Moho, seismogenesis, and rheology of the lithosphere

Tectonophysics

Volumn 609, Issue , 2013, Pages 491-503

  Chen, Wang Ping ^a,b   Yu, Chun Quan ^c   Tseng, Tai Lin ^d   Yang, Zhaohui ^e   Wang, Chi yuen ^f   Ning, Jieyuan ^g   Leonard, Tiffany ^b  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Caramel slab model; Earthquake focal depths; Jelly sandwich model; Mechanical instability; Moho; Mohorovi i discontinuity

Indexed keywords

FOCAL DEPTH; MECHANICAL INSTABILITIES; MOHO; SANDWICH MODEL; SLAB MODEL;

ELASTICITY; LITHOLOGY; PLASTICITY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

EARTHQUAKES;

CRUSTAL THICKNESS; EARTHQUAKE; FOCAL MECHANISM; LITHOLOGY; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MOHO; RHEOLOGY; SEISMICITY; SEISMOLOGY; UPPER CRUST; UPPER MANTLE;

CHINA; XIZANG;

EID: 84889095943     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.019     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Afonso J.C., Ranalli G. Crustal and mantle strengths in continental lithosphere: is the jelly sandwich model obsolete?. Tectonophysics 2004, 394:221-232.
2. Aki K., Richards P.G. Quantitative seismology 2002, Univ. Sci. Books, Sausalito, CA, (704 pp.).
3. Anderson D.L. New theory of the Earth 2007, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, (384 pp.).
4. Bassin C., Laske G., Masters T.G. The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2000, 81:F897.
5. Beghoul N., Barazangi M., Isacks B. Lithospheric structure of Tibet and western North America: Mechanisms of uplift and a comparative study. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:1997-2016.
6. Behr W.M., Platt J.P. A naturally constrained stress profile through the middle crust in an extensional terrane. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 303:181-192.
7. Benioff H. Orogenesis and deep crustal structure: Additional evidence from seismology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1954, 65:385-400.
8. Boettcher M.S., Hirth G., Evans B. Olivine friction at the base of oceanic seismogenic zones. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(B01205). 10.1029/2006JB004301.
9. Brace W.F., Byerlee J.D. California earthquakes: Why only shallow focus?. Science 1970, 168:1573-1576.
10. Brown A.E., Mussett G.C. The inaccessible Earth 1993, Chapman and Hall, (276 pp.).
11. Brueckner H.K., van Roermund H.L.M. Dunk Tectonics: a multiple subduction/eduction model for the evolution of the Scandianvian Caledonides. Tectonics 2004, 23(TC2004). 10.1029/2003TC001502.
12. Buck W.R. Modes of continental lithospheric extension. Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, 96(B12):20,161-20,178.
13. Bürgmann R., Dresen G. Rheology of lower crust and upper mantle: Evidence from rock mechanics, geodesy, and field observations. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2008, 36:531-567.
14. Burov E., Watts A.B. The long-term strength of continental lithosphere: "jelly sandwich" or "crème brÛlée". GSA Today 2006, 16(1). 10.1130/1052-5173.
15. Byerlee J. Friction of rocks. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1978, 116:615-626.
16. Carpenter B.M., Marone C., Saffer D.M. Weakness of the San Andreas fault revealed by samples from the active fault zone. Nature Geoscience 2011, 4:251-254. 10.1038/NGEO1089.
17. Chen W.-P., Kao H. Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress. The Tectonic Evolution of Asia 1996, 37-62. Cambridge Univ. Press, Palo Alto. A. Yin, M. Harrison (Eds.).
18. Chen W.-P., Molnar P. Constraints on seismic wave velocity structure beneath the Tibetan plateau and their tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:5937-5962.
19. Chen W.-P., Molnar P. Focal depths of intracontinental and intraplate earthquakes and their implications for the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 1983, 88:4183-4214.
20. Chen W.-P., Yang Z.-H. Earthquakes beneath the Himalayas and Tibet: Evidence for strong lithospheric mantle. Science 2004, 304:1949-1952.
21. Chen W.-P., Nábelek J.L., Fitch T.J., Molnar P. An intermediate depth earthquake beneath Tibet: source characteristics of the event of September 14, 1976. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:2863-2876.
22. Chen W.-P., et al. Shear-wave birefringence and current configuration of converging lithosphere under Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 295(1-2):297-304. 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.017.
