los Estados Unidos durante la Gran Depresiõn: Una interpretaciõn cuantitativa, 1930-1934." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 32 (2): 65-91.
5. Alanis Enciso, F. S., 2007b Que se queden allá. El gobierno de México y la repatriaciõn de mexicanos de Estados Unidos, 1934-1940. Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte/El Colegio de San Luis.
6. Alanis Enciso, F. S., 2008 Personal Communication to Brian Gratton, email, June 24.
7. Alanis Enciso, F. S., 2011 " The Repatriation of Mexicans from the United States and Mexican Nationalism, 1929-1940." In Beyond la Frontera: The History of Mexico-United States Migration. Ed., M. Overmyer-Velazquez,. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 51-78.
8. Alba, R. D., and, Nee, V., 2003 Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
9. Arredondo, G. F., 2008 Mexican Chicago: Race, Identity, and Nation, 1916-1939. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
10. Balderrama, F. E., and, R. Rodríguez, 2006 Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
11. Bélanger, D., and, C. Bélanger, 2000 " French Canadian Emigration to the United States, 1840-1930."In Readings in Quebec History. . Accessed on July 25, 2012.
12. Betten, N., and, R. A. Mohl, 1973 " From Discrimination to Repatriation: Mexican Life in Gary, Indiana, During the Great Depression." Pacific Historical Review 42 (3): 370-388.
13. Blackwelder, J. K., 1984 Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
14. Bloch, L., 1929 " Facts About Mexican Immigration Before and Since the Quota Restriction Laws." Journal of the American Statistical Association 24 (165): 50-60.
15. Calavita, K., 1992 Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the INS. New York: Routledge.
16. California Legislature 2005 -2006 S.B. No. 670, Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program
17. Cardoso, L. A., 1977 " La repatriaciõn de braceros en la época de Obregõn 1920-1923." Historia Mexicana 26 (4): 576-595.
18. Cardoso, L. A., 1980 Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897-1931. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
19. Carreras de Velasco, M., 1974 Los mexicanos que devolviõ la crisis 1929-1932. Tlatelolco: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores.
20. Carter, S. B., S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haines, A. L. Olmstead, R. Sutch, and, G. Wright, (eds) 2006 Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition On Line. New York: Cambridge University Press. . Accessed on February 5, 2013.
21. Clark, V. S., 1908 " Mexican Labor in the United States." Bulletin of the [United States] Bureau of Labor 78 (17): 466-522.
22. Craig, R. B., 1971 The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy. Austin: University of Texas Press.
23. Deutsch, S., 1987 No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Durand, J., D. S. Massey, and, R. M. Zenteno, 2001 " Mexican Immigration to the United States: Continuities and Changes." Latin American Research Review 36 (1): 107-127.
25. Fox, C., 2010 " Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and Public and Private Social Welfare Spending in American Cities." American Journal of Sociology 116 (2): 453-502.
26. Fox, C., 2012 Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
27. Galarza, E., 1964 Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story; an Account of the Managed Migration of Mexican Farm Workers in California, 1942-1960. Charlotte: McNally and Loftin.
28. García, J. R., 1996 Mexicans in the Midwest, 1900-1932. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
29. García y Griego, L. M., 1988 " The Bracero Policy Experiment: U.S.-Mexican Responses to Mexican Labor Migration, 1942-1955." PhD diss., University of California-Los Angeles.
30. Gerstle, G., 1989 Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. Gratton, B., and, M. P. Gutmann, 2000 " Hispanics in the United States, 1850-1990: Estimates of Population Size and National Origin." Historical Methods 33 (3): 137-153.
32. Greville, T. N. E., 1947 United States Life Tables and Actuarial Tables 1939-1941. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
33. Grove, W. A., 1996 " The Mexican Farm Labor Program, 1942-1964: Government-Administered Labor Market Insurance for Farmers." Agricultural History 70 (2): 302-320.
34. Guérin-Gonzales, C., 1994 Mexican Workers and American Dreams: Immigration, Repatriation, and California Farm Labor, 1900-1939. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
35. Gutiérrez, D. G., 1995 Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Hacker, J. D., 2013 " New Estimates of Census Coverage in the United States, 1880-1930." Social Science History 17 (1): 71-101.
