Effects of amiodarone, thyroid hormones and CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms on warfarin metabolism: A review of the literature

Endocrine Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1043-1049

  Tomisti, Luca ^a   Del Re, Marzia ^a   Bartalena, Luigi ^b   Tanda, Maria ^b   Pucci, Angelo ^c   Pambianco, Franco ^c   Danesi, Romano ^a   Braverman, Lewis ^d   Martino, Enio ^a   Bogazzi, Fausto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^c Carrara Hospital   (Italy)

^d BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; HEPARIN; LIOTHYRONINE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (PHOSPHATE) DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE); THYROID HORMONE; THYROXINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN K EPOXIDE REDUCTASE SUBUNIT 1; WARFARIN;

AGED; CASE REPORT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FREE LIOTHYRONINE INDEX; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEPARINIZATION; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LIOTHYRONINE BLOOD LEVEL; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALE; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; REVIEW; THYROTOXICOSIS; THYROXINE BLOOD LEVEL; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WILD TYPE;

AGED; AMIODARONE; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES; DNA; DRUG INTERACTIONS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; MALE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK; THYROID HORMONES; THYROIDECTOMY; THYROTOXICOSIS; VITAMIN K EPOXIDE REDUCTASES; WARFARIN;

EID: 84888866985     PISSN: 1530891X     EISSN: 19342403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4158/EP13093.RA     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL, American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1633-1652.
2. Eriksson N, Wadelius M. Prediction of warfarin dose: why, when and how? Pharmacogenomics. 2012;13:429-440.
3. Heimark LD, Wienkers L, Kunze K, et al. The mechanism of the interaction between amiodarone and warfarin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;51:398-407.
4. Martino E, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Braverman LE. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid. Endocr Rev. 2001; 22:240-254.
5. Tomisti L, Materazzi G, Bartalena L, et al. Total thyroidectomy in patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3515-3521.
6. Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Tomisti L, Rossi G, Brogioni S, Martino E. Continuation of amiodarone delays restoration of euthyroidism in patients with type 2 amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis treated with prednisone: a pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3374-3380.
7. Bogazzi F, Tomisti L, Bartalena L, Aghini-Lombardi F, Martino E. Amiodarone and the thyroid: a 2012 update. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012;35:340-348.
8. International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium, Klein TE, Altman RB, et al. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:753-764.
9. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL, American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. Circulation. 2003;107:1692-1711.
10. Shindley L, Dale JC, Masoner DE, Moyer TP, Jaffe AS, O'Kane DJ. Warfarin: genotyping and improving dosing. Communiqué. 2008;33.
11. Flockhart DA, O'Kane D, Williams MS, et al. Pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles for warfarin. Genet Med. 2008;10:139-150.
12. Squizzato A, Vitale J, Gerdes VE, Romualdi E, Büller HR, Ageno W. Recurrent deep venous thrombosis during optimal anticoagulation and overt hyperthyroidism: a case report. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2007;18:801-803.
13. Kellett HA, Sawers JS, Boulton FE, Cholerton S, Park BK, Toft AD. Problems of anticoagulation with warfarin in hyperthyroidism. Q J Med. 1986;58:43-51.
14. Kim DD, Young S, Chunilal S, Cutfield R. Possible association of venous thromboembolism and hyperthyroidism: 4 case reports and literature review. N Z Med J. 2008;121: 53-57.
15. Squizzato A, Romualdi E, Büller HR, Gerdes VE. Clinical review: Thyroid dysfunction and effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2415-2420.
16. Kurnik D, Loebstein R, Farfel Z, Ezra D, Halkin H, Olchovsky D. Complex drug-drug-disease interactions between amiodarone, warfarin, and the thyroid gland. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:107-113.
17. Self T, Weisburst M, Wooten E, Straughn A, Oliver J. Warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia. Potentiation by hyperthyroidism. JAMA. 1975;231:1165-1166.
18. Vagenakis AG, Cote R, Miller ME, Braverman LE, Stohlman F Jr. Enhancement of warfarin-induced hypoprothrombinemia by thyrotoxicosis. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1972;131:69-73.
19. Olchovsky D, Pines A, Zwas ST, Itzchak Y, Halkin H. Apathetic thyrotoxicosis due to hemorrhage into a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule after excessive anticoagulation. South Med J. 1985;78:609-611.
20. Gullu S, Sav H, Kamel N. Effects of levothyroxine treatment on biochemical and hemostasis parameters in patients with hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152: 355-361.
