Aetiology of paediatric pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1595-1603

  Elemraid, Mohamed A ^a,b   Sails, Andrew D ^c   Eltringham, Gary J A ^c   Perry, John D ^a   Rushton, Stephen P ^d   Spencer, David A ^a   Thomas, Matthew F ^a,d   Eastham, Katherine M ^e   Hampton, Fiona ^f   Gennery, Andrew R ^a,b   Clark, Julia E ^a,b  

^a NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL VICTORIA INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^d NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e SUNDERLAND ROYAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^f JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

ADENOVIRUS; ADOLESCENT; ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BOCAVIRUS; BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS; CHILD; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONAVIRUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FEMALE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; INFANT; INFECTION RATE; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; INFLUENZA VIRUS B; KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS; MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 2; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 3; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 4; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; RHINOVIRUS; SEROLOGY; SEROTYPE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP A; STREPTOCOCCUS INTERMEDIUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES; PNEUMONIA; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCOCCAL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEROLOGIC TESTS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; VACCINES, CONJUGATE; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84890038976     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00199112     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. McIntosh K. Community-acquired pneumonia in children. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 429-437.
2. Cilla G, Oñate E, Perez-Yarza EG, et al. Viruses in community-acquired pneumonia in children aged less than 3 years old: high rate of viral coinfection. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1843-1849.
3. Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax 2011; 66: Suppl. 2, ii1-ii23.
4. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 1969-1987.
5. Carvalho Mda G, Tondella ML, McCaustland K, et al. Evaluation and improvement of real-time PCR assays targeting lytA, ply, and psaA genes for detection of pneumococcal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 2460-2466.
6. Michelow IC, Lozano J, Olsen K, et al. Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae lower respiratory infection in hospitalized children by culture, polymerase chain reaction, serological testing, and urinary antigen detection. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: E1-11.
7. Hamano-Hasegawa K, Morozumi M, Nakayama E, et al. Comprehensive detection of causative pathogens using real-time PCR to diagnose pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother 2008; 14: 424-432.
8. Resti M, Moriondo M, Cortimiglia M, et al. Community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in children: diagnosis and serotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction using blood samples. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 1042-1049.
9. Esposito S, Marchese A, Tozzi AE, et al. Bacteremic pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age in Italy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31: 705-710.
10. Elemraid MA, Rushton SP, Shirley MD, et al. Impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the incidence of childhood pneumonia. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141: 1697-1704.
11. Clark JE, Hammal D, Hampton F, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children seen in hospital. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 262-269.
12. Cherian T, Mulholland EK, Carlin JB, et al. Standardized interpretation of paediatric chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 353-359.
13. Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: e25-e76.
14. Sheppard CL, Harrison TG, Smith MD, et al. Development of a sensitive, multiplexed immunoassay using xMAP beads for detection of serotype-specific Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in urine samples. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 49-55.
15. Fenwick F, Young B, McGuckin R, et al. Diagnosis of human metapneumovirus by immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies in the North-East of England. J Clin Virol 2007; 40: 193-196.
16. Corless CE, Guiver M, Borrow R, et al. Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1553-1558.
17. Isaacs D. Problems in determining the etiology of community-acquired childhood pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8: 143-148.
18. Clements H, Stephenson T, Gabriel V, et al. Rationalised prescribing for community acquired pneumonia: a closed loop audit. Arch Dis Child 2000; 83: 320-324.
19. Drummond P, Clark J, Wheeler J, et al. Community acquired pneumonia - a prospective UK study. Arch Dis Child 2000; 83: 408-412.
20. Don M, Fasoli L, Paldanius M, et al. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: serological results of a paediatric survey. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 806-812.
21. Michelow IC, Olsen K, Lozano J, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 701-707.
22. Tsolia MN, Psarras S, Bossios A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized school-age children: evidence for high prevalence of viral infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 681-686.
23. Juvén T, Mertsola J, Waris M, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 293-298.
24. Laundy M, Ajayi-Obe E, Hawrami K, et al. Influenza A community-acquired pneumonia in East London infants and young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: Suppl. 10, S223-S227.
25. Wubbel L, Muniz L, Ahmed A, et al. Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 98-104.
26. Dagan R, Shriker O, Hazan I, et al. Prospective study to determine clinical relevance of detection of pneumococcal DNA in sera of children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 669-673.
27. van den Bergh MR, Biesbroek G, Rossen JW, et al. Associations between pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of young children: interplay between viruses and bacteria. PLoS One 2012; 7: e47711.
28. Toikka P, Nikkari S, Ruuskanen O, et al. Pneumolysin PCR-based diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal infection in children. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 633-637.
29. Menéndez R, Córdoba J, de La Cuadra P, et al. Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1868-1873.
30. Strachan RE, Cornelius A, Gilbert GL, et al. Pleural fluid nucleic acid testing enhances pneumococcal surveillance in children. Respirology 2012; 17: 114-119.
31. Koshy E, Murray J, Bottle A, et al. Impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV7) programme on childhood hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia and empyema in England: national timetrends study, 1997-2008. Thorax 2010; 65: 770-774.
32. Black SB, Shinefield HR, Ling S, et al. Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than five years of age for prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 810-815.
33. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, et al. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 760-768.
34. Byington CL, Hulten KG, Ampofo K, et al. Molecular epidemiology of pediatric pneumococcal empyema from 2001 to 2007 in Utah. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 520-525.
35. Jefferies JM, Macdonald E, Faust SN, et al. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Hum Vaccin 2011; 7: 1012-1018.
36. Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, et al. Effectiveness of the new serotypes in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29: 9127-9131.
37. Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Zhu Y, et al. Increasing incidence of empyema complicating childhood communityacquired pneumonia in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 805-813.
38. Al-Kaabi N, Solh Z, Pacheco S, et al. A comparison of group A Streptococcus versus Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25: 1008-1012.
39. Dodman T, Clark J, Cant AJ. Community acquired pneumonia: review of investigations, aetiology, treatment and outcome for inpatients from a UK centre. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158: 1005.
40. García-García ML, Calvo C, Pozo F, et al. Spectrum of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31: 808-813.