Moho and magmatic underplating in continental lithosphere

Tectonophysics

Volumn 609, Issue , 2013, Pages 605-619

  Thybo, H ^a   Artemieva, I M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Continental crust; Magmatism; Seismic images; Underplating

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL CRUSTS; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH; HIGH-DENSITY MATERIALS; LOW-DENSITY MATERIALS; MAGMATISMS; SEISMIC IMAGE; UNDERPLATING;

GEOPHYSICS; LITHOLOGY; PONDING; SETTING; TECTONICS;

MATERIALS;

CONTINENTAL CRUST; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FRACTIONATION; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; MAGMA; MAGMATISM; MOHO; RIFT ZONE; SUTURE ZONE; TECTONIC SETTING; UNDERPLATING;

EID: 84889084743     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.05.032     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Arndt N.T. Episodic Earth evolution. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:661-674. (this volume).
2. Artemieva I.M., Meissner R. Crustal thickness controlled by plate tectonics: a review of crust-mantle interaction processes illustrated by European examples. Tectonophysics 2012, 530:18-49. 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.1012.1037.
3. Artemieva I.M., Thybo H. EUNAseis: A seismic model for Moho and crustal structure in Europe, Greenland, and the North Atlantic region. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:97-153. (this volume).
4. Artemieva I., Thybo H. Deep Norden: highlights of the lithospheric structure of Northern Europe, Iceland, and Greenland. Episodes 2008, 31:98-106.
5. Artemjev M.E., Artyushkov E.V. Structure and isostasy of the Baikal rift and the mechanism of rifting. Journal of Geophysical Research 1971, 76:1-16.
6. Deep seismic reflection/refraction interpretation of crustal structure along BABEL profiles A and B in the southern Baltic Sea. Geophysical Journal International 1993, 112:325-343. BABEL Working Group.
7. Behrendt J.C., Hutchinson D.R., Lee M., Thornber C.R., Trehu A., Cannon W., Green A. GLIMPCE seismic-reflection evidence of deep-crustal and upper-mantle intrusions and magmatic underplating associated with the midcontinent rift system of North America. Tectonophysics 1990, 173:595-615.
8. Birt C.S., Maguire P.K.H., Khan M.A., Thybo H., Keller G.R., Patel J. The influence of pre-existing structures on the evolution of the southern Kenya Rift valley; evidence from seismic and gravity studies. Tectonophysics 1997, 278:211-242.
9. Braile L.W., Wang B., Daudt C.R., Keller G.R., Patel J.P. Modeling the 2-d seismic velocity structure across the Kenya Rift. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:251-269.
10. Brun J.P., Gutscher M.A., Blum R., et al. Deep crustal structure of the Rhine Graben from Dekorp-Ecors seismic-reflection data - a summary. Tectonophysics 1992, 208:139-147.
11. Cawthorn R.G., Webb S.J. Connectivity between the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex. Tectonophysics 2001, 330:195-209.
12. Cherepanova Y., Artemieva I., Thybo H., Chemia Z. Crustal structure of the Siberian Craton and the West Siberian Basin: an appraisal of existing seismic data. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:154-183. (this volume).
13. Christensen N.I. Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:3139-3156.
14. Clowes R.M., Burianyk M.J.A., Gorman A.R., et al. Crustal velocity structure from SAREX, the Southern Alberta Refraction Experiment. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 39:351-373. 10.1139/E01-070.
15. Coldwell B., Clemens J., Petford N. Deep crustal melting in the Peruvian Andes: felsic magma generation during delamination and uplift. Lithos 2011, 125:272-286.
16. Collier J.S., Buhl P., Torne M., Watts A.B. Moho and lower crustal reflectivity beneath a young rift basin; results from a two-ship, wide-aperture seismic-reflection experiment in the Valencia Trough (western Mediterranean). Geophysical Journal International 1994, 118:159-180.
17. Cook F.A., Li Q., Vasudevan K. Identification and interpretation of azimuthally varying crustal reflectivity with an example from the southern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:8447-8465.