21. Pincus D, Gomes T, Hellings C, et al. A population-based assessment of the drug interaction between levothyroxine and warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92:766-770.
22. McDonald MG, Au NT, Wittkowsky AK, Rettie AE. Warfarin-amiodarone drug-drug interactions: determination of [I](u)/K(I,u) for amiodarone and its plasma metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91:709-717.
23. Edwin SB, Jennings DL, Kalus JS. An evaluation of the early pharmacodynamic response after simultaneous initiation of warfarin and amiodarone. J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;50:693-698.
24. Lu Y, Won KA, Nelson BJ, Qi D, Rausch DJ, Asinger RW. Characteristics of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction during long-term follow-up. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65:947-952.
25. Sanoski CA, Bauman JL. Clinical observations with the amiodarone/warfarin interaction: dosing relationships with long-term therapy. Chest. 2002;121:19-23.
26. Kerin NZ, Blevins RD, Goldman L, Faitel K, Rubenfire M. The incidence, magnitude, and time course of the amiodarone-warfarin interaction. Arch Intern Med. 1988; 148:1779-1781.
27. Naganuma M, Shiga T, Nishikata K, Tsuchiya T, Kasanuki H, Fujii E. Role of desethylamiodarone in the anticoagulant effect of concurrent amiodarone and warfarin therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2001;6:363-367.
28. Almog S, Shafran N, Halkin H, et al. Mechanism of warfarin potentiation by amiodarone: dose-and concentration-dependent inhibition of warfarin elimination. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;28:257-261.
29. Watt AH, Stephens MR, Buss DC, Routledge PA. Amiodarone reduces plasma warfarin clearance in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20:707-709.
30. Loebstein R, Yonath H, Peleg D, et al. Interindividual variability in sensitivity to warfarin-Nature or nurture? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;70:159-164.
31. Pogge EK, Haber SL. Elevated international normalized ratio associated with use of dronedarone and warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45:e46.
32. Reiffel JA. An important indirect drug interaction between dronedarone and warfarin that may be extrapolated to other drugs that can alter gastrointestinal function. Am Heart J. 2011;161:e5;author reply e7.
33. Shirolkar SC, Fiuzat M, Becker RC. Dronedarone and vitamin K antagonists: a review of drug-drug interactions. Am Heart J. 2010;160:577-582.
34. Woeber KA, Warner I. Potentiation of warfarin sodium by amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. West J Med. 1999;170: 49-51.
35. Takanashi K, Tainaka H, Kobayashi K, Yasumori T, Hosakawa M, Chiba K. CYP2C9 Ile359 and Leu359 variants: enzyme kinetic study with seven substrates. Pharmacogenetics. 2000;10:95-104.
36. D'Andrea G, D'Ambrosio RL, Di Perna P, et al. A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an interindividual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Blood. 2005;105:645-649.
37. Rettie AE, Wienkers LC, Gonzalez FJ, Trager WF, Korzekwa KR. Impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism catalysed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9. Pharmacogenetics. 1994;4:39-42.
38. Steward DJ, Haining RL, Henne KR, et al. Genetic association between sensitivity to warfarin and expression of CYP2C93. Pharmacogenetics. 1997;7:361-367.
39. Millican EA, Lenzini PA, Milligan PE, et al. Genetic-based dosing in orthopedic patients beginning warfarin therapy. Blood. 2007;110:1511-1515.
40. Aithal GP, Day CP, Kesteven PJ, Daly AK. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications. Lancet. 1999;353:717-719.
41. Li T, Chang CY, Jin DY, Lin PJ, Khvorova A, Stafford DW. Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase. Nature. 2004;427:541-544.
42. Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y, et al. Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:999-1008.
43. Epstein RS, Moyer TP, Aubert RE, et al. Warfarin genotyping reduces hospitalization rates results from the MM-WES (Medco-Mayo Warfarin Effectiveness study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2804-2812.
44. Sellam J, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, et al. Potentiation of fluindione or warfarin by dexamethasone in multiple myeloma and AL amyloidosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74:446-452.
45. Stading JA, Chock A, Faulkner MA, Skrabal MZ. Effects of prednisone on the International Normalized Ratio. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006;63:2354-2356.
46. Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Vitti P, Rago T, Brogioni S, Martino E. Color flow Doppler sonography in thyrotoxicosis factitia. J Endocrinol Invest. 1996;19:603-606.
47. Bogazzi F, Martino E, Dell'Unto E, et al. Thyroid color flow doppler sonography and radioiodine uptake in 55 consecutive patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:635-640.
48. Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Brogioni S, et al. Color flow Doppler sonography rapidly differentiates type I and type II amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 1997;7: 541-545.