Three worlds of relief: Race, immigration, and public and private social welfare spending in American cities, 1929

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 116, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 453-502

  Fox, Cybelle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; ECONOMICS; ETHNOLOGY; EUROPE; HEALTH CARE COST; HISPANIC; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEXICO; MIGRATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POLITICS; RELIEF WORK; SOCIAL CARE; SOCIAL PROBLEM; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; EUROPE; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MEXICO; POLITICS; PRIVATE SECTOR; PUBLIC ASSISTANCE; PUBLIC SECTOR; RACE RELATIONS; RELIEF WORK; UNITED STATES;

EID: 78650860758     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/653836     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Abbott, Andrew. 1988. "Transcending General Linear Reality." Sociological Theory 6 (2): 169-86.
2. Abbott, Grace. 1917. The Immigrant and the Community. New York: Century.
3. Abramovitz, Mimi. 1998. Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times to the Present. Boston: South End Press.
4. Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly. 1999. "Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions." Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (4): 1243-84.
5. Alesina, Alberto, and Edward Glaeser. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Alesina, Alberto, Edward Glaeser, and Bruce Sacerdote. 2001. "Why Doesn't the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State?" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 2, pp. 187-254.
7. Almy, Frederic. 1911. "The Huddled Poles of Buffalo." Survey, February 4.
8. Alston, Lee J., and Joseph P. Ferrie. 1993. "Paternalism in Agricultural Labor Contracts in the U.S. South: Implications for the Growth of the Welfare State." American Economic Review 83 (4): 852-76.
9. - 1999. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South 1865-1965. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Amenta, Edwin. 1998. Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
11. Amenta, Edwin, Chris Bonastia, and Neal Caren. 2001. "U.S. Social Policy in Comparative and Historical Perspective: Concepts, Images, Arguments and Research Strategies." Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1): 213-34.
12. Amenta, Edwin, and Jane D. Poulsen. 1996. "Social Politics in Context: The Institutional Politics Theory and Social Spending at the End of the New Deal." Social Forces 75 (1): 33-60. (Pubitemid 126133595)
13. Barrera, Mario. 1979. Race and Class in the Southwest: A Theory of Racial Inequality. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
14. Beck, Frank O. 1919. "The Italian in Chicago." Bulletin of the Department of Public Welfare, City of Chicago 2 (3).
15. Billings, Dwight B. 1982. "Class Origins of the 'New South': Planter Persistence and Industry in North Carolina." American Journal of Sociology 88:S52-S85.
16. Bridges, Amy. 1997. Morning Glories: Municipal Reform in the Southwest. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
17. Bridges, Amy, and Richard Kronick. 1999. "Writing the Rules to Win the Game: The Middle-Class Regimes of Municipal Reformers." Urban Affairs Quarterly 34 (5): 691-706.
18. Brooks, Clem, and Jeff Manza. 2007. Why Welfare States Persist: The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Brown, Michael K. 1999. Race, Money, and the American Welfare State. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
20. Brown, Robert D. 1995. "Party Cleavages and Welfare Effort in the American States." American Political Science Review 89 (1): 23-33.
21. California Commission of Immigration and Housing. 1927. "Annual Report of the Commission of Immigration and Housing of California." California State Printing Office, Sacramento.
22. California Department of Social Welfare. 1932. Biennial Report of the State Department of Social Welfare, edited by Rheba Crawford Splivalo. Sacramento, Calif.: Department of Social Welfare.
23. Carens, Joseph H. 1988. "Immigration and theWelfare State." Pp. 207-30 in Democracy and the Welfare State, edited by Amy Gutman. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
24. Clark, Terry Nichols. 1975. "The Irish Ethic and the Spirit of Patronage." Ethnicity 2:305-59.
25. Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale. 2006. "Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840-1972" [computer file]. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
26. Cobb, James C. 1992. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Davies, Gareth, and Martha Derthick. 1997. "Race and Social Welfare Policy: The Social Security Act of 1935." Political Science Quarterly 112 (2): 217-35. (Pubitemid 127340443)
28. Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research. 1931. The Form of Government in 288 American Cities: A Summary of a Questionnaire Sent Cities over 30,000 Population. August 1929. Detroit: Bureau of Governmental Research.
29. Elazar, Daniel J. 1972. American Federalism: A View from the States. New York: Harper & Row.
30. Erie, Steven P. 1988. Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
31. Esping-Andersen, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
32. Fellowes, Matthew C., and Gretchen Rowe. 2004. "Politics and the New American Welfare States." American Journal of Political Science 48 (2): 362-73.
33. Foley, Neil. 1997. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
34. Folsom, Josiah C. 1931. Perquisites and Wages of Hired Farm Laborers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
35. Forthal, Sonya. 1946. Cogwheels of Democracy: A Study of the Precinct Captain. New York: William-Frederick Press.
36. Fox, Cybelle. 2004. "The Changing Color of Welfare? How Whites' Attitudes toward Latinos Influence Support for Welfare." American Journal of Sociology 110 (3): 580-625.
