Entrainment rates and microphysics in POST stratocumulus

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 21, 2013, Pages 12,094-12,109

  Gerber, H ^a   Frick, G ^b   Malinowski, Szymon P ^c   Jonsson, H ^d   Khelif, D ^e   Krueger, Steven K ^f  

^a GERBER SCIENTIFIC INC   (United States)

^b NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^d NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^e University of California at Irvine   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

CTEI; entrainment; entrainment interface layer; stratocumulus

Indexed keywords

AIR ENTRAINMENT; COOLING; EVAPORATION; EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS; MIXING; PROBES; RESEARCH AIRCRAFT;

CONDITIONAL SAMPLING; CTEI; DROPLET EVAPORATION; EVAPORATIVE COOLING; INTERFACE LAYER; RADIATIVE COOLING; STRATOCUMULUS; TEMPERATURE PROBES;

CLOUDS;

AIRCRAFT; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; ENTRAINMENT; PROBE; SAMPLING; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; STRATOCUMULUS;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84889853017     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50878     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ackerman, A. S., M. Kirkpatrick, D. Stevens, and, O. Toon, (2004), The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014-1017, doi: 10.1038/nature03174.
2. Albrecht, B. A., R. S. Penc, and, W. H. Schubert, (1985), An observational study of cloud topped mixed layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 800-822.
3. Albrecht, B. A., D. A. Randall, and, S. Nicholls, (1988), Observations of marine stratocumulus during FIRE, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 618-626.
4. Bretherton, C. S., T. Uttal, C. W. Fairall, S. E. Yuter, R. A. Weller, D. Baumgardner, K. Comstock, and, R. Wood, (2004), The EPIC 2001 stratocumulus study, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 967-977.
5. Bretherton, C. S., P. Blossey, and, J. Uchida, (2007), Cloud droplet sedimentation, entrainment efficiency, and subtropical stratocumulus albedo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03813, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027648.
6. Brost, R. A., D. H. Lenschow, and, J. C. Wyngaard, (1982a), Marine stratocumulus layers. Part I: Mean conditions, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 800-817.
7. Brost, R. A., J. C. Wyngaard, and, D. H. Lenschow, (1982b), Marine stratocumulus layers. Part II: Turbulence budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 818-836.
8. Burnet, F., and, J.-L. Brenguier, (2007), Observational study of the entrainment-mixing process in warm convective clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1995-2011.
9. Caldwell, P., and, C. S. Bretherton, (2009), Large eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle in Southeast Pacific stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 432-449.
10. Carman, J. K., D. L. Rossiter, D. Khelif, H. H. Jonsson, I. C. Faloona, and, P. Y. Chuang, (2012), Observational constraints on entrainment and the entrainment interface layer in stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11,135-11,152.
11. Chaughey, S. J., B. A. Crease, and, W. T. Roach, (1982), A field study of nocturnal stratocumulus: II. Turbulence structure and entrainment, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 108, 125-144.
12. Davies, R., and, A. R. Alves, (1989), Flux divergence of thermal radiation within stratiform clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (D13), 16,277-16,286.
13. Deardorff, P. D., (1980), Cloud-top entrainment instability, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 131-147.
14. de Roode, S. R., and, Q. Wang, (2007), Do stratocumulus clouds detrain? FIRE I data re-visited, Boundary-Layer Meteor., 122, 479-491.
15. Duynkerke, P. G., (1993), The stability of cloud top with respect to entrainment: Amendment of the theory of cloud top entrainment instability, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 495-502.
16. Faloona, I., D. H. Lenschow, T. Campos, B. Stevens, M. C. VanZanten, B. Blomquist, D. Thornton, A. Bandy, and, H. Gerber, (2005), Observations of entrainment in Eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus using three conserved scalars, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3268-3285.
17. Gerber, H., (1980), A saturation hygrometer for the measurement of relative humidity between 95% and 105%, J. Appl. Meteorol., 19, 1196-1208.
18. Gerber, H., (1986), Tethered balloon measurements at San Nicolas Island (Oct. 1984): Instrumentation data summary, preliminary data interpretation. Naval Research Laboratory Report 8972, 77 pp.
19. Gerber, H., (1991), Supersaturation and droplet spectral evolution in fog, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2569-2588.
20. Gerber, H., (1994), Hygrometer for measurement of relative humidity in clouds. Final Report, National Science Foundation Grant No. 9261243, pp. 19.
