메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 9, 2003, Pages 1633-1652

American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology foundation guide to warfarin therapy

Author keywords

AHA ACC Scientific Statements; Anticoagulants; Coagulation; Hemorrhage; Thrombus

Indexed keywords

PROTHROMBIN; WARFARIN;

EID: 0037732826     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00416-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (344)

References (255)
  • 1
    • 0018136725 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of coumarin action: Significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition
    • Whitlon DS, Sadowski JA, Suttie JW. Mechanisms of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition. Biochemistry 1978;17:1371-7.
    • (1978) Biochemistry , vol.17 , pp. 1371-1377
    • Whitlon, D.S.1    Sadowski, J.A.2    Suttie, J.W.3
  • 2
    • 0020396486 scopus 로고
    • Evidence that warfarin anticoagulant action involves two distinct reductase activities
    • Fasco MJ, Hildebrandt EF, Suttie JW. Evidence that warfarin anticoagulant action involves two distinct reductase activities. J Biol Chem 1982;257:11210-2.
    • (1982) J Biol Chem , vol.257 , pp. 11210-11212
    • Fasco, M.J.1    Hildebrandt, E.F.2    Suttie, J.W.3
  • 3
    • 0023899986 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between inhibition of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase and reduction of clotting factor activity with warfarin
    • Choonara IA, Malia RG, Haynes BP, et al. The relationship between inhibition of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductase and reduction of clotting factor activity with warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1988;25:1-7.
    • (1988) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 1-7
    • Choonara, I.A.1    Malia, R.G.2    Haynes, B.P.3
  • 4
    • 0023730671 scopus 로고
    • Normal and warfarin-resistant rat hepatocyte metabolism of vitamin K 2,3 epoxide: Evidence for multiple pathways of hydroxyvitamin K formation
    • Trivedi LS, Rhee M, Galivan JH, et al. Normal and warfarin-resistant rat hepatocyte metabolism of vitamin K 2,3 epoxide: evidence for multiple pathways of hydroxyvitamin K formation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988;264:67-73.
    • (1988) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.264 , pp. 67-73
    • Trivedi, L.S.1    Rhee, M.2    Galivan, J.H.3
  • 5
    • 0000376008 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin
    • Stenflo J, Fernlund P, Egan W, et al. Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974;71:2730-3.
    • (1974) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.71 , pp. 2730-2733
    • Stenflo, J.1    Fernlund, P.2    Egan, W.3
  • 6
    • 0016259925 scopus 로고
    • The mode of action of vitamin K: Identification of γ-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin
    • Nelsestuen GL, Zytkovicz TH, Howard JB. The mode of action of vitamin K: identification of γ-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1974;249:6347-50.
    • (1974) J Biol Chem , vol.249 , pp. 6347-6350
    • Nelsestuen, G.L.1    Zytkovicz, T.H.2    Howard, J.B.3
  • 7
    • 0017663278 scopus 로고
    • A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin treated patients
    • Friedman PA, Rosenberg RD, Hauschka PV, et al. A spectrum of partially carboxylated prothrombins in the plasmas of coumarin treated patients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1977;494:271-6.
    • (1977) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.494 , pp. 271-276
    • Friedman, P.A.1    Rosenberg, R.D.2    Hauschka, P.V.3
  • 8
    • 0021915109 scopus 로고
    • The kinetics of activation of normal and gamma carboxy glutamic acid deficient prothrombins
    • Malhotra OP, Nesheim ME, Mann KG. The kinetics of activation of normal and gamma carboxy glutamic acid deficient prothrombins. J Biol Chem 1985;260:279-87.
    • (1985) J Biol Chem , vol.260 , pp. 279-287
    • Malhotra, O.P.1    Nesheim, M.E.2    Mann, K.G.3
  • 9
    • 0017138587 scopus 로고
    • Role of γ-carboxyglutamic acid: An unusual transition required for calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin to phospholipid
    • Nelsestuen GL. Role of γ-carboxyglutamic acid: an unusual transition required for calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin to phospholipid. J Biol Chem 1976;251:5648-56.
    • (1976) J Biol Chem , vol.251 , pp. 5648-5656
    • Nelsestuen, G.L.1
  • 10
    • 0017620084 scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of metal ion-induced transitions of prothrombin fragment 1
    • Prendergast FG, Mann KG. Differentiation of metal ion-induced transitions of prothrombin fragment 1. J Biol Chem 1977;252:840-50.
    • (1977) J Biol Chem , vol.252 , pp. 840-850
    • Prendergast, F.G.1    Mann, K.G.2
  • 11
    • 0023020122 scopus 로고
    • Prothrombin requires two sequential metal-dependent conformational transitions to bind phospholipids: Conformation-specific antibodies directed against the phospholipid-binding site on prothrombin
    • Borowski M, Furie BC, Bauminger S, et al. Prothrombin requires two sequential metal-dependent conformational transitions to bind phospholipids: conformation-specific antibodies directed against the phospholipid-binding site on prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1986;261:14969-75.
    • (1986) J Biol Chem , vol.261 , pp. 14969-14975
    • Borowski, M.1    Furie, B.C.2    Bauminger, S.3
  • 12
    • 0024370924 scopus 로고
    • Osteocatcin and matrix Gla protein: Vitamin K dependent proteins in bone
    • Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Cole DEC, et al. Osteocatcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K dependent proteins in bone. Phys Rev 1989;990-1047.
    • (1989) Phys Rev , pp. 990-1047
    • Hauschka, P.V.1    Lian, J.B.2    Cole, D.E.C.3
  • 13
    • 0024154739 scopus 로고
    • Role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism
    • Price PA. Role of vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1988;8:565-83.
    • (1988) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.8 , pp. 565-583
    • Price, P.A.1
  • 14
    • 0026547723 scopus 로고
    • Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts
    • Maillard C, Berruyer M, Serre CM, et al. Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent protein is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1992;130:1599-604.
    • (1992) Endocrinology , vol.130 , pp. 1599-1604
    • Maillard, C.1    Berruyer, M.2    Serre, C.M.3
  • 15
    • 0022343087 scopus 로고
    • Sequence of the precursor to rat bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein that accumulated in warfarin-treated osteosarcoma cells
    • Pan LC, Williamson MK, Price PA. Sequence of the precursor to rat bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein that accumulated in warfarin-treated osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 1985;260:13398-401.
    • (1985) J Biol Chem , vol.260 , pp. 13398-13401
    • Pan, L.C.1    Williamson, M.K.2    Price, P.A.3
  • 16
    • 0016638461 scopus 로고
    • Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy
    • Pettifor JM, Benson R. Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy. J Pediatr 1975;86:459-62.
    • (1975) J Pediatr , vol.86 , pp. 459-462
    • Pettifor, J.M.1    Benson, R.2
  • 17
    • 0018916729 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy
    • Hall JG, Pauli RM, Wilson KM. Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy. Am J Med 1980;68:122-40.
    • (1980) Am J Med , vol.68 , pp. 122-140
    • Hall, J.G.1    Pauli, R.M.2    Wilson, K.M.3
  • 18
    • 0017835513 scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulant drugs: Pharmacokinetic aspects
    • Breckenridge A. Oral anticoagulant drugs: pharmacokinetic aspects. Semin Hematol 1978;15:19-26.
    • (1978) Semin Hematol , vol.15 , pp. 19-26
    • Breckenridge, A.1
  • 19
    • 0016906923 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K and other oral anticoagulant drugs
    • O'Reilly RA. Vitamin K and other oral anticoagulant drugs. Annu Rev Med 1976;27:245-61.
    • (1976) Annu Rev Med , vol.27 , pp. 245-261
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1
  • 20
    • 0018387814 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants
    • Kelly JG, O'Malley K. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants. Clin Pharmacokinet 1979;4:1-15.