37. Hahamovitch, C., 2003 " Creating Perfect Immigrants: Guestworkers of the World in Historical Perspective 1." Labor History 44 (1): 69-94.
38. Haney Lõpez, I., 2006 White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press.
39. Hatton, T. J., and, J. G. Williamson, 2005 Global Migration and the World Economy: Two Centuries of Policy and Performance. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
40. Hill, J. A., 1926 " Correspondence of Joseph A. Hill, 1911-32." Administrative Records of the Office of the Bureau of the Census. RG29: February 5.
41. Hill, J. A., 1936 United States Life Tables. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
42. Hoffman, A., 1973 " Stimulus to Repatriation: The 1931 Federal Deportation Drive and the Los Angeles Mexican Community." Pacific Historical Review 42 (2): 205-219.
43. Hoffman, A., 1974 Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
44. Hoffman, A., 1976 " An Unusual Monument: Paul S. Taylor's Mexican Labor in the United States Monograph Series." Pacific Historical Review 45 (2): 255-270.
45. Hoover, H., 1930 " Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union." The American Presidency Project. . Accessed on January 30, 2013.
46. Hu-DeHart, E., 1982 " Racism and Anti-Chinese Persecution in Sonora, Mexico, 1876-1932." Amerasia Journal 9 (2): 1-28.
47. Hull, H. E., 1931 " The Tide of Migration Turns Away From America's Shores." New York Times. Aug. 9.
48. Iber, J., 2000 Hispanics in the Mormon Zion, 1912-1999. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
49. Immigration and Naturalization Service 1941 -1959 Annual Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Accessible at HathiTrust Digital Library. . Accessed on February 12, 2013.
50. Jungmeyer, R. L., 1988 " The Bracero Program, 1942-1951: Mexican Contract Labor in the United States." PhD dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia.
51. Kang, S. D., 2005 " The Legal Construction of the Borderlands: The INS, Immigration Law, and Immigrant Rights in the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1917-1954 ". PhD diss., University of California-Berkeley.
52. Kaplowitz, C. A., 2005 LULAC, Mexican Americans, and National Policy. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
53. Katz, M. B., M. J. Stern, and, J. J. Fader, 2007 " The Mexican Immigration Debate: The View from History." Social Science History 31 (2): 157-189.
54. Kerr, L. A. N., 1976 " The Chicano Experience in Chicago: 1920-1970." PhD diss., University of Illinois-Chicago Circle.
55. Kiser, G. C., 1974 " The Bracero Program: A Case Study of its Development, Termination, and Political Aftermath." PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
56. Kropp, P. S., 2006 California Vieja: Culture and Memory in a Modern American Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.
57. Le Bras, H., 2008 The Nature of Demography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
58. Lessard, D. R., 1984 " Agrarianism and Nationalism: Mexico and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947." PhD diss., Tulane University.
59. Lim, J., 2010 " Chinos and Paisanos: Chinese Mexican Relations in the Borderlands." Pacific Historical Review 79 (1): 50-85.
60. MacKinnon, M., and, D. Parent, 2005 " Resisting the Melting Pot: The Long Term Impact of Maintaining Identity for Franco-Americans in New England." Cahiers de recherché, CIRPEE Working Paper no. 5-17. . Accessed on July 25, 2012.
61. Marin, C. N., 2005 " Always a Struggle: Mexican Americans in Miami, Arizona, 1909-51." PhD diss., Arizona State University.
62. Massey, D. S., 2006 " Borderland Madness." Chronicle of Higher Education 52 (43): B11.
63. Massey, D. S., and, Z. Liang, 1989 " The Long-term Consequences of a Temporary Worker Program: The U.S. Bracero Experience." Population Research and Policy Review 8 (3): 199-226.
64. McKay, R. R., 2012 " Mexican Americans and Repatriation." Handbook of Texas Online. . Accessed on July 25, 2012.
65. Meeks, E. V., 2007 Border Citizens: The Making of Indians, Mexicans, and Anglos in Arizona. Austin: University of Texas Press.
66. Moloney, D. M., 2012 National Insecurities: Immigrants and U.S. Deportation Policy Since 1882. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
67. Monroy, D., 1999 Rebirth: Mexican Los Angeles From the Great Migration to the Great Depression. Berkeley: University of California Press.