21. Gerber, H., (1996), Microphysics of marine stratocumulus clouds with two drizzle modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1649-1662.
22. th Intern. Conf. Clouds and Precip., Reno, NV, 14-18 Aug., 2000, 105-105.
23. Gerber, H., S. Chang, and, T. Holt, (1989), Evolution of a boundary-layer jet, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1312-1326.
24. Gerber, H., B. G. Arends, and, A. S. Ackerman, (1994), New microphysics sensor for aircraft use, Atm. Res., 31, 235-252.
25. th Conf. On Cloud Physics, Ogden, UT; Amer. Meteor. Soc., paper 7.6, https://ams.confex.com/ams/ 11AR11CP/webprogram/Paper44890.html.
26. Gerber, H., S. P. Malinowski, J.-L. Brenguier, and, F. Burnet, (2005), Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 443-459.
27. Gerber, H., G. M. Frick, J. B. Jensen, and, J. G. Hudson, (2008), Entrainment, mixing, and microphysics in trade-wind cumulus, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 86A, 87-106.
28. th Conf. On Cloud Physics, Portland, OR, 2010, Amer. Meteor. Soc., https://ams.confex.com/ams/ 13CldPhy13AtRad/webprogram/Paper170431.html.
29. Haman, K. E., S. P. Malinowski, B. Strus, R. Busen, and, A. Stefko, (2001), Two new types of ultra-fast aircraft thermometer, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 117-134.
30. Haman, K. E., S. P. Malinowski, M. J. Kurowski, H. Gerber, and, J.-L. Brenguier, (2007), Small scale mixing processes at the top of a marine stratocumulus-A case study, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 133, 213-226, doi: 10.1002/qj.5.
31. Hanson, H. P., (1984), On mixed-layer modeling of the stratocumulus topped marine boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1226-1234.
32. Hill, S. A., (2012), The entrainment interface layer of stratocumulus-topped boundary layer during the POST field campaign. Master's Thesis, May 2012, Dept. Atm. Sci., University of Utah.
33. Jensen, J. B., P. H. Austin, M. B. Baker, and, A. M. Blyth, (1985), Turbulent mixing, spectral evolution and dynamics in a warm cumulus cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 173-192.
34. Katzwinkel, J., H. Siebert, and, R. A. Shaw, (2011), Observations of a self-limiting, shear-induced turbulent inversion layer above marine stratocumulus, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 145, 131-143.
35. Khalsa, S. J. S., (1993), Direct sampling of entrainment events in a marine stratocumulus layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1734-1750.
36. Khelif, D., S. P. Burns, and, C. A. Friehe, (1999), Improved wind measurements on research aircraft, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 860-875.
37. Khelif, D., C. A. Friehe, H. Jonsson, Q. Wang, and, J. Kalogiros, (2005), Wintertime boundary-layer structure and air-sea interaction over the Japan/East Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52, 1525-1546.
38. Korolev, A. V., and, I. P. Mazin, (1993), Zones of increased and decreased droplet concentration in stratiform cloud, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 760-773.
39. Kuo, H. C., and, W. H. Schubert, (1988), Stability of cloud-topped layers, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 114, 887-916.
40. Kumula, W., K. E. Haman, M. Kopec, and, M. K. Malinowski, (2013), Ultrafast thermometer UFT-M: High resolution temperature measurements during Physics of Stratocumulus To [POST], Atmos. Meas. Tech., http://www.atmos-meas- tech.net/6/2043/amt-6-2043-2013.html.
41. Kurowski, M. J., S. P. Malinowski, and, W. W. Grabowski, (2009), Numerical investigation of entrainment and transport within stratocumulus-topped boundary layer, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 135, 77-92, doi: 10.1002/qj.354.
42. Lehmann, K., H. Siebert, and, R. A. Shaw, (2009), Homogenous and inhomogeneous mixing in cumulus clouds: Dependence on local turbulence structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 66b, 3641-3659, doi: 10.1175/2009JAS3012.1.
43. Lenschow, D. H., I. Paluch, A. Bandy, R. Pearson Jr., S. Kawa, C. Weaver, B. Huebert, J. Kay, D. Thornton, and, A. Driedger, (1988), Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus (DYCOMS) experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 1058-1067.
44. Lenschow, D. H., M. Zhou, X. Zeng, L. Chen, and, X. Xu, (2000), Measurements of fine-scale structure at the top of marine stratocumulus, Boundary-Layer Meteor., 97, 331-357.
45. Lilly, D. K., (1968), Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292-309.
46. Lu, C., Y. Liu, and, S. Niu, (2011), Examination of turbulent entrainment-mixing mechanism using a combined approach. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20207, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015944.
47. MacVean, M. K., and, J. P. Mason, (1990), Cloud-top entrainment instability through small-scale mixing and its parameterization in numerical models, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1012-1030.
48. Malinowski, S. P., K. E. Haman, M. K. Kopec, W. Kumula, H. Gerber, and, S. K. Krueger, (2010), Small scale variability of temperature and LWC at stratocumulus top, 13th Conf. on Cloud Phys., Portland, OR. Amer. Meteor. Soc., http://ams.confex.com/ams/13CldPhy13AtRad/webprogram/Paper170832.html.