    • (1979) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.4 , pp. 1-15
    • Kelly, J.G.1    O'Malley, K.2
  • 22
    • 0031841377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P4502C9: An enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism
    • Miners JO, Birkett DJ. Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 1998;45:525-38.
    • (1998) Brit J Clin Pharmacol , vol.45 , pp. 525-538
    • Miners, J.O.1    Birkett, D.J.2
  • 23
    • 0033608466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin close requirement and risk of bleeding complications
    • Aithal GP, Day CP, Kesteven PJ, et al. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin close requirement and risk of bleeding complications. Lancet 1999;353:717-9.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 717-719
    • Aithal, G.P.1    Day, C.P.2    Kesteven, P.J.3
  • 24
    • 0037012465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy
    • Higashi M, Veenstra DL, Wittkowsky AK, et al. Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy. JAMA 2002;287:1690-8.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 1690-1698
    • Higashi, M.1    Veenstra, D.L.2    Wittkowsky, A.K.3
  • 25
    • 0016374914 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enantiomers of warfarin in man
    • Breckenridge A, Orme M, Wesseling H, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enantiomers of warfarin in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;15:424-30.
    • (1974) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.15 , pp. 424-430
    • Breckenridge, A.1    Orme, M.2    Wesseling, H.3
  • 26
    • 0016220245 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin in man
    • O'Reilly RA. Studies on the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;16:348-54.
    • (1974) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.16 , pp. 348-354
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1
  • 27
    • 0017808750 scopus 로고
    • Stereoselective interaction of phenylbutazone with 13C/12C labelled racemates of warfarin in man
    • O'Reilly RA, Trager WF. Stereoselective interaction of phenylbutazone with 13C/12C labelled racemates of warfarin in man (abstr). Fed Proc 1978;37:545.
    • (1978) Fed Proc , vol.37 , pp. 545
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1    Trager, W.F.2
  • 28
    • 0022655468 scopus 로고
    • The warfarin-sulfinpyrazone interaction: Stereochemical considerations
    • Toon S, Low LK, Gibaldi M, et al. The warfarin-sulfinpyrazone interaction: stereochemical considerations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:15-24.
    • (1986) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.39 , pp. 15-24
    • Toon, S.1    Low, L.K.2    Gibaldi, M.3
  • 29
    • 0017305301 scopus 로고
    • The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man
    • O'Reilly RA. The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man. N Engl J Med 1976;295:354-7.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.295 , pp. 354-357
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1
  • 30
    • 0018921065 scopus 로고
    • Stereoselective interaction of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole with the separated enantiomorphs of racemic warfarin in man
    • O'Reilly RA. Stereoselective interaction of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole with the separated enantiomorphs of racemic warfarin in man. N Engl J Med 1980;302:33-5.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.302 , pp. 33-35
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1
  • 31
    • 0016137377 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin: Stereochemical aspects of its metabolism and the interaction with phenylbutazone
    • Lewis RJ, Trager WF, Chan KK, et al. Warfarin: stereochemical aspects of its metabolism and the interaction with phenylbutazone. J Clin Invest 1974;53:1607-17.
    • (1974) J Clin Invest , vol.53 , pp. 1607-1617
    • Lewis, R.J.1    Trager, W.F.2    Chan, K.K.3
  • 32
    • 0023276451 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of amiodarone with racemic warfarin and its separated enantiomorphs in humans
    • O'Reilly RA, Trager WF, Rettie AE, et al. Interaction of amiodarone with racemic warfarin and its separated enantiomorphs in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;42:290-4.
    • (1987) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.42 , pp. 290-294
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1    Trager, W.F.2    Rettie, A.E.3
  • 33
    • 0019428864 scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of fortified wine ingested during fasting and anticoagulant therapy
    • O'Reilly RA. Lack of effect of fortified wine ingested during fasting and anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:458-9.
    • (1981) Arch Intern Med , vol.141 , pp. 458-459
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1
  • 34
    • 0030824584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of enzyme induction of warfarin metabolism with recommendations for patient management
    • Cropp JS, Bussey HI. A review of enzyme induction of warfarin metabolism with recommendations for patient management. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:917-28.
    • (1997) Pharmacotherapy , vol.17 , pp. 917-928
    • Cropp, J.S.1    Bussey, H.I.2
  • 35
    • 0014436396 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary resistance to coumarin anticoagulant drugs in man and rat
    • O'Reilly RA, Pool JG, Aggeler PM. Hereditary resistance to coumarin anticoagulant drugs in man and rat. Ann NY Acad Sci 1968;151:913-31.
    • (1968) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.151 , pp. 913-931
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1    Pool, J.G.2    Aggeler, P.M.3
  • 36
    • 0001135248 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary transmission of exceptional resistance to coumarin anticoagulant drugs
    • O'Reilly RA, Aggeler PM, Hoag MS, et al. Hereditary transmission of exceptional resistance to coumarin anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1229-30.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.308 , pp. 1229-1230
    • O'Reilly, R.A.1    Aggeler, P.M.2    Hoag, M.S.3
  • 37
    • 84941816142 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary warfarin resistance: Investigation of a rare phenomenon
    • Alving BM, Strickler MP, Knight RD, et al. Hereditary warfarin resistance: investigation of a rare phenomenon. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:499-501.
    • (1985) Arch Intern Med , vol.145 , pp. 499-501
    • Alving, B.M.1    Strickler, M.P.2    Knight, R.D.3
  • 38
    • 8544283812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missense mutations at ALA-10 in the factor IX propeptide: An insignificant variant in normal life but a decisive cause of bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Oldenburg J, Quenzel EM, Harbrecht U, et al. Missense mutations at ALA-10 in the factor IX propeptide: an insignificant variant in normal life but a decisive cause of bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy. Br J Haematol 1997;98:240-4.
    • (1997) Br J Haematol , vol.98 , pp. 240-244
    • Oldenburg, J.1    Quenzel, E.M.2    Harbrecht, U.3
  • 39
    • 0029839951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mutation in the propeptide of Factor IX leads to warfarin sensitivity by a novel mechanism
    • Chu K, Wu SM, Stanley T, et al. A mutation in the propeptide of Factor IX leads to warfarin sensitivity by a novel mechanism. J Clin Invest 1996;98:1619-25.
    • (1996) J Clin Invest , vol.98 , pp. 1619-1625
    • Chu, K.1    Wu, S.M.2    Stanley, T.3
  • 40
    • 0033608361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic control of anticoagulation
    • Mannucci PM. Genetic control of anticoagulation. Lancet 1999;353:688-9.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 688-689
    • Mannucci, P.M.1
  • 41
    • 0027097571 scopus 로고
    • Aging and the anticoagulant response to warfarin therapy
    • Gurwitz JH, Avorn J, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Aging and the anticoagulant response to warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:901-4.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.116 , pp. 901-904
    • Gurwitz, J.H.1    Avorn, J.2    Ross-Degnan, D.3
  • 42
    • 0026468933 scopus 로고
    • Aging and warfarin therapy
    • Mungall D, White R. Aging and warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:878-9.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 878-879
    • Mungall, D.1    White, R.2
  • 43
    • 0000687099 scopus 로고
    • Stereoselective disposition of warfarin in young and elderly subjects
    • Bowles SK. Stereoselective disposition of warfarin in young and elderly subjects (abstr). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;55:172.