18. Cox K.G. A model for flood basalt volcanism. Journal of Petrology 1980, 21:629-650.
19. Cox K.G. Continental magmatic underplating. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1993, 342:155-166.
20. Davis W.J., Berman R., Kjarsgaard B. U-Pb geochronology and isotopic studies of crustal xenoliths from the Archean Medicine Hat Block, northern Montana and southern Alberta: Paleoproterozoic reworking of Archean crust. Lithoprobe Report 1995, 47:329-334.
21. Deemer S.J., Hurich C.A. The reflectivity of magmatic underplating using the layered mafic intrusion analog. Tectonophysics 1994, 232:239-255.
22. "DOBREfraction '99" - velocity model of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Donbas Foldbelt (East Ukraine). Tectonophysics 2003, 371:81-110. DOBREfraction Working Group.
23. Douce A.E.P. What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas?. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1999, 168:55-75.
24. Dupre S., Cloetingh S., Bertotti G. Structure of the Gabon margin from integrated seismic reflection and gravity data. Tectonophysics 2011, 506:31-45.
25. Durrheim R.J., Mooney W.D. Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere; seismological and geochemical constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:15,359-315,374.
26. Eccles J.D., White R.S., Christie P.A.F. The composition and structure of volcanic rifted continental margins in the North Atlantic: further insight from shear waves. Tectonophysics 2011, 508:22-33.
27. Forsyth D.A., Morelalhuissier P., Asudeh I., Green A.G. Alpha-Ridge and Iceland - products of the same plume. Journal of Geodynamics 1986, 6:197-214.
28. Fowler S.R., White R.S., Spence G.D., Westbrook G.K. The Hatton Bank continental margin. 2. Deep-structure from 2-ship expanding spread seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1989, 96:295-309.
29. Funck T., Louden K.E., Reid I.D. Crustal structure of the Grenville Province in southeastern Labrador from refraction seismic data: evidence for a high-velocity lower crustal wedge. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001, 38:1463-1478. 10.1139/cjes-38-10-1463.
30. Funck T., Jackson H.R., Shimeld J. The crustal structure of the Alpha Ridge at the transition to the Canadian Polar Margin: results from a seismic refraction experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116. 10.1029/2011JB008411.
31. Furlong K.P., Fountain D.M. Continental crustal underplating - thermal considerations and seismic-petrologic consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research 1986, 91:8285-8294.
32. Fyfe W.S. Evolution of Earth's crust - modern plate tectonics to ancient hot spot tectonics. Chemical Geology 1978, 23:89-114.
33. Fyfe W.S. Magma underplating of continental-crust. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1992, 50:33-40.
34. Gajewski D., Prodehl C. Seismic refraction investigation of the Black Forest. Tectonophysics 1987, 142:27-48.
35. Garetsky R.G., Karatayev G.I., Zlotski G., et al. Seismic velocity structure across the Fennoscandia-Sarmatia suture of the East European Craton beneath the EUROBRIDGE profile through Lithuania and Belarus. Tectonophysics 1999, 314:193-217.
36. Gerya T.V., Burg J.P. Intrusion of ultramafic magmatic bodies into the continental crust: numerical simulation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 2007, 160:124-142.
37. Goodwin E.B., McCarthy J. Composition of the lower crust in west central Arizona from 3-component seismic data. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:20097-20109.
38. Gorman A.R., Clowes R.M., Ellis R.M., et al. Deep probe: imaging the roots of western North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 39:375-398. 10.1139/E01-064.
39. Hawkesworth C.J., Cawood P., Dhuime B. Continental growth and the crustal record. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:651-660. (this volume).
40. He Y., Li S., Hoefs J., et al. Post-collisional granitoids from the Dabie orogen: new evidence for partial melting of a thickened continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:3815-3838.
41. Heeremans M., Larsen B.T., Stel H. Paleostress reconstruction from kinematic indicators in the Oslo Graben, Southern Norway; new constraints on the mode of rifting. Tectonophysics 1996, 266:55-79.
42. Heeremans M., Faleide J.I., Larsen B.T. Late Carboniferous-Permian of NW Europe: an introduction to a new regional map. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2004, 75-88. M. Wilson (Ed.).