37. - 2007, The Boundaries of Social Citizenship: Race, Immigration and the American Welfare State, 1900-1950. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University.
38. Gamm, Gerald H. 1986. The Making of New Deal Democrats: Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39. Georgia Department of Public Welfare. 1936. "A Preliminary Report of the Social Security Survey: A Project Sponsored by the Georgia State Department of Public Welfare in Cooperation with the Works Progress Administration." George State Department of Public Welfare, Atlanta.
40. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Goldberg, Chad Allan. 2007. Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Goodhart, David. 2004a. "Diversity Divide." Prospect Magazine, no. 97 (April).
43. - 2004b. "Too Diverse?" Prospect Magazine, no. 95 (February).
44. Green, Elna C. 1999. "National Trends, Regional Differences, Local Circumstances: Social Welfare in New Orleans, 1870s-1920s." Pp. 81-99 in Before the New Deal: SocialWelfare in the South, 1830-1930, edited by Elna C. Green. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
45. - 2003. This Business of Relief: Confronting Poverty in a Southern City, 1740-1940. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
46. Haines, Michael R. 2005. "Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-2000" [computer file]. Study no. 2896-v2. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, Mich.
47. Hero, Rodney E. 1998. Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Hoffman, Abraham. 1979. Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
49. Hoffsommer, Harold. 1935. "Landlord-Tenant Relations and Relief in Alabama." Research bulletin. Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Washington, D.C.
50. Jones, Eugene Kinckle. 1928. "Social Work among Negroes." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140:287-93.
51. Katz, Michael B. 1986. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New York: Basic Books.
52. Kesler, Christel, and Irene Bloemraad. 2010. "Does Immigration Erode Social Capital? The Conditional Effects of Immigration-Generated Diversity on Trust, Membership, and Participation across 19 Countries, 1981-2000." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43 (2): 319-47.
53. Key, V. O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
54. Keyssar, Alexander. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.
55. Lewis, Edward. 1936. "The Negro on Relief." Journal of Negro Education 5 (1): 73-78.
56. Lieberman, Robert C. 1998. Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
57. Lillie-Blanton, Marsha, Osula Evadne Rushing, and Sonia Ruiz. 2003. "Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity, and Medical Care." Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, Calif.
58. Litwack, Leon F. 1998. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Vintage Books.
59. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. 1927. "Annual Report of the Board of Supervisors of the County of Los Angeles." County Board of Supervisors, Los Angeles.
60. McDonald, Terrence J. 1985. "The Problem of the Political in Recent American Urban History: Liberal Pluralism and the Rise of Functionalism." Social History 10 (3): 323-45.
61. McWilliams, Carey. 1942. Ill Fares the Land: Migrants and Migratory Labor in the United States. Boston: Little, Brown.
62. - 1948. North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States. New York: Monthly Review Press.
63. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
64. "Method of Collecting Financial Statistics of Cities and States." 1922. Journal of the American Statistical Association 18 (140): 517-19.
65. Miller, R. R. 1929. "The Mexican Dependency Problem." Municipal League Bulletin of Los Angeles 6 (7).
66. Mink, Gwendolyn. 1995. The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
67. Mitchener, Kris James, and Ian W. McLean. 1999. "U.S. Regional Growth and Convergence, 1880-1980." Journal of Economic History 59 (4): 1016-42.
68. Montejano, David. 1987. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986. Austin: University of Texas Press.
69. "Municipal Charities in the United States: An Account of the Charitable Activities of the 73 Cities in the United States Having a Population of More than 40,000 in 1890." 1898. Pp. 106-81 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. Boston: Ellis.
70. The Municipal Year Book, 1934. Chicago: International City Managers' Association.
71. Neubeck, Kenneth J., and Noel A Cazenave. 2001. Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card against America's Poor. New York: Routledge
72. New York Department of Public Welfare. 1935. "Annual Report of the Department of Public Welfare of the City of New York for the Year Ending December 31, 1934." Department of Public Welfare, New York.
73. Persons, Charles E. 1933. "Calculation of Relief Expenditures." Journal of theAmerican Statistical Association 28 (181): 68-74.
74. Putnam, Robert D. 2007. "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twentyfirst Century." Scandanavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137-74.
75. Quadagno, Jill. 1987. "Theories of the Welfare State." Annual Review of Sociology 13: 109-28.
76. - 1994. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press
77. Reese, Ellen. 2005. Backlash against Welfare Mothers: Past and Present. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
78. Reisler, Mark. 1976. By the Sweat of Their Brow: Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States, 1900-1940. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
79. Roberts, Kenneth L. 1921. "Ports of Embarkation." Saturday Evening Post 193 (May 7): 12.
80. - 1928. "The Docile Mexican." Saturday Evening Post 200 (March 10): 14-15.
81. Ruggles, Steven, Matthew Sobek, Trent Alexander, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, Patricia Kelly Hall, Miriam King, and Chad Ronnander. 2005. "1-in-100 Sample of 1930 U.S. Census." Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [machinereadable database]. Minneapolis: Minnesota Population Center.
