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Volumn 272, Issue 5260, 1996, Pages 390-392

Continental crust, crustal underplating, and low-Q upper mantle beneath an oceanic island arc

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL CRUST; ISLAND ARC; ISLAND ARCS; LITHOSPHERE; MANTLE (UPPER); SEISMIC SURVEY; STRUCTURAL MODEL; SUBDUCTION; UNDERPLATING;

EID: 0029768309     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5260.390     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (287)

References (29)
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    • note
    • The marine seismological survey used controlled sources and local earthquakes to model the crust, upper mantle, and subducting slab. Seismic reflection profiles - consisting of nine two-ship expanding spread profiles (ESP) along strike of the arc, two two-ship constant-offset profiles (COP), and the main profile of the whole transect - were shot with an airgun array (17 to 60 liters) and received by a 24-channel hydrophone streamer. Along-strike profiles were selected to sample the forearc, rift zone, and back arc. A total of 46 OBSs were laid out 15 to 20 km apart to receive airgun and dynamite shots along these profiles, in order to sample deep structure with wide-angle reflections and refractions. Two OBS seismic arrays were effectively configured to determine local shallow and deep seismicity across the arc, particularly beneath the forearc and rift zone (Fig. 1).
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    • Detailed water depths and acoustic basements were constrained by multichannel seismic reflection profiling. Along-arc record sections of ESP and OBS profiles were inverted in the intercept time-ray parameter space to 1D velocity-depth models for each profile. On the basis of these constraints, a 2D ray-tracing forward modeling was performed for the across-arc profile to obtain a model that fit all of the picked arrivals in OBS record sections within 0.1 s of the observed value and explains the amplitude changes of these seismic phases with distance. The observed across-arc ray paths - interpreted to be P, PmP, Pn, and intracrustal wide-angle reflection phases - cover the entire arc down to depths of about 30 km. Because of the large OBS spacing and the lack of dynamite shots across the trench axis, the modeling of the structure at about 142°E (about 30 km wide above a depth of 15 km) relied chiefly on constraints from ESP6 (Fig. 1) record.
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    • note
    • The inversion scheme allows 3D ray paths through 2D structures modeled by linearly varying velocities where velocities are assigned at nodes of 1906 points of 3630 triangles, each with 1.5-km horizontal and 0.25-km (depth, 1.7 to 5 km) or 0.75-km (depth, 5 to 12 5 km) distances (23). A datum line was defined at a depth of 1.7 km. Corrections for travel times above this depth were made using reflection seismic data, taking ray paths into consideration. Travel times for P waves from three independent profiles (GOP2, FSP4, and main profile) were simultaneously inverted using 4672 ray paths Five iterations were made to converge to the model shown in Fig. 3.
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    • The earthquake locations were made from the two OBS arrays (squares in Fig. 1). Out of 453 local earth-quakes determined between 27 May and 11 June 1992, 20 representative events that occurred at crusial depths and in the subducting slab down to 372 km were used to geometrically constrain the attenuative zones. The OBS sensors are equipped with 4 5-Hz velocity sensors, which are not adequate to quantitatively estimate upper mantle Q. However, relative comparisons among different station-source pairs made it possible to map attenuative paths at a higher spatial resolution than previously available.
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    • note
    • We thank two anonymous reviewers for cntically reading the manuscript.


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