68. New York Times. 1930 " Canada Bars Immigrants." August 16.
69. New York Times. 1931a " 35,000 Mexicans Leave California: Migration Expected To Reach 75,000." April 12.
70. New York Times. 1931b " Expects Deportation of French Canadians." April 16.
71. New York Times. 1931c " Repatriating Canadians." April 25.
72. New York Times. 1932 " Chinese Again Flee Agitation in Mexico." August 6.
73. New York Times. 1934 " 300 Mexicans to leave Ohio." March 20.
74. Ngai, M., 1999 " The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924." Journal of American History 86 (1): 67-92.
75. Ngai, M., 2003 " The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921-1965." Law and History Review 21 (1): 69-107.
76. Perlmann, J., 2005 Italians Then, Mexicans Now: Immigrant Origins and Second-Generation Progress, 1890 to 2000. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
77. Ramirez, B., 2001 Crossing the 49th Parallel: Migration from Canada to the United States, 1900-1930. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
78. Rasmussen, W. D., 1951 A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, 1943-47. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
79. Reisler, M., 1976 By the Sweat of their Brow: Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900-1940. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
80. Roby, Y., 2000 Les Franco-Américains de a la Nouvelle-Angleterre: Rêves et réalités. Sillery: Septentrion.
81. Ruggles, S., T. Alexander, K. Genadek, R. Goeken, M. B. Schroeder, and, M. Sobek,. 2010 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [IPUMS] [Machine-readable database]. . Accessed on June 15, 2013.
82. Ruiz, V. I., 2006 " Nuestra América: Latino History as United States History." Journal of American History 93 (3): 655-728.
83. Sánchez, G. J., 1993 Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Scruggs, O. M., 1960 " Evolution of the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement of 1942." Agricultural History 34 (3): 140-149.
85. Scruggs, O. M., 1961 " The United States, Mexico, and the Wetbacks, 1942-1947." Pacific Historical Review 30 (2): 149-164.
86. Scruggs, O. M., 1963 " Texas and the Bracero Program, 1942-1947." Pacific Historical Review 32 (3): 251-264.
87. Scruggs, O. M., 1988 Braceros, "Wetbacks," and the Farm Labor Problem: Mexican Agricultural Labor in the United States, 1942-1954. New York: Garland Publishing.
88. Simon, D. T., 1974 " Mexican repatriation in East Chicago, Indiana." Journal of Ethnic Studies 2 (2): 11-23.
89. Snodgrass, M., 2011 " The Bracero Program, 1942-1964," In Beyond la Frontera: The History of Mexico-United States Migration. Ed., M. Overmyer-Velazquez,. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 79-102.
90. Taylor, P. S., 1933 -1934 Mexican Labor in the United States, Migration Statistics IV. Berkeley: University of California Press.
91. Theriault, G. F., 1980 The Franco-Americans in a New England Community: An Experiment in Survival. New York: Arno Press.
92. Time 1923 " In Rhode Island." September 10.
93. Tomasi, S. M., (ed). 1986 " Temporary Worker Programs: Mechanisms, Conditions, Consequences." Special Issue, International Migration Review 20 (4).
94. Truman, H. S., 1951 Letter to Miguel Alemán. Migratory Labor Folder 17: Mexican Labor. Independence, MO: Truman Papers. Truman Library. July 14.
95. United States Commission on Civil Rights 1980 The Tarnished Golden Door: Civil Rights Issues in Immigration. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
96. United States Congress, Immigration Commission 1910 -1911 Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission: With Conclusions and Recommendations, and Views of Minority. 2 vol., Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. I, 61 Cong., 3 sess.
97. United States Department of Labor 1919 -1940 Annual Reports. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
98. Valdés, D. N., 1991 Al Norte: Agricultural Workers in the Great Lakes Region, 1917-1970. Austin: University of Texas Press.
99. Valdés, D. N., 2000 Barrios Norteños: St. Paul and Midwestern Mexican Communities in the Twentieth Century. Austin: University of Texas Press.
100. Wright, C. D., 1881 " Part III. Uniform Hours of Labor." Twelfth Annual Report of the [Massachusetts] Bureau of Statistics of Labor. Boston: Rand, Avery, & Co.
101. Wyman, M., 1993 Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880-1930. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
102. Zolberg, A. R., 2006 A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Boston, Harvard University Press.