43. Hinze W.J., Allen D.J., Fox A.J., Sunwood D., Woelk T., Green A.G. Geophysical investigations and crustal structure of the North American Midcontinent rift system. Tectonophysics 1992, 213:17-32.
44. Holbrook W.S., Lizarralde D., McGeary S., Bangs N., Diebold J. Structure and composition of the Aleutian island arc and implications for continental crustal growth. Geology 1999, 27:31-34.
45. Holbrook W.S., Larsen H.C., Korenaga J., et al. Mantle thermal structure and active upwelling during continental breakup in the North Atlantic. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2001, 190:251-266.
46. Holliger K., Levander A. Lower crustal reflectivity modeled by rheological controls on mafic intrusions. Geology 1994, 22:367-370.
47. Huppert H.E., Sparks R.S.J. The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into the continental-crust. Journal of Petrology 1988, 29:599-624.
48. Kay R.W., Kay S.M. Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 1993, 219:177-189.
49. Keen C.E., Dickie K., Dehler S.A. The volcanic margins of the northern Labrador Sea: insights to the rifting process. Tectonics 2012, 31.
50. Kelemen P.B. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1995, 120:1-19.
51. Kelemen P.B., Holbrook W.S. Origin of thick, high-velocity igneous crust along the US east-coast margin. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:10077-10094.
52. Kiselev A.I. Volcanism of the Baikal rift zone. Tectonophysics 1987, 143:235-244.
53. Klemperer S.L., Hobbs R.W. The BIRPS Atlas: Deep Seismic Reflection Profiles Around the British Isles 1992, Cambridge University press.
54. Kodaira S., Sato T., Takahashi N., Ito A., Tamura Y., Tatsumi Y., Kaneda Y. Seismological evidence for variable growth of crust along the Izu intraoceanic arc. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112. 10.1029/2006JB004593.
55. Kodaira S., Sato T., Takahashi N., Miura S., Tamura Y., Tatsumi Y., Kaneda Y. New seismological constraints on growth of continental crust in the Izu-Bonin intra-oceanic arc. Geology 2007, 35:1031-1034.
56. Korsman K., Korja T., Pajunen M., Virransalo P. The GGT/SVEKA transect: structure and evolution of the continental crust in the Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in Finland. International Geology Review 1999, 41:287-333. GGT/SVEKA Working Group.
57. KRISP Working Party Large-scale variation in lithospheric structure along and across the Kenya rift. Nature 1991, 354:223-227.
58. Kuusisto M., Kukkonen I., Heikkinen P., Pesonen L.J. Lithological interpretation of crustal composition in the Fennoscandian Shield with seismic velocity data. Tectonophysics 2006, 420:283-299.
59. Lee C.-T.A. Geochemical/petrologic constraints on the origin of cratonic mantle. AGU, Geophys. Monograph Ser. 2006, 164. K. Benn, J.-C. Maraschel, K.C. Condie (Eds.).
60. Lizarralde D., Holbrook W.S., McGeary S., Bangs N.L., Diebold J.B. Crustal construction of a volcanic arc, wide-angle seismic results from the western Alaska Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107. 10.1029/2001JB000230.
61. Lyngsie S.B., Thybo H. A new tectonic model for the Laurentia-Avalonia-Baltica sutures in the North Sea: a case study along MONA LISA profile 3. Tectonophysics 2007, 429:201-227.
62. Lyngsie S.B., Thybo H., Lang R. Rifting and lower crustal reflectivity: a case study of the intracratonic Dniepr-Donets rift zone, Ukraine. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:B12402. 10.1029/12006JB004795.
63. Maclennan J., Lovell B. Control of regional sea level by surface uplift and subsidence caused by magmatic underplating of Earth's crust. Geology 2002, 30:675-678.
64. Maguire P.K.H., Swain C.J., Masotti R., Khan M.A. A crustal and uppermost mantle cross-sectional model of the Kenya Rift derived from seismic and gravity data. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:217-249.
65. Maystrenko Y., Stovba S., Stephenson R., et al. Crustal-scale pop-up structure in cratonic lithosphere; DOBRE deep seismic reflection study of the Donbas fold belt, Ukraine. Geology 2003, 31:733-736.