23. Chen W.-P., et al. Rheology of the continental lithosphere: Progress and new perspectives. Gondwana Research 2012, 21:4-18. 10.1016/j.gr.2011.07.013.
24. Christensen N.I., Mooney W.D. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:9761-9788.
25. Chu C.-L., Wang C.-Y., Lin W. Permeability and frictional properties of San Andreas fault gouges. Geophysical Research Letters 1981, 8:565-568. 10.1029/GL008i006p00565.
26. Chung S.-L., et al. Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 2005, 68:173-196.
27. Dreger D.S., Helmberger D.V. Determination of source parameters at regional distances with three-component sparse network data. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:8107-8125.
28. Eaton D.W. Multi-genetic origin of the continental Moho: insights from Lithoprobe. Terra Nova 2006, 18(1):34-43.
29. Escartín J., Canale J.P. Detachments in oceanic lithosphere: Deformation, magmatism, fluid flow and ecosystems. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2011, 92(4):31-32.
30. Evans B., Kohlstedt D.L. Rheology of rocks. American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf 1995, 3:148-165.
31. Evans B., Fredrich J.T., Wong T.-f. The brittle to ductile transition in rocks: Recent experimental and theoretical progress. Geophysical Monograph 1990, 56:1-20.
32. Harper G.D. Tectonics of slow spreading mid-ocean ridges and consequences of a variable depth to the brittle/ductile transition. Tectonics 1985, 4(4):395-409.
33. Hirth G., Kohlstedt D.L. Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: A view from the experimentalists. Geophysical Monograph 2003, 138:83-105.
34. Hopper J., Buck W.R. The effect of lower crustal flow on continental extension and passive margin formation. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101(B9):20,175-20,194.
35. Huismans R., Beaumont C. Depth-dependent extension, two-stage breakup and cratonic underplating at rifted margins. Nature 2011, 473:74-78.
36. Hung S.-H., Chen W.-P., Chiao L.-Y., Tseng T.-L. First multi-scale, finite-frequency tomography illuminates 3-D anatomy of the Tibetan plateau. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37. 10.1029/2009GL041875.
37. Hung S.-H., Chen W.-P., Chiao L.-Y. A data-adaptive, multi-scale approach of finite-frequency, travel-time tomography with special reference to P- and S-wave data from central Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116:B06307. 10.1029/2010JB008190.
38. Ide S., Beroza G.C., Shelly D.R., Uchide T. A scaling law for slow earthquakes. Nature 2007, 447:76-79.
39. Isacks B., Molnar P. Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of the lithosphere. Nature 1969, 233:1121-1124.
40. Isacks B., Molnar P. Distribution of stresses in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal-mechanism solutions of mantle earthquakes. Reviews of Geophysics 1971, 9:103-174.
41. Jackson J. Strength of the continental lithosphere: Time to abandon the jelly sandwich?. GSA Today 2002, 12:4-10.
42. Jackson E.D., Green H.W., Moores E.M. The Vourinos ophiolite, Greece: Cyclic units of lineated cumulates overlying harzburgite tectonite. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1975, 86:390-398.
43. Jaupart C., Mareschal J.-C. Heat generation and transport in the Earth 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, (464 pp.).
44. Jimenez-Munt I., Fernandez M., Verges J., Platt J.P. Lithosphere structure underneath the Tibetan plateau inferred from elevation, gravity and geoid anomalies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 267(1-2):276-289. 10.1016/j.epsl.20078.11.045.
45. Jin Y., McNutt M.K., Zhu Y.-S. Mapping the descent of Indian and Eurasian plates beneath the Tibetan plateau from gravity anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:11,275-11,290.
46. Jordan T.H. Structure and formation of the continental tectosphere. Journal of Petrology, Special Lithosphere Issue 1988, 11-37.
47. Jordan T.H., Frazer L.N. Crustal and upper mantle structure from Sp phases. Journal of Geophysical Research 1975, 80:1504-1518.
48. Karato S.-I. Rheology of the Earth's mantle: A historical review. Gondwana Research 2010, 18:17-45.
49. Keranen K.M., Klemperer S.L., Julia J., Lawrence J.F., Nyblade A.A. Low lower crustal velocity across Ethiopia: Is the Main Ethiopian Rift a narrow rift in a hot craton?. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2009, 10:Q0AB01. 10.1029/2008GC002293.
