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In this notation, an uppercase letter denotes a segment of seismic ray that leaves the earthquake source region as a downgoing P or S wave. These rays. travel to far stations 30° to 90° away ("teleseismic distances") with little complication that arises from major seismic discontinuities bounding the mantle transition zone or from the core-mantle boundary. For each depth phase, the first lowercase letter marks an upgoing ray as it leaves the source at a steep angle. The ray reflects off the free surface and then continues downward toward the station. As such, to a good approximation, the differential timing between pP and P phases is simply twice the ratio between the focal depth h and the average P-wave speed between the earthquake and the surface. In cases where either the presence of noise or the limited dynamic range of analog recording hinders detailed modeling of waveforms, we measure differential timing between available depth phases and direct arrivals as supplemental constraints on focal depths (table S2).
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Supported by the U.S. NSF. This is project Hi-CLIMB contribution 102.
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