    • (1994) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.55 , pp. 172
    • Bowles, S.K.1
  • 44
    • 0018865321 scopus 로고
    • "Resistance" to warfarin due to unrecognized vitamin K supplementation
    • O'Reilly R, Rytand D. "Resistance" to warfarin due to unrecognized vitamin K supplementation. N Engl J Med 1980;303:160-1.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.303 , pp. 160-161
    • O'Reilly, R.1    Rytand, D.2
  • 45
    • 0023941998 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans
    • Suttie JW, Mummah-Schendel LL, Shah DV, et al. Vitamin K deficiency from dietary vitamin K restriction in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:475-80.
    • (1988) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.47 , pp. 475-480
    • Suttie, J.W.1    Mummah-Schendel, L.L.2    Shah, D.V.3
  • 46
    • 0002858052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and mechanism of activation of vitamin K antagonists
    • Poller L, Hirsh J. editors. London, UK: Arnold
    • Sadowski JA, Booth SL, Mann KG, et al. Structure and mechanism of activation of vitamin K antagonists. In: Poller L, Hirsh J. editors. Oral Anticoagulants. London, UK: Arnold; 1996:9-29.
    • (1996) Oral Anticoagulants , pp. 9-29
    • Sadowski, J.A.1    Booth, S.L.2    Mann, K.G.3
  • 47
    • 0012703756 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of vitamin K metabolism and vitamin K-dependent hemostasis: Implications for warfarin therapy
    • Ezekowitz MD, editors. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker
    • Bovill EG, Lawson J, Sadowski J. et al. Mechanisms of vitamin K metabolism and vitamin K-dependent hemostasis: implications for warfarin therapy. In: Ezekowitz MD, editors. The Heart as a Source of Systemic Embolisation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1992.
    • (1992) The Heart as a Source of Systemic Embolisation
    • Bovill, E.G.1    Lawson, J.2    Sadowski, J.3
  • 49
    • 0000456732 scopus 로고
    • Influence of fever upon the action of 3,3-methylene bis-(4-hydroxoycoumarin)
    • Richards RK. Influence of fever upon the action of 3,3-methylene bis-(4-hydroxoycoumarin). Science 1943;97:313-6.
    • (1943) Science , vol.97 , pp. 313-316
    • Richards, R.K.1
  • 50
    • 0003098748 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sodium dextrothyroxine in patients receiving anticoagulants
    • Owens JC, Neely WB, Owen WR. Effect of sodium dextrothyroxine in patients receiving anticoagulants. N Engl J Med 1962;266:76-9.
    • (1962) N Engl J Med , vol.266 , pp. 76-79
    • Owens, J.C.1    Neely, W.B.2    Owen, W.R.3
  • 51
    • 0021166144 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for impaired hepatic vitamin K1 metabolism in patients treated with N-methylthiotetrazole cephalosporins
    • Bechtold H, Andrassy K, Jahnchen E, et al. Evidence for impaired hepatic vitamin K1 metabolism in patients treated with N-methylthiotetrazole cephalosporins. Thromb Haemost 1984;51:358-61.
    • (1984) Thromb Haemost , vol.51 , pp. 358-361
    • Bechtold, H.1    Andrassy, K.2    Jahnchen, E.3
  • 52
    • 0020697949 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged bleeding times and bleeding diathesis associated with moxalactam administration
    • Weitekamp MR, Aber RC. Prolonged bleeding times and bleeding diathesis associated with moxalactam administration. JAMA 1983;249:69-71.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 69-71
    • Weitekamp, M.R.1    Aber, R.C.2
  • 54
    • 0018673789 scopus 로고
    • Hematologic perturbations associated with salicylate
    • Rothschild BM. Hematologic perturbations associated with salicylate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;26:145-52.
    • (1979) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.26 , pp. 145-152
    • Rothschild, B.M.1
  • 55
    • 0032481644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetaminophen and other risk factors for excessive warfarin anticoagulation
    • Hylek EM, Heiman H, Skates SJ, et al. Acetaminophen and other risk factors for excessive warfarin anticoagulation. JAMA 1998;279:657-62.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 657-662
    • Hylek, E.M.1    Heiman, H.2    Skates, S.J.3
  • 56
    • 0032481575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetaminophen and warfarin: Undesirable synergy
    • Bell WR. Acetaminophen and warfarin: undesirable synergy. JAMA 1998;279:702-3.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 702-703
    • Bell, W.R.1
  • 57
    • 0019025295 scopus 로고
    • Bleeding during acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant therapy in patients with reduced platelet reactivity after aortic valve replacement
    • Dale J, Myhre E, Loew D. Bleeding during acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant therapy in patients with reduced platelet reactivity after aortic valve replacement. Am Heart J 1980;99:746-52.
    • (1980) Am Heart J , vol.99 , pp. 746-752
    • Dale, J.1    Myhre, E.2    Loew, D.3
  • 58
    • 0024402577 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of ibuprofen and warfarin on primary haemostasis
    • Schulman S, Henriksson K. Interaction of ibuprofen and warfarin on primary haemostasis. Br J Rheumatol 1989;28:46-9.
    • (1989) Br J Rheumatol , vol.28 , pp. 46-49
    • Schulman, S.1    Henriksson, K.2
  • 59
    • 0015546601 scopus 로고
    • Effects of penicillin G on platelet aggregation, release and adherence to collagen
    • Cazenave J-P, Packham MA, Guccione MA, et al. Effects of penicillin G on platelet aggregation, release and adherence to collagen. Proc Soc Exp Med 1973;142:159-66.
    • (1973) Proc Soc Exp Med , vol.142 , pp. 159-166
    • Cazenave, J.-P.1    Packham, M.A.2    Guccione, M.A.3
  • 60
    • 0016279578 scopus 로고
    • The hemostatic defect produced by carbenicillin
    • Brown CH II, Natelson EA, Bradshaw W, et al. The hemostatic defect produced by carbenicillin. N Engl J Med 1974;291:265-70.
    • (1974) N Engl J Med , vol.291 , pp. 265-270
    • Brown C.H. II1    Natelson, E.A.2    Bradshaw, W.3
  • 61
    • 0016805004 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets, I: Acetylation of a particulate fraction protein
    • Roth GJ, Majerus PW. The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets, I: acetylation of a particulate fraction protein. J Clin Invest 1975;56:624-32.
    • (1975) J Clin Invest , vol.56 , pp. 624-632
    • Roth, G.J.1    Majerus, P.W.2
  • 62
    • 0021104088 scopus 로고
    • Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: Danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole
    • Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, et al. Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:1537-41.
    • (1983) Am J Cardiol , vol.51 , pp. 1537-1541
    • Chesebro, J.H.1    Fuster, V.2    Elveback, L.R.3
  • 63
    • 0027291341 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement
    • Turpie AG, Gent M, Laupacis A, et al. A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med 1993;329:524-9.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , pp. 524-529
    • Turpie, A.G.1    Gent, M.2    Laupacis, A.3
  • 64
    • 0032562005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thrombosis prevention trial: Randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention is ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk
    • The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework. Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention is ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. Lancet 1998;351:233-41.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 233-241
  • 65
    • 0024547127 scopus 로고
    • Effect of erythromycin in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy
    • Weibert RT, Lorentz SM, Townsend RJ, et al. Effect of erythromycin in patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Clin Pharm 1989;8: 210-24.
    • (1989) Clin Pharm , vol.8 , pp. 210-224
    • Weibert, R.T.1    Lorentz, S.M.2    Townsend, R.J.3
  • 66
    • 0021816004 scopus 로고
    • Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by topical testosterone treatment
    • Lorentz SM, Weibert RT. Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation by topical testosterone treatment. Clin Pharm 1985;4:332-4.
    • (1985) Clin Pharm , vol.4 , pp. 332-334
    • Lorentz, S.M.1    Weibert, R.T.2
  • 67
    • 76549200140 scopus 로고
    • Human sources and absorption of vitamin K in relation to anticoagulation stability
    • Udall JA. Human sources and absorption of vitamin K in relation to anticoagulation stability. JAMA 1965;194:127-9.