66. McCarthy J., Parsons T. Insights into the kinematic Cenozoic evolution of the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition from coincident seismic-refraction and reflection data. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1994, 106:747-759.
67. McGuire A.V. Southern basin and Range province crust-mantle boundary - evidence from gabbroic xenoliths, Wikieup, Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:24263-24273.
68. Meissner R. The Continental Crust 1986, Academic Press, Orlando.
69. Meissner R., Bortfeld R.K. DEKORP Atlas 1990, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
70. Meissner R., Kusznir N.J. Crustal viscosity and the reflectivity of the lower crust. Annales Geophysicae, Series B 1987, 5:365-373.
71. Meissner R., Rabbel W., Kern H. Seismic lamination and anisotropy of the lower continental crust. Tectonophysics 2006, 416:81-99.
72. Mengel K., Kern H. Evolution of the petrological and seismic Moho; implications for the continental crust-mantle boundary. Terra Nova 1992, 4:109-116.
73. Mjelde R., Raum T., Digranes P., Shimamura H., Shiobara H., Kodaira S. V-p/V-s ratio along the Voring Margin, NE Atlantic, derived from OBS data: implications on lithology and stress field. Tectonophysics 2003, 369:175-197.
74. Mjelde R., Faleide J.I., Breivik A.J., Raum T. Lower crustal composition and crustal lineaments on the Vøring Margin, NE Atlantic: a review. Tectonophysics 2009, 472:183-193. 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.1004.1036.
75. Mjelde R., Goncharov A., Müller R.D. The Moho: boundary above upper mantle peridotites or lower crustal eclogites? A global review and new interpretations for passive margins. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:636-650. (this volume).
76. Morley C.K. Interaction of deep and shallow processes in the evolution of the Kenya rift. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:81-91.
77. Morozov I.B., Smithson S.B. Coda of long-range arrivals from nuclear explosions. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2000, 90:929-939.
78. Mutter J.C., Talwani M., Stoffa P.L. Origin of seaward dipping reflectors in oceanic-crust off the Norwegian margin by subaerial sea-floor spreading. Geology 1982, 10:353-357.
79. Nakanishi A., Kurashimo E., Tatsumi Y., et al. Crustal evolution of the southwestern Kuril Arc, Hokkaido Japan, deduced from seismic velocity and geochemical structure. Tectonophysics 2009, 472:105-123.
80. Neumann E.R., Olsen K.H., Baldridge W.S., Sundvoll B. The Oslo Rift; a review. Tectonophysics 1992, 208:1-18.
81. Neumann E.-R., Wilson M., Heeremans M., Spencer E.A., Obst K., Timmerman M.J., Kirstein L. Carboniferous-Permian rifting and magmatism in southern Scandinavia, the North Sea and northern Germany: a review. Permian-Carboniferous Magmatism and rifting in Europe. Geol. Soc. London. Spec. Publ. 2004, 11-40.
82. Nielsen L., Thybo H. The origin of teleseismic Pn waves: multiple crustal scattering of upper mantle whispering gallery phases. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108:2460. 10.1029/2003JB002487.
83. Nielsen C., Thybo H. Lower crustal intrusions beneath the southern Baikal Rift Zone: evidence from full-waveform modelling of wide-angle seismic data. Tectonophysics 2009, 470:298-318.
84. Nielsen C., Thybo H. No Moho uplift below the Baikal Rift Zone: evidence from a seismic refraction profile across southern Lake Baikal. Journal of Geophysical Research 2009, 114. 10.1029/2008JB005828.
85. Nielsen L., Balling N., Jacobsen B.H. Seismic and gravity modelling of crustal structure in the Central Graben, North Sea. Observations along MONA LISA profile 3. Tectonophysics 2000, 328:229-244. Mona-Lisa-Working-Group.
86. Nielsen L., Thybo H., Levander A., Solodilov L.N. Origin of upper-mantle seismic scattering - evidence from Russian peaceful nuclear explosion data. Geophysical Journal International 2003, 154:196-204.
87. Parkin C.J., White R.S. Influence of the Iceland mantle plume on oceanic crust generation in the North Atlantic. Geophysical Journal International 2008, 173:168-188.