82. Schieffelin, William Jay. 1912. "Immigration: Report of Committee." Pp. 234-37 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. Fort Wayne, Ind.: Fort Wayne Publishing Co.
83. Schneider, Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1993. "The Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy." American Political Science Review 87 (2): 334-47.
84. Schwartz, Bonnie Fox. 1984. The CivilWorks Administration, 1933-1934: TheBusiness of Emergency Employment in the New Deal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
85. Sharkansky, Ira. 1969. "The Utility of Elazar's Political Culture: A Research Note." Polity 2 (1): 66-83.
86. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
87. Skocpol, Theda, Marjorie Abend-Wein, Christopher Howard, and Susan Goodrich Lehmann. 1993. "Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States." American Political Science Review 87 (3): 686-701.
88. Soroka, Stuart, Richard Johnston, and Keith Banting. 2006. "Ethnicity, Trust and the Welfare State." Pp. 279-303 in Social Capital, Diversity and theWelfare State, edited by Fiona Kay and Richard Johnston. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
89. Soss, Joe, Sanford F. Schram, Thomas P. Vartanian, and Erin O'Brien. 2001. "Setting the Terms of Relief: Explaining State Policy Choices in the Devolution Revolution." American Journal of Political Science 45 (2): 378-95.
90. Taylor, Graham. 1913. "Distribution and Assimilation of Immigrants." Pp. 26-36 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. Fort Wayne, Ind.: Fort Wayne Printing.
91. Taylor, Paul S. 1928. Mexican Labor in the United States Imperial Valley. Berkeley: University of California Press.
92. - 1929. Mexican Labor in the United States Valley of the South Platte Colorado. Berkeley: University of California Press.
93. - 1930. Mexican Labor in the United States: Dimmit County, Winter Garden District, South Texas. Publications in Economics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
94. Tickamyer, Ann R., and Cynthia M. Duncan. 1990. "Poverty and Opportunity Structure in Rural America." Annual Review of Sociology 16:67-86.
95. Trattner, Walter I. 1999. From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America, 6th ed. New York: Free Press.
96. Trounstine, Jessica. 2008. Political Monopolies in American Cities: The Rise and Fall of Bosses and Reformers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
97. United States. 1931. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1931. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
98. - 1933. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1933. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
99. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1925. Paupers in Almshouses: 1923. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
100. - 1930. Religious Bodies: 1926, vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
101. - 1932a. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
102. - 1932b. Financial Statistics of Cities Having a Population of Over 30,000. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
103. - 1932c. Relief Expenditures by Governmental and Private Organizations, 1929 and 1931. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
104. - 1933. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population. Vol. 5, General Report on Occupations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
105. - 1936. Birth, Stillbirth, and Infant Mortality Statistics for the Continental United States, the Territory of Hawaii, the Virgin Islands, 1933. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
106. - 1975. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
107. U.S. Congress. 1928a. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. Hearings on Immigration from Countries of the Western Hemisphere.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
108. - 1928b. Senate Committee on Immigration. Restriction of Western Hemisphere Immigration. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
109. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989. State Personal Income, 1929-87: Estimates and a Statement of Sources and Methods.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
110. U.S. Immigration Commission. 1911. Reports of the Immigration Commission: Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
111. Vittum, Harriet E. 1924. "Politics from the Social Point of View." Pp. 422-28 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
112. Walker, Sydnor. 1933. "Privately Supported Social Work." Pp. 1168-1223 in Recent Social Trends in the United States: Report of the President's Research Committee on Social Trends, vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill.
113. Wallis, Wilson D. 1921. "The Mexican Immigrant of California." Pacific Review 2: 444-54.
114. Walsh, Jess. 1999. "Laboring at the Margins: Welfare and the Regulation of Mexican Workers in Southern California." Antipode 31 (4): 398-420.
115. Washington, Forrester B. 1934. "The Negro and Relief." Pp. 178-94 in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
116. Watson, Frank Dekker. 1922. The Charity Organization Movement in the United States: A Study in American Philanthropy. New York: Macmillan.
117. White House. 1930. White House Conference on Child Health and Protection: Preliminary Committee Reports. New York: Century.
118. Wilensky, Harold L., and Charles N. Lebeaux. 1958. Industrial Society and Social Welfare: The Impact of Industrialization on the Supply and Organization of Social Welfare Services in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
119. Williams, Linda F. 2003. The Constraint of Race: Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
120. Williamson, Jeffrey G., and Peter H. Lindert. 1980. American Inequality: A Macroeconomic History. New York: Academic Press.
121. Wisner, Elizabeth. 1970. Social Welfare in the South: From Colonial Times to World War I. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
122. Zelman, Donald L. 1975. "Mexican Migrants and Relief in Depression California: Grower Reaction to Public Relief Policies as They Affected Mexican Migration." Journal of Mexican American History 5:1-23.