    • (1965) JAMA , vol.194 , pp. 127-129
    • Udall, J.A.1
  • 68
    • 0028576943 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of warfarin with drugs and food: A critical review of the literature
    • Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, et al. The interaction of warfarin with drugs and food: a critical review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:676-83.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 676-683
    • Wells, P.S.1    Holbrook, A.M.2    Crowther, N.R.3
  • 69
    • 85012574844 scopus 로고
    • Drug interactions with oral anticoagulants
    • Koch-Weser J, Sellers EM. Drug interactions with oral anticoagulants. N Engl J Med 1971;285:487-98.
    • (1971) N Engl J Med , vol.285 , pp. 487-498
    • Koch-Weser, J.1    Sellers, E.M.2
  • 70
    • 0015208247 scopus 로고
    • Drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants
    • Sellers E, Weser JK. Drug interactions with coumarin anticoagulants. N Engl J Med 1971;285:547-58.
    • (1971) N Engl J Med , vol.285 , pp. 547-558
    • Sellers, E.1    Weser, J.K.2
  • 71
    • 0035192049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug interactions updates: Drugs, herbs and oral anticoagulation
    • Wittkowsky AK. Drug interactions updates: drugs, herbs and oral anticoagulation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2001;12:67-71.
    • (2001) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.12 , pp. 67-71
    • Wittkowsky, A.K.1
  • 72
    • 0021201214 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin: From bedside to bench
    • Wessler S, Gitel SN. Warfarin: from bedside to bench. N Engl J Med 1984;311:645-52.
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , pp. 645-652
    • Wessler, S.1    Gitel, S.N.2
  • 73
    • 0027520694 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin as evaluated in rabbits by selective depression of individual procoagulant vitamin-K dependent clotting factors
    • Zivelin A, Rao LV, Rapaport SI. Mechanism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin as evaluated in rabbits by selective depression of individual procoagulant vitamin-K dependent clotting factors. J Clin Invest 1993;92:2131-40.
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.92 , pp. 2131-2140
    • Zivelin, A.1    Rao, L.V.2    Rapaport, S.I.3
  • 74
    • 0029920406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased thrombin activity of fibrin clots prepared in cord plasma compared to adult plasma
    • Patel P, Weitz J, Brooker LA, et al. Decreased thrombin activity of fibrin clots prepared in cord plasma compared to adult plasma. Pediatr Res 1996;39:826-30.
    • (1996) Pediatr Res , vol.39 , pp. 826-830
    • Patel, P.1    Weitz, J.2    Brooker, L.A.3
  • 75
    • 0025146426 scopus 로고
    • Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors
    • Weitz JI, Hudoba M, Massel D, et al. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest 1990;86:385-91.
    • (1990) J Clin Invest , vol.86 , pp. 385-391
    • Weitz, J.I.1    Hudoba, M.2    Massel, D.3
  • 76
    • 0025181480 scopus 로고
    • Randomized prospective trial comparing the native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring anticoagulant therapy
    • Furie B, Diuguid CF, Jacobs M, et al. Randomized prospective trial comparing the native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring anticoagulant therapy. Blood 1990;75:344-9.
    • (1990) Blood , vol.75 , pp. 344-349
    • Furie, B.1    Diuguid, C.F.2    Jacobs, M.3
  • 77
    • 0031018558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy
    • Harrison L, Johnston M, Massicotte MP, et al. Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:133-6.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 133-136
    • Harrison, L.1    Johnston, M.2    Massicotte, M.P.3
  • 78
    • 0002008477 scopus 로고
    • The prothrombin time in haemophilia and in obstructive jaundice
    • Quick AJ. The prothrombin time in haemophilia and in obstructive jaundice. J Biol Chem 1935;109:73-4.
    • (1935) J Biol Chem , vol.109 , pp. 73-74
    • Quick, A.J.1
  • 79
    • 0014752852 scopus 로고
    • Standardization of laboratory tests for controlling anticoagulant therapy
    • Zucker S, Cathey MH, Sox PJ. et al. Standardization of laboratory tests for controlling anticoagulant therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 1970;53:348-54.
    • (1970) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.53 , pp. 348-354
    • Zucker, S.1    Cathey, M.H.2    Sox, P.J.3
  • 80
    • 0023598212 scopus 로고
    • Progress in standardisation in anticoagulant control
    • Poller L. Progress in standardisation in anticoagulant control. Hematol Rev 1987;1:225-41.
    • (1987) Hematol Rev , vol.1 , pp. 225-241
    • Poller, L.1
  • 81
    • 0019417005 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of chromogenic substrates in the control of oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Latallo ZS, Thomson JM, Poller L. An evaluation of chromogenic substrates in the control of oral anticoagulant therapy. Br J Haematol 1981;47:307-18.
    • (1981) Br J Haematol , vol.47 , pp. 307-318
    • Latallo, Z.S.1    Thomson, J.M.2    Poller, L.3
  • 82
    • 0019973528 scopus 로고
    • Dosage and control of oral anticoagulants: An international survey
    • Poller L, Tabemer DA. Dosage and control of oral anticoagulants: an international survey. Br J Haematol 1982;51:479-85.
    • (1982) Br J Haematol , vol.51 , pp. 479-485
    • Poller, L.1    Tabemer, D.A.2
  • 83
    • 0020512566 scopus 로고
    • Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio
    • Kirkwood TBL. Calibration of reference thromboplastins and standardisation of the prothrombin time ratio. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:238-44.
    • (1983) Thromb Haemost , vol.49 , pp. 238-244
    • Kirkwood, T.B.L.1
  • 84
    • 0026522210 scopus 로고
    • Reliance on prothrombin time ratios causes significant errors in anticoagulation therapy
    • Bussey HI, Force RW, Bianco TM, et al. Reliance on prothrombin time ratios causes significant errors in anticoagulation therapy. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:278-82.
    • (1992) Arch Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 278-282
    • Bussey, H.I.1    Force, R.W.2    Bianco, T.M.3
  • 85
    • 0027953758 scopus 로고
    • Results of a multicenter study assessing the status of a recombinant thromboplastin for the control of oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Braga M, et al. Results of a multicenter study assessing the status of a recombinant thromboplastin for the control of oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1994;72:261-7.
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost , vol.72 , pp. 261-267
    • Tripodi, A.1    Chantarangkul, V.2    Braga, M.3
  • 86
    • 0023216133 scopus 로고
    • Is the dose of warfarin prescribed by American physicians unnecessarily high?
    • Hirsh J. Is the dose of warfarin prescribed by American physicians unnecessarily high? Arch Intern Med 1987;147:769-71.
    • (1987) Arch Intern Med , vol.147 , pp. 769-771
    • Hirsh, J.1
  • 87
    • 85009033840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. 33rd Report Technical Report Series No. 687. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1983
    • World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. 33rd Report Technical Report Series No. 687. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1983.
  • 88
    • 0030205037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of the international normalized ratio for monitoring the induction phase of warfarin: Comparison with the prothrombin time ratio
    • Johnston M, Harrison L, Moffat K, et al. Reliability of the international normalized ratio for monitoring the induction phase of warfarin: comparison with the prothrombin time ratio. J Lab Clin Med 1996;128:214-7.
    • (1996) J Lab Clin Med , vol.128 , pp. 214-217
    • Johnston, M.1    Harrison, L.2    Moffat, K.3
  • 89
    • 0028365539 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the validity of the INR system for patients with liver impairment
    • Kovacs MJ, Wong A, MacKinnon K, et al. Assessment of the validity of the INR system for patients with liver impairment. Thromb Haemost 1994;71:727-30.