50. Langston C.A., Helmberger D.V. A proceedure for modeling shallow dislocation sources. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1975, 42:117-130.
51. Li B., Kung J., Liebermann R.C. Modern techniques in measuring elasticity of Earth materials at high pressure and high temperature using ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with synchrotron X-radiation in multi-anvil apparatus. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2004, 143-144:559-574.
52. n travel times in China. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109(B11304). 10.1029/2003JB002789.
53. Lockner D.A., Morrow C., Moore D., Hickman S. Low strength of deep San Andreas fault gouge from SAFOD core. Nature 2011, 472:82-85. 10.1038/nature09927.
54. Mackwell S.J., Zimmerman M.E., Kohlstedt D.L. High-temperature deformation of dry diabase with application to tectonics of Venus. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:975-984.
55. Maggi A., Jackson J.A., McKenzie D., Priestley K. Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere. Geology 2000, 28:495-498.
56. McKenzie D., Jackson J., Priestley K. Thermal structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 233:337-349.
57. McNamara D.E., Owens T.J., Walter W.R. Observations of regional phase propagation across the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:22,215-22,229.
58. Mechie J., et al. Precise temperature estimation in the Tibetan crust from seismic detection of the α-β quartz transition. Geology 2004, 32:601-604. 10.1130/G20367.1.
59. Menke W. Geophysical data analysis: Discrete inverse theory 1989, Academic Press, New York, (289 pp.).
60. Molnar P., Chen W.-P. Depths and fault plane solutions of earthquakes under the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 1983, 88:1180-1196.
61. Molnar P., Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision. Science 1975, 189:419-426.
62. Monsalve G., et al. Seismicity and one-dimentional velocity structure of the Himalayan collision zone; earthquakes in the crust and upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111(B10). 10.1029/2005JB004062.
63. Mooney W.D., Laske G., Masters T.G. CRUST 5.1: A global crustal model at 5° x 5°. Journal of Geophysical Research 1998, 103:727-747.
64. Nábelek, J.L., 1984. Determination of earthquake source parameters from inversion of body waves. Ph.D. Thesis, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA.
65. Nadeau R.M., Dolenc D. Nonvolcanic tremors deep beneath the San Andreas Fault. Science 2005, 307:389. 10.1126/science.1107142.
66. Nelson K.D., et al. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: Synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 1996, 274:1684-1688.
67. Ni J., Barazangi M. High-frequency seismic wave propagation beneath the Indian shield, Himalaya arc, Tibetan plateau and surrounding regions: High uppermost mantle velocities and efficient propagation beneath Tibet. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1983, 72:665-689.
68. Nowack R.L., Chen W.-P., Tseng T.-L. Application of Gaussian beam migration to multi-scale imaging of the lithosphere beneath the Hi-CLIMB array in Tibet. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2010, 100:1743-1754.
69. Ohmi S., Hirose I., Mori J.J. Deep low-frequency earthquakes near the downward extension of the seismogenic fault of the 2000 Western Tottori earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space 2004, 56:1185-1189.
70. Owens T.J., Zandt G. Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution. Nature 1997, 387:37-43.
71. Poirier J.-P. Plastic rheology of crystals. American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf 1995, 2:237-247.
72. Pollack H.N., Hurter S.J., Johnson J.R. Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set. Reviews of Geophysics 1993, 31:267-280. 10.1029/93RG01249.
73. Priestley K., McKenzie D. The thermal structure of the lithosphere from shear wave velocities. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 244:285-301. 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.008.
74. Roy S., Mareshal J.-C. Constraints on the deep thermal structure of the Dharwar craton, India, from heat flow, shear wave velocities, and mantle xenoliths. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116(B02409). 10.1029/2010JB007796.
75. Scambelluri M., Petke T., van Roermund H.L.M. Majoritic garnets monitor deep subduction fluid flow and mantle dynamics. Geology 2008, 36:59-62.