88. Parsons T., McCarthy J., Kohler W.M., Ammon C.J., Benz H.M., Hole J.A., Criley E.E. Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:11173-11194.
89. Pedersen T., Vanderbeek P. Extension and magmatism in the Oslo Rift, southeast Norway: no sign of a mantle plume. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 123:317-329.
90. Peltonen P., Manttari I., Huhma H., et al. Multi-stage origin of the lower crust of the Karelian craton from 3.5 to 1.7Ga based on isotopic ages of kimberlite-derived mafic granulite xenoliths. Precambrian Research 2006, 147:107-123. 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.02.008.
91. Petford N., Cruden A.R., McCaffrey K.J.W., et al. Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust. Nature 2000, 408:669-673.
92. Qiu X.L., Ye S.Y., Wu S.M., Shi X.B., Zhou D., Xia K.Y., Flueh E.R. Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough, northwestern South China Sea. Tectonophysics 2001, 341:179-193.
93. Ramberg I.B., Smithson S.B. Gravity interpretation of the Southern Oslo Graben and adjacent Precambrian rocks, Norway. Tectonophysics 1971, 11:419-431.
94. Rapp R.P., Shimizu N., Norman M.D., Applegate G.S. Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8GPa. Chemical Geology 1999, 160:335-356.
95. Raum T., Mjelde R., Berge A.M., et al. Sub-basalt structures east of the Faroe Islands revealed from wide-angle seismic and gravity data. Petroleum Geoscience 2005, 11:291-308.
96. Reddy P.R., Vijaya Rao V. Seismic images of the continental Moho of the Indian shield. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:217-233. (this volume).
97. Rudnick R.L. Making continental-crust. Nature 1995, 378:571-578.
98. Rudnick R.L., Fountain D.M. Nature and composition of the continental crust; a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics 1995, 33:267-309.
99. Ruppel C. Extensional processes in continental lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:24,187-124,215.
100. Sandmeier K.J., Wenzel F. Lower crustal petrology from wide-angle P- and S-wave measurements in the Black Forest. Tectonophysics 1990, 173:495-505.
101. Sandrin A., Thybo H. Deep seismic investigation of crustal extensional structures in the Danish Basin along the ESTRID-2 profile. Geophysical Journal International 2008, 173:623-641.
102. Sandrin A., Thybo H. Seismic constraints on a large mafic intrusion with implications for the subsidence history of the Danish Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113. 10.1029/2007JB005067.
103. Sandrin A., Nielsen L., Thybo H. Layered crust-mantle transition zone below a large crustal intrusion in the Norwegian-Danish Basin. Tectonophysics 2009, 472:194-212. 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.1005.1039.
104. Scoates J.S., Friedman R.M. Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion ID-TIMS technique. Economic Geology 2008, 103:465-471.
105. Sengor A.M.C., Burke K. Relative timing of rifting and volcanism on earth and its tectonic implications. Geophysical Research Letters 1978, 5:419-421.
106. Smith M. Stratigraphic and structural constraints on mechanisms of active rifting in the Gregory rift, Kenya. Tectonophysics 1994, 236:3-22.
107. Spence G.D., White R.S., Westbrook G.K., Fowler S.R. The Hatton bank continental-margin. 1. Shallow structure from 2-ship expanding spread seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1989, 96:273-294.
108. Stachnik J.C., Dueker K., Schutt D.L., Yuan H. Imaging Yellowstone plume-lithosphere interactions from inversion of ballistic and diffusive Rayleigh wave dispersion and crustal thickness data. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2008, 9. 10.1029/2008gc001992.
109. Stratford W., Thybo H. Crustal structure and composition of the Oslo Graben, Norway. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 304:431-442.
110. Suetnova E., Carbonell R., Smithson S.B. Magma in layering at the Moho of the Basin and Range of Nevada. Geophysical Research Letters 1993, 20:2945-2948.
111. Suyehiro K., Takahashi N., Ariie Y., et al. Continental crust, crustal underplating, and low-Q upper mantle beneath an oceanic island arc. Science 1996, 272:390-392.
112. Swenson J.L., Beck S.L., Zandt G. Crustal structure of the Altiplano from broadband regional waveform modeling: implications for the composition of thick continental crust. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:607-621.