49. Malinowski, S. P., K. E. Haman, W. Kumula, and, H. Gerber, (2011), Small-scale turbulent mixing at stratocumulus top observed by means of high resolution airborne temperature and LWC measurements, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 318, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/318/7/072013.
50. Malinowski, S. P., et al. (2013), Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST): Turbulent mixing across capping inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 15,233-15,269, doi: 10.5194/acpd-13-15233-2013.
51. Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and, A. Spice, (1994), The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
52. Mellado, J. P., B. Stevens, H. Schmidt, and, N. Peters, (2007), Buoyancy reversal in cloud-top mixing layers, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 135, 963-978, doi: 10.1002/qj.417.
53. Moeng, C.-H., B. Stevens, and, P. P. Sullivan, (2005), Where is the interface of the stratocumulus-topped PBL?, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2626-2631.
54. Nicholls, S., (1989), The structure of radiatively driven convection in stratocumulus, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 115, 487-511.
55. Nicholls, S., and, J. D. Turton, (1986), An observational study of the structure of stratiform cloud sheets: Part II. Entrainment, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 112, 461-480.
56. Randall, D. A., (1980), Conditional instability of the first kind up-side-down, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 125-130.
57. Roach, W. T., R. Brown, S. J. Caughey, B. A. Crease, and, A. Slingo, (1982), A field study of nocturnal stratocumulus. 1. Mean structure and budgets, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 108, 103-123.
58. Shao, Q., D. A. Randall, C. H. Moeng, and, R. E. Dickinson, (1997), A method to determine the amounts of cloud-top radiative and evaporative cooling in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2187-2213.
59. Siems, S. T., C. S.,. Bretherton, M. B. Baker, S. Shy, and, R. T. Breidenthal, (1990), Buoyancy reversal and cloud-top entrainment instability, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 116, 705-739.
60. Stevens, B., (2002), Entrainment in stratocumulus toped mixed layers, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 128, 2663-2690.
61. Stevens, B., et al. (2003a), Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus-DYCOMS II, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579-593.
62. Stevens, B., et al. (2003b), On entrainment rates in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 129, 3469-3493.
63. Sundararajan, M., and, M. Tjernstrom, (2000), Observations and simulations of a non-stationary coastal atmospheric boundary layer, Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 445-476, part B.
64. VanZanten, M. C., and, P. G. Duynkerke, (2002), Radiative and evaporative cooling in the entrainment zone of stratocumulus-The role of longwave radiative cooling above cloud top, Boundary-Layer Meteor., 102, 253-280.
65. Wakefield, J. S., and, W. H. Schubert, (1976), Design of execution of the marine stratocumulus experiment. Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 256, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.
66. Wang, Q., (2009), POST data initial analyses. POST Science and Data Workshop (5-6 Feb., 2009), http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/post.
67. Wang, Q., and, B. A. Albrecht, (1994), Observations of cloud-top entrainment in marine stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1530-1547.
68. Wang, Q., and, D. H. Lenschow, (1995), An observational study of the role of penetrating cumulus in a marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2778-2787.
69. Wang, S., J.-C. Golaz, and, Q. Wang, (2008), Effect of intense wind shear across the inversion on stratocumulus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15814, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033865.
70. Wang, S., X. Zheng, and, Q. Jiang, (2012), Strongly sheared stratocumulus: An observationally based large-eddy simulation study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5223-5235.
71. Wood, R., (2012), Stratocumulus clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 2373-2423.
72. Wood, R., and, C. S. Bretherton, (2004), Boundary layer depth, entrainment, and decoupling in the cloud-capped subtropical and tropical marine boundary layer, J. Clim., 17, 3576-3588.
73. Wood, R., et al. (2011), The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): Goals, platforms, and field operations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 627-654.
74. Yamaguchi, T., and, D. A. Randall, (2012), Cooling of entrained parcels in a large-eddy simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1118-1136, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-080.1.