76. Scholz C.H. Mechanics of earthquakes and faulting 1990, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, (439 pp.).
77. Scholz C.H. Earthquakes and friction laws. Nature 1998, 391:37-42.
78. Searle M.P., Szulc A.G. Channel flow and ductile extrusion of the high himalayan slab-the Kangchenjunga-Darjeeling profile, Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2005, 25(1):173-185.
79. Shelly D.R. Migrating tremors illuminate complex deformation beneath the seismogenic San Andreas fault. Nature 2010, 463:648-653. 10.1038/nature08755.
80. Shelly D.R. Periodic, chaotic, and doubled earthquake recurrence Intervals on the deep San Andreas fault. Science 2010, 328:1385-1388. 10.1126/science.1189741.
81. Shelly D.R., Hardebeck J.L. Precise tremor source locations and amplitude variations along the lower-crustal central San Andreas Fault. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37(L14301). 10.1029/2010GL043672.
82. Tsai Y.B., Aki K. Precise focal depth determination from amplitude spectra of surface waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 1970, 75:5729-5743.
83. Tse S.T., Rice J.R. Crustal earthquake instability in relation to the depth variation of frictional slip properties. Journal of Geophysical Research 1986, 91:9452-9472.
84. Tseng T.-L., Chen W.-P. Probing the southern Indian shield with P-wave receiver-function profiles. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2006, 96:328-333.
85. Tseng T.-L., Chen W.-P., Nowack R.L. Northward thinning of Tibetan crust revealed by virtual seismic profiles. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:L24304. 10.1029/2009GL040457.
86. van Roermund H.L.M., Drury M.R. Ultra-high pressure (P > 6GPa) garnet peridotites in western Norway: Exhumation of mantle rocks from >185km depth. Terra Nova 1998, 10:295-301.
87. Vidale J.E., Houston H. Slow slip: A new kind of earthquake. Physics Today 2012, 65(1):38-43. 10.1063/PT.3.1399.
88. Vrijmoed J.C., Smith D.C., van Roermund H.L.M. Raman confirmation of micro-diamond in the Svartberget Fe-Ti type garnet-peridotite, Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Terra Nova 2008, 20:295-301.
89. Wadati K. Existence and study of deep-focus earthquakes (in Japanese). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 1927, Ser. 2(5):119-145.
90. Wang C.-Y., Chen W.-P., Wang L.-P. Is Tibetan crust hot? (Abstract). EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2011, 92. (FM T51J-02).
91. Wang, C.-Y., Chen, W.-P., Wang, L.-P., in review. Temperature beneath Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
92. Whittington A.G., Hofmeister A.M., Nabelek P.I. Temperature-dependent thermal diffusivity of the Earth's crust and implications for magmatism. Nature 2009, 459:319-321. 10.1038/nature07818.
93. Wiens D.A., Stein S. Age dependence of oceanic intraplate seismicity and implications for lithospheric evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research 1983, 88:6455-6468.
94. Wilson D., Angus D., Ni J., Grand S. Constraints on the interpretation of S-to-P receiver functions. Geophysical Journal International 2006, 165:969-980.
95. Yang Z.-H., Chen W.-P. Earthquakes along the East African Rift System: A system-wide, multi-scale perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, 115:B12309. 10.1029/2009JB006779.
96. Yin A., Harrison T.M. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2000, 28:211-280.
97. Yu C.-Q., et al. Thick crust beneath the Ordos Plateau: Implications for instability of the North China Craton. Earth Planetary Science Letters 2012, 357-358:366-375. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.027.
98. Zandt G., Ammon C.J. Continental crust composition constrained by measurements of crustal Poisson's ratio. Nature 1995, 374:152-154.
99. Zheng M. Introduction to saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, (328 pp.).
100. Zheng Y., Lay T., Flanagan M.P., Williams Q. Pervasive seismic wave reflectivity and metasomatism of the Tonga mantle wedge. Science 2007, 316(5826):855-859.
101. Zhou L.-M., Chen W.-P., Özalaybey S. Seismic properties of the central Indian shield from broadband P-SV conversions at Hyderabad. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2000, 90:1295-1304.
102. Zhu L., Kanamori H. Moho depth variation in Southern California from teleseismic receiver functions. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:2969-2980.