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost , vol.71 , pp. 727-730
    • Kovacs, M.J.1    Wong, A.2    MacKinnon, K.3
  • 91
    • 0024477185 scopus 로고
    • Effect of international sensitivity index (ISI) of thromboplastins on precision of international normalized ratios (INR)
    • Taberner DA, Poller L, Thomson JM, et al. Effect of international sensitivity index (ISI) of thromboplastins on precision of international normalized ratios (INR). J Clin Patrol 1989;42:92-6.
    • (1989) J Clin Patrol , vol.42 , pp. 92-96
    • Taberner, D.A.1    Poller, L.2    Thomson, J.M.3
  • 92
    • 0002247414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory monitoring of anticoagulants
    • Poller L. Hirsh J, editors. London, UK: Arnold
    • Poller L, Hirsh J. Laboratory monitoring of anticoagulants. In: Poller L. Hirsh J, editors. Oral Anticoagulants. London, UK: Arnold; 1996:49-64.
    • (1996) Oral Anticoagulants , pp. 49-64
    • Poller, L.1    Hirsh, J.2
  • 94
    • 0021733569 scopus 로고
    • Proficiency testing and standardization of prothrombin time: Effect of thromboplastin, instrumentation, and plasma
    • van den Besselaar AM, Evatt BL, Brogan DR. et al. Proficiency testing and standardization of prothrombin time: effect of thromboplastin, instrumentation, and plasma. Am J Clin Pathol 1984;82:688-99.
    • (1984) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.82 , pp. 688-699
    • Van Den Besselaar, A.M.1    Evatt, B.L.2    Brogan, D.R.3
  • 95
    • 0028902973 scopus 로고
    • The value of plasma calibrants in correcting coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios: An international multicenter study
    • Poller L, Triplett DA, Hirsh J, et al. The value of plasma calibrants in correcting coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios: an international multicenter study. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:358-65.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.103 , pp. 358-365
    • Poller, L.1    Triplett, D.A.2    Hirsh, J.3
  • 96
    • 0028335984 scopus 로고
    • The correction of coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios: A multicentre evaluation
    • Poller L, Thomson JM, Taberner DA, et al. The correction of coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios: a multicentre evaluation. Br J Haematol 1994;86:112-7.
    • (1994) Br J Haematol , vol.86 , pp. 112-117
    • Poller, L.1    Thomson, J.M.2    Taberner, D.A.3
  • 97
    • 0028910164 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of lyophilized artificially depleted plasma and lyophilized plasma from warfarin treated in correcting for coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios
    • Poller L, Triplett DA, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of lyophilized artificially depleted plasma and lyophilized plasma from warfarin treated in correcting for coagulometer effects on international normalized ratios. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103:366-71.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.103 , pp. 366-371
    • Poller, L.1    Triplett, D.A.2    Hirsh, J.3
  • 98
    • 0024377122 scopus 로고
    • The effect of some instruments for prothrombin time testing on the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of two rabbit tissue thromboplastin reagents
    • Poggio M, van den Besselaar AM, van der Velde EA, et al. The effect of some instruments for prothrombin time testing on the International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of two rabbit tissue thromboplastin reagents. Thromb Haemost 1989;62:868-74.
    • (1989) Thromb Haemost , vol.62 , pp. 868-874
    • Poggio, M.1    Van Den Besselaar, A.M.2    Van Der Velde, E.A.3
  • 99
    • 0024467623 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two automated coagulometers and the manual tilt tube method for determination of prothrombin time
    • D'Angelo A, Seveso MP, D'Angelo SV, et al. Comparison of two automated coagulometers and the manual tilt tube method for determination of prothrombin time. Am J Clin Patrol 1989;92:321-8.
    • (1989) Am J Clin Patrol , vol.92 , pp. 321-328
    • D'Angelo, A.1    Seveso, M.P.2    D'Angelo, S.V.3
  • 100
    • 0024494004 scopus 로고
    • Effect of automation on the prothrombin time test in NEQAS surveys
    • Poller L, Thomson JM, Taberner DA. Effect of automation on the prothrombin time test in NEQAS surveys. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:97-100.
    • (1989) J Clin Pathol , vol.42 , pp. 97-100
    • Poller, L.1    Thomson, J.M.2    Taberner, D.A.3
  • 101
    • 0025289048 scopus 로고
    • The dependence of the International Sensitivity Index on the coagulometer used to perform the prothrombin time
    • Ray MJ, Smith IR. The dependence of the International Sensitivity Index on the coagulometer used to perform the prothrombin time. Thromb Haemost 1990;63:424-9.
    • (1990) Thromb Haemost , vol.63 , pp. 424-429
    • Ray, M.J.1    Smith, I.R.2
  • 102
    • 0024356851 scopus 로고
    • Correction of instrument and reagent based differences in determination of the International Normalised Ratio (INR) for monitoring anticoagulant therapy
    • van Rijn JL, Schmidt NA, Rutten WP. Correction of instrument and reagent based differences in determination of the International Normalised Ratio (INR) for monitoring anticoagulant therapy. Clin Chem 1989;35:840-3.
    • (1989) Clin Chem , vol.35 , pp. 840-843
    • Van Rijn, J.L.1    Schmidt, N.A.2    Rutten, W.P.3
  • 103
    • 0025328666 scopus 로고
    • Automation and prothrombin time: A United Kingdom field study of two widely used coagulometers
    • Thomson JM, Taberner DA, Poller L. Automation and prothrombin time: a United Kingdom field study of two widely used coagulometers. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:679-84.
    • (1990) J Clin Pathol , vol.43 , pp. 679-684
    • Thomson, J.M.1    Taberner, D.A.2    Poller, L.3
  • 104
    • 0031662868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy: College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy
    • Fairweather RB, Ansell J, van den Besselaar AM. et al. Laboratory monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy: College of American Pathologists Conference XXXI on laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122:768-81.
    • (1998) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.122 , pp. 768-781
    • Fairweather, R.B.1    Ansell, J.2    Van Den Besselaar, A.M.3
  • 105
    • 0027254054 scopus 로고
    • Failure of the International Normalized Ratio to generate consistent results within a local medical community
    • Ng VL, Levin J, Corash L, et al. Failure of the International Normalized Ratio to generate consistent results within a local medical community. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99:689-94.
    • (1993) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.99 , pp. 689-694
    • Ng, V.L.1    Levin, J.2    Corash, L.3
  • 106
    • 0023213559 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory control of oral anticoagulants
    • Poller L. Laboratory control of oral anticoagulants. Br Med J 1987;294:1184.
    • (1987) Br Med J , vol.294 , pp. 1184
    • Poller, L.1
  • 107
    • 0025676312 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of international normalized ratios by a controlled field survey with 4 different thromboplastin reagents
    • Kazama M, Suzuki S, Abe T, et al. Evaluation of international normalized ratios by a controlled field survey with 4 different thromboplastin reagents. Thromb Haemost 1990;64:535-41.
    • (1990) Thromb Haemost , vol.64 , pp. 535-541
    • Kazama, M.1    Suzuki, S.2    Abe, T.3
  • 108
    • 0027523843 scopus 로고
    • Status of present and candidate International Reference Preparations (IRP) of thromboplastin for the prothrombin time: A report of the Subcommittee for Control of Anticoagulation
    • van den Besselaar AM, Lewis SM, Mannucci PM, et al. Status of present and candidate International Reference Preparations (IRP) of thromboplastin for the prothrombin time: a report of the Subcommittee for Control of Anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:85.