113. Taira A., Saito S., Aoike K., et al. Nature and growth rate of the northern Izu-Bonin (Ogasawara) arc crust and their implications for continental crust formation. Island Arc 1998, 7:395-407.
114. Tatsumi Y. The subduction factory: how it operates in the evolving Earth. GSA Today 2005, 15. 10:1130/1052-5173(2005)1015.
115. Taylor S.R. Origin and growth of continents. Tectonophysics 1967, 4:17-34.
116. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The geochemical evolution of the continental-crust. Reviews of Geophysics 1995, 33:241-265.
117. Thybo H. Crustal structure and tectonic evolution of the Tornquist Fan region as revealed by geophysical methods. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 2000, 46:145-160.
118. Thybo H., Nielsen C.A. Magma-compensated crustal thinning in continental rift zones. Nature 2009, 457:873-876. 10.1038/nature07688.
119. Thybo H., Nielsen C.A. Seismic velocity structure of crustal intrusions in the Danish Basin. Tectonophysics 2012, 572:64-75.
120. Thybo H., Schönharting G. Geophysical evidence for Early Permian Igneous activity in a transtensional environment, Denmark. Tectonophysics 1991, 189:193-208.
121. Thybo H., Abramovitz T., Lassen A., Schjøth F. Deep structure of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone interpreted from BABEL seismic data. Zeitschrift der Geologischen Wissenschaften 1994, 22:3-17.
122. Thybo H., Maguire P.K.H., Birt C., Perchuc E. Seismic reflectivity and magmatic underplating beneath the Kenya Rift. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:2745-2748.
123. Thybo H., Janik T., Omelchenko V.D., et al. Upper lithospheric seismic velocity structure across the Pripyat Trough and the Ukrainian Shield along the EUROBRIDGE'97 profile. Tectonophysics 2003, 371:41-79.
124. Timmerman M.J., Heeremans M., Kirstein L.A., Larsen B.T., Spencer-Dunworth E.A., Sundvoll B. Linking changes in tectonic style with magmatism in northern Europe during the late Carboniferous to latest Permian. Tectonophysics 2009, 473:375-390.
125. Trofimov V.A. Structural features of the earth's crust and petroleum potential: first results of CMP deep seismic survey along the geotraverse across the Volga-Ural petroliferous province. Doklady Earth Sciences 2006, 411(8):1178-1183.
126. Voss M., Schmidt-Aursch M.C., Jokat W. Variations in magmatic processes along the East Greenland volcanic margin. Geophysical Journal International 2009, 177:755-782.
127. Warner M.R. Basalts, water, or shear zones in the lower continental crust?. Tectonophysics 1990, 173:163-174.
128. Webb S.J., Ashwal L.D., Cawthorn R.G. Continuity between eastern and western Bushveld Complex, South Africa, confirmed by xenoliths from kimberlite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2011, 162:101-107.
129. Wenzel F., Sandmeier K.J. Geophysical evidence for fluids in the crust beneath the Black-Forest, SW Germany. Earth-Science Reviews 1992, 32:61-75.
130. Wernicke B.P. Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1985, 22:108-125.
131. White R.S., Smith L.K., Roberts A.W., Christie P.A.F., Kusznir N.J. Lower-crustal intrusion on the North Atlantic continental margin. Nature 2008, 452:460-465.
132. Williams L.A. Kenya rift volcanics - note on volumes and chemical composition. Tectonophysics 1972, 15:83-96.
133. Youssof M., Thybo H., Artemieva I.M., Levander A. Moho depth and crustal composition in southern Africa. Tectonophysics 2013, 609:267-287. (this volume).
134. Zhao M.H., Qiu X.L., Xia S.H., Xu H.L., Wang P., Wang T.K., Lee C.S., Xia K.Y. Seismic structure in the northeastern South China Sea: S-wave velocity and Vp/Vs ratios derived from three-component OBS data. Tectonophysics 2010, 480:183-197.
135. Zheng J.P., Griffin W.L., Ma Q., O'Reilly S.Y., et al. Accretion and reworking beneath the North China Craton. Lithos 2012, 149:61-78.