    • (1993) Thromb Haemost , vol.69 , pp. 85
    • Van den Besselaar, A.M.1    Lewis, S.M.2    Mannucci, P.M.3
  • 109
    • 0028214357 scopus 로고
    • Effect of concentration of trisodium citrate anticoagulant on calculation of the international normalized ratio and the international sensitivity index of thromboplastin
    • Duncan EM, Casey CR, Duncan BM, et al. Effect of concentration of trisodium citrate anticoagulant on calculation of the international normalized ratio and the international sensitivity index of thromboplastin. Thromb Haemost 1994;72:84-8.
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost , vol.72 , pp. 84-88
    • Duncan, E.M.1    Casey, C.R.2    Duncan, B.M.3
  • 110
    • 0031042070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of 3.2% vs 3.8% sodium citrate on routine coagulation testing
    • Adcock DM, Kressen DC, Marlar RA. Effect of 3.2% vs 3.8% sodium citrate on routine coagulation testing. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:105-10.
    • (1997) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.107 , pp. 105-110
    • Adcock, D.M.1    Kressen, D.C.2    Marlar, R.A.3
  • 111
    • 0031203621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants
    • Moll S, Ortel TL. Monitoring warfarin therapy in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:177-85.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.127 , pp. 177-185
    • Moll, S.1    Ortel, T.L.2
  • 112
    • 0029813875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential failure of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) system in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation in patients with lupus anticoagulants
    • Della Valle P, Crippa L, Safa O, et al. Potential failure of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) system in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation in patients with lupus anticoagulants. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1996;147 Suppl: 10-4.
    • (1996) Ann Med Interne (Paris) , vol.147 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 10-14
    • Della Valle, P.1    Crippa, L.2    Safa, O.3
  • 113
    • 0029638718 scopus 로고
    • Thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
    • Rapaport SI. Le DT. Thrombosis in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:665.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 665
    • Rapaport, S.I.1    Le, D.T.2
  • 114
    • 3042912371 scopus 로고
    • The international normalized ratio (INR) for monitoring warfarin therapy: Reliability and relation to other monitoring methods
    • Le DT, Weibert RT, Sevilla BK, et al. The international normalized ratio (INR) for monitoring warfarin therapy: reliability and relation to other monitoring methods. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:552-8.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 552-558
    • Le, D.T.1    Weibert, R.T.2    Sevilla, B.K.3
  • 115
    • 0030994529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma levels of factors II, VII, and X and their relationship to the International Normalized Ratio during chronic warfarin therapy
    • Lind SE, Callas PW, Golden EA, et al. Plasma levels of factors II, VII, and X and their relationship to the International Normalized Ratio during chronic warfarin therapy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1997;8: 48-53.
    • (1997) Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis , vol.8 , pp. 48-53
    • Lind, S.E.1    Callas, P.W.2    Golden, E.A.3
  • 116
    • 0027171759 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant prophylaxis
    • Kornberg A, Francis CW, Pellegrini VD Jr, et al. Comparison of native prothrombin antigen with the prothrombin time for monitoring oral anticoagulant prophylaxis. Circulation 1993;88:454-60.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 454-460
    • Kornberg, A.1    Francis, C.W.2    Pellegrini V.D., Jr.3
  • 117
    • 0026726392 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the maintenance dose of warfarin
    • James AH, Britt RP, Raskino CL. et al. Factors affecting the maintenance dose of warfarin. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:704-6.
    • (1992) J Clin Pathol , vol.45 , pp. 704-706
    • James, A.H.1    Britt, R.P.2    Raskino, C.L.3
  • 118
    • 0028343127 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin
    • Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:897-902.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 897-902
    • Hylek, E.M.1    Singer, D.E.2
  • 119
    • 0028157098 scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction
    • ASPECT Research Group. Effect of long-term oral anticoagulant treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:499-503.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 499-503
  • 120
    • 0029072271 scopus 로고
    • Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses: The Leiden artificial valve and anticoagulation study
    • Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Wintzen AR, et al. Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses: the Leiden artificial valve and anticoagulation study. N Engl J Med 1995;333:11-7.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 11-17
    • Cannegieter, S.C.1    Rosendaal, F.R.2    Wintzen, A.R.3
  • 121
    • 0031455701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin
    • Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. Ann Neurol 1997;42:857-65.
    • (1997) Ann Neurol , vol.42 , pp. 857-865
  • 122
    • 0035892035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke
    • Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-51.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1444-1451
    • Mohr, J.P.1    Thompson, J.L.P.2    Lazar, R.M.3
  • 123
    • 0029741822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation
    • Hylek EM, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, et al. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1996;335:540-6.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 540-546
    • Hylek, E.M.1    Skates, S.J.2    Sheehan, M.A.3
  • 124
    • 9544248668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial
    • Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1996;348:633-8.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 633-638
  • 125
    • 0023201438 scopus 로고
    • A novel whole blood capillary technique for measuring prothrombin time
    • Lucas FV, Duncan A, Jay R, et al. A novel whole blood capillary technique for measuring prothrombin time. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;88:442-6.
    • (1987) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.88 , pp. 442-446
    • Lucas, F.V.1    Duncan, A.2    Jay, R.3
  • 126
    • 0026750534 scopus 로고
    • Bedside monitoring of warfarin therapy by a whole blood capillary coagulation monitor
    • Yano Y, Kambayashi J, Murata K, et al. Bedside monitoring of warfarin therapy by a whole blood capillary coagulation monitor. Thromb Res 1992;66:583-90.
    • (1992) Thromb Res , vol.66 , pp. 583-590
    • Yano, Y.1    Kambayashi, J.2    Murata, K.3
  • 127
    • 0029833457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation: Point-of-care testing, patient self-monitoring, and patient self-management
    • Leaning KE, Ansell JE. Advances in the monitoring of oral anticoagulation: point-of-care testing, patient self-monitoring, and patient self-management. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1996;3:377-83.
    • (1996) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.3 , pp. 377-383
    • Leaning, K.E.1    Ansell, J.E.2
  • 128
    • 0025938772 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Ciba Corning Biotrack 512 coagulation monitor for the control of oral anticoagulation
    • Jennings I, Luddington RJ, Baglin T. Evaluation of the Ciba Corning Biotrack 512 coagulation monitor for the control of oral anticoagulation. J Clin Pathol 1991;44:950-3.
    • (1991) J Clin Pathol , vol.44 , pp. 950-953
    • Jennings, I.1    Luddington, R.J.2    Baglin, T.3
  • 129
    • 0026534708 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy and precision of a portable anticoagulation monitor in a clinical setting
    • McCurdy SA, White RH. Accuracy and precision of a portable anticoagulation monitor in a clinical setting. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:589-92.
    • (1992) Arch Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 589-592
    • McCurdy, S.A.1    White, R.H.2
  • 130
    • 0027724308 scopus 로고
    • Are capillary whole blood coagulation monitors suitable for the control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the international normalized ratio?
    • Tripodi A, Arbini AA, Chantarangkul V, et al. Are capillary whole blood coagulation monitors suitable for the control of oral anticoagulant treatment by the international normalized ratio? Thromb Haemost 1993;70:921-4.
    • (1993) Thromb Haemost , vol.70 , pp. 921-924
    • Tripodi, A.1    Arbini, A.A.2    Chantarangkul, V.3
  • 131
    • 0026378406 scopus 로고
    • Dry reagent technology for rapid, convenient measurements of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis
    • Oberhardt BJ, Dermott SC, Taylor M, et al. Dry reagent technology for rapid, convenient measurements of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Clin Chem 1991;37:520-6.
    • (1991) Clin Chem , vol.37 , pp. 520-526
    • Oberhardt, B.J.1    Dermott, S.C.2    Taylor, M.3
  • 132
    • 0027175356 scopus 로고
    • Decentralized testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time using a dry chemistry portable analyzer
    • Rose VL. Dermott SC, Murray BF, et al. Decentralized testing for prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time using a dry chemistry portable analyzer. Arch Patrol Lab Med 1993;117:611-7.
    • (1993) Arch Patrol Lab Med , vol.117 , pp. 611-617
    • Rose, V.L.1    Dermott, S.C.2    Murray, B.F.3
  • 133
    • 0003310865 scopus 로고
    • Pilot study to determine use of a TAS analyzer in an anticoagulation clinic setting
    • Fabbrini N, Messmore H, Balbale S, et al. Pilot study to determine use of a TAS analyzer in an anticoagulation clinic setting (abstr). Blood 1995;86 Suppl:869a.
    • (1995) Blood , vol.86 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Fabbrini, N.1    Messmore, H.2    Balbale, S.3
  • 134
    • 0030790138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the International Sensitivity Index of a new near-patient testing device to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy-overview of the assessment of conformity to the calibration model
    • Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, et al. Determination of the International Sensitivity Index of a new near-patient testing device to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy-overview of the assessment of conformity to the calibration model. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:855-8.
    • (1997) Thromb Haemost , vol.78 , pp. 855-858
    • Tripodi, A.1    Chantarangkul, V.2    Clerici, M.3
  • 135
    • 0029114752 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of laboratory and portable monitor international normalized ratio determinations: Comparison with a criterion standard
    • Kaatz AA, White RH, Hill J, et al. Accuracy of laboratory and portable monitor international normalized ratio determinations: comparison with a criterion standard. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1861-7.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 1861-1867
    • Kaatz, A.A.1    White, R.H.2    Hill, J.3
  • 136
    • 0003224868 scopus 로고
    • Accurate and precise prothrombin time measurement in a multicenter anticoagulation trial employing patient self-testing
    • Ansell J, Becker D, Andrew M, et al. Accurate and precise prothrombin time measurement in a multicenter anticoagulation trial employing patient self-testing (abstr). Blood 1995;86 Suppl:864a.
    • (1995) Blood , vol.86 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Ansell, J.1    Becker, D.2    Andrew, M.3
  • 137
    • 4243692399 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients using a new microsample PT device
    • Andrew M. Marzinotto V, Adams M, et al. Monitoring of oral anticoagulant therapy in pediatric patients using a new microsample PT device. Blood 1995;86 Suppl:863a.
    • (1995) Blood , vol.86 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Andrew, M.1    Marzinotto, V.2    Adams, M.3
  • 138
    • 0003259861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of the AvocetPT prothrombin time system
    • Ansell JE, Zweig S, Meyer B, et al. Performance of the AvocetPT prothrombin time system (abstr). Blood 1998;92 Suppl:112b.
    • (1998) Blood , vol.92 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Ansell, J.E.1    Zweig, S.2    Meyer, B.3
  • 139
    • 0027258283 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a portable prothrombin time monitor for home use by patients who require long-term oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Anderson DR, Harrison L, Hirsh J. Evaluation of a portable prothrombin time monitor for home use by patients who require long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1441-7.
    • (1993) Arch Intern Med , vol.153 , pp. 1441-1447
    • Anderson, D.R.1    Harrison, L.2    Hirsh, J.3
  • 140
    • 0024415636 scopus 로고
    • Home prothrombin time monitoring after the initiation of warfarin therapy: A randomized, prospective study
    • White RH, McCurdy SA, von Marensdorff H, et al. Home prothrombin time monitoring after the initiation of warfarin therapy: a randomized, prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:730-7.
    • (1989) Ann Intern Med , vol.111 , pp. 730-737
    • White, R.H.1    McCurdy, S.A.2    Von Marensdorff, H.3
  • 141
    • 0002528851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of major bleeding in older patients treated with warfarin: Results of a randomized trial
    • Beyth RJ, Landefeld CS. Prevention of major bleeding in older patients treated with warfarin: results of a randomized trial (abstr). J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:66.
    • (1997) J Gen Intern Med , vol.12 , pp. 66
    • Beyth, R.J.1    Landefeld, C.S.2
  • 142
    • 0031037060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practicability of patient self-testing of oral anticoagulant therapy by the international normalized ratio (INR) using a portable whole blood monitor: A pilot investigation
    • Hasenkam JM, Knudsen L, Kimose HH, et al. Practicability of patient self-testing of oral anticoagulant therapy by the international normalized ratio (INR) using a portable whole blood monitor: a pilot investigation. Thromb Res 1997;85:77-82.
    • (1997) Thromb Res , vol.85 , pp. 77-82
    • Hasenkam, J.M.1    Knudsen, L.2    Kimose, H.H.3
  • 143
    • 0016213805 scopus 로고
    • A self-control method for long-term anticoagulation therapy
    • Erdman S, Vidne B, Levy MJ. A self-control method for long-term anticoagulation therapy. J Cardiovasc Surg 1974;15:454-7.
    • (1974) J Cardiovasc Surg , vol.15 , pp. 454-457
    • Erdman, S.1    Vidne, B.2    Levy, M.J.3
  • 144
    • 0024447717 scopus 로고
    • Patient self-management of oral anticoagulation guided by capillary (fingerstick) whole blood prothrombin times
    • Ansell J, Holden A, Knapic N. Patient self-management of oral anticoagulation guided by capillary (fingerstick) whole blood prothrombin times. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2509-11.
    • (1989) Arch Intern Med , vol.149 , pp. 2509-2511
    • Ansell, J.1    Holden, A.2    Knapic, N.3
  • 145
    • 0028846277 scopus 로고
    • Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation
    • Ansell J, Patel N, Ostrovsky D, et al. Long-term patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2185-9.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 2185-2189
    • Ansell, J.1    Patel, N.2    Ostrovsky, D.3
  • 146
    • 0000664855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experience with patient self-management of oral anticoagulation
    • Bernardo A. Experience with patient self-management of oral anticoagulation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1996;2:321-5.
    • (1996) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.2 , pp. 321-325
    • Bernardo, A.1
  • 147
    • 0002961702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of prognosis by home prothrombin estimation in patients with life-long anticoagulant therapy
    • Horstkotte D, Piper C, Wiemer M, et al. Improvement of prognosis by home prothrombin estimation in patients with life-long anticoagulant therapy (abstr). Eur Heart J 1996;17 Suppl:230.
    • (1996) Eur Heart J , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 230
    • Horstkotte, D.1    Piper, C.2    Wiemer, M.3
  • 148
    • 0033550473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A structured teaching and self-management program for patients receiving oral anticoagulation: A randomized controlled trial
    • Sawicki PT, Working Group for the Study of Patient Self-Management of Oral Anticoagulation. A structured teaching and self-management program for patients receiving oral anticoagulation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281:145-50.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.281 , pp. 145-150
    • Sawicki, P.T.1
  • 149
    • 0034934543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: Is an early start advantageous?
    • Kortke H, Korfer R. International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: is an early start advantageous? Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:44-8.
    • (2001) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.72 , pp. 44-48
    • Kortke, H.1    Korfer, R.2
  • 150
    • 0034061293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective controlled trial comparing weekly self-testing and self-dosing with the standard management of patients on stable oral anticoagulation
    • Watzke HH, Forberg E, Svolba G, et al. A prospective controlled trial comparing weekly self-testing and self-dosing with the standard management of patients on stable oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:661-5.
    • (2000) Thromb Haemost , vol.83 , pp. 661-665
    • Watzke, H.H.1    Forberg, E.2    Svolba, G.3
  • 151
    • 0034622382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulation self-management and management by a specialist anticoagulation clinic: A randomized cross-over comparison
    • Cromheecke ME, Levi M, Colly LP, et al. Oral anticoagulation self-management and management by a specialist anticoagulation clinic: a randomized cross-over comparison. Lancet 2000;356:97-102.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 97-102
    • Cromheecke, M.E.1    Levi, M.2    Colly, L.P.3
  • 152
    • 12444282992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the quality of oral anticoagulation therapy through patient self-management versus management by specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands
    • Gadisseur AP, Breukink-Engbers WG, van der Meer FJ, et al. Comparison of the quality of oral anticoagulation therapy through patient self-management versus management by specialized anticoagulation clinics in the Netherlands (abstr). Thromb Haemost 2001;86 Suppl: OC161.
    • (2001) Thromb Haemost , vol.86 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Gadisseur, A.P.1    Breukink-Engbers, W.G.2    Van Der Meer, F.J.3
  • 153
    • 4243774481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulation therapy home and office evaluation (AT HOME) study
    • Kaatz S, Elston-Lafata J, Gooldy S. Anticoagulation therapy home and office evaluation (AT HOME) study (abstr). Thromb Haemost 2001;86 Suppl:P779.
    • (2001) Thromb Haemost , vol.86 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Kaatz, S.1    Elston-Lafata, J.2    Gooldy, S.3
  • 154
    • 0021198775 scopus 로고
    • Computer assisted management of warfarin treatment
    • Wilson R, James AH. Computer assisted management of warfarin treatment. Br Med J 1984;289:422-4.
    • (1984) Br Med J , vol.289 , pp. 422-424
    • Wilson, R.1    James, A.H.2
  • 155
    • 0026028864 scopus 로고
    • Outpatient management of warfarin therapy: Comparison of computer-predicted dosage adjustment to skilled professional care
    • White RH, Mungall D. Outpatient management of warfarin therapy: comparison of computer-predicted dosage adjustment to skilled professional care. Ther Drug Monit 1991;13:46-50.
    • (1991) Ther Drug Monit , vol.13 , pp. 46-50
    • White, R.H.1    Mungall, D.2
  • 156
    • 0032494736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage: European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation
    • Poller L, Shiach CR, MacCallum PK, et al. Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage: European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation. Lancet 1998;352:1505-9.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1505-1509
    • Poller, L.1    Shiach, C.R.2    MacCallum, P.K.3
  • 157
    • 0027232447 scopus 로고
    • Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin
    • Poller L, Wright D, Rowlands M. Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:299-303.
    • (1993) J Clin Pathol , vol.46 , pp. 299-303
    • Poller, L.1    Wright, D.2    Rowlands, M.3
  • 158
    • 0032167752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of a computer-based dosing program with a manual system to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Ageno W, Turpie AGG. A randomized comparison of a computer-based dosing program with a manual system to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Res 1998;91:237-40.
    • (1998) Thromb Res , vol.91 , pp. 237-240
    • Ageno, W.1    Turpie, A.G.G.2
  • 159
    • 0028809174 scopus 로고
    • Temporary discontinuation of warfarin therapy: Changes in the international normalized ratio
    • White RH, McKittrick T, Hutchinson R, et al. Temporary discontinuation of warfarin therapy: changes in the international normalized ratio. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:40-2.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.122 , pp. 40-42
    • White, R.H.1    McKittrick, T.2    Hutchinson, R.3
  • 160
    • 0034605685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: A randomised controlled trial
    • Crowther MA, Julian J, McCarty D, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy with oral vitamin K: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;356:1551-3.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1551-1553
    • Crowther, M.A.1    Julian, J.2    McCarty, D.3
  • 161
    • 0032569659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing different routes and doses of phytonadione for reversing excessive anticoagulation
    • Whitling AM, Bussey HI, Lyons RM. Comparing different routes and doses of phytonadione for reversing excessive anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2136-40.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 2136-2140
    • Whitling, A.M.1    Bussey, H.I.2    Lyons, R.M.3
  • 162
    • 0037143569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Crowther MA, Douketis JD, Schnurr T, et al. Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:251-4.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.137 , pp. 251-254
    • Crowther, M.A.1    Douketis, J.D.2    Schnurr, T.3
  • 163
    • 0021744222 scopus 로고
    • Plasma disposition of vitamin K1 in relation to anticoagulant poisoning
    • Park BK, Scott AK, Wilson AC, et al. Plasma disposition of vitamin K1 in relation to anticoagulant poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984;18:655-62.
    • (1984) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 655-662
    • Park, B.K.1    Scott, A.K.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 164
    • 0035125403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing oral anticoagulant therapy
    • Ansell J, Hirsh J, Dalen J, et al. Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2001;119 Suppl:22S-38S.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Ansell, J.1    Hirsh, J.2    Dalen, J.3
  • 165
    • 0024316072 scopus 로고
    • Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy
    • Landefeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989;87:144-52.
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.87 , pp. 144-152
    • Landefeld, C.S.1    Goldman, L.2
  • 166
    • 0024361281 scopus 로고
    • Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: Relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions
    • Landefeld CS, Rosenblatt MW. Bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: relation to the prothrombin time and important remediable lesions. Am J Med 1989;87:153-9.
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.87 , pp. 153-159
    • Landefeld, C.S.1    Rosenblatt, M.W.2
  • 167
    • 0020465050 scopus 로고
    • Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis
    • Hull R, Hirsh J, Jay R, et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1676-81.
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.307 , pp. 1676-1681
    • Hull, R.1    Hirsh, J.2    Jay, R.3
  • 168
    • 0023926911 scopus 로고
    • Randomized comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement
    • Turpie AGG, Gunstensen J, Hirsh J, et al. Randomized comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet 1988;1:1242-5.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1242-1245
    • Turpie, A.G.G.1    Gunstensen, J.2    Hirsh, J.3
  • 169
    • 0025128956 scopus 로고
    • Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic heart valves
    • Saour JN, Sieck JO, Mamo LAR, et al. Trial of different intensities of anticoagulation in patients with prosthetic heart valves. N Engl J Med 1990;322:428-32.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 428-432
    • Saour, J.N.1    Sieck, J.O.2    Mamo, L.A.R.3
  • 170
    • 0025762084 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves
    • Altman R, Rouvier J, Gurfinkel E, et al. Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:427-31.
    • (1991) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.101 , pp. 427-431
    • Altman, R.1    Rouvier, J.2    Gurfinkel, E.3
  • 171
    • 0028840258 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment
    • Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest 1995;108 Suppl:276s-90s.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Levine, M.N.1    Raskob, G.2    Landefeld, S.3
  • 172
    • 0032144231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin
    • Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med 1998;105:91-9.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.105 , pp. 91-99
    • Beyth, R.J.1    Quinn, L.M.2    Landefeld, C.S.3
  • 173
    • 0032730430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism: A decade of progress in stroke prevention
    • Hart RG, Halperin JL. Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism: a decade of progress in stroke prevention. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:688-95.
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.131 , pp. 688-695
    • Hart, R.G.1    Halperin, J.L.2
  • 174
    • 0031583322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery
    • Kearon C, Hirsh J. Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1506-11.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1506-1511
    • Kearon, C.1    Hirsh, J.2
  • 175
    • 0024602399 scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic effect of tranexamic acid mouthwash in anticoagulant-treated patients undergoing oral surgery
    • Sindet-Pedersen S, Ramstrom G, Bernvil S, et al. Hemostatic effect of tranexamic acid mouthwash in anticoagulant-treated patients undergoing oral surgery. N Engl J Med 1989;320:840-3.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 840-843
    • Sindet-Pedersen, S.1    Ramstrom, G.2    Bernvil, S.3
  • 176
    • 0030033294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral surgery in anticoagulated patients without reducing the dose of oral anticoagulant: A prospective randomized study
    • Souto JC, Oliver A, ZuaZu-Jausoro I, et al. Oral surgery in anticoagulated patients without reducing the dose of oral anticoagulant: a prospective randomized study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:27-32.
    • (1996) J Oral Maxillofac Surg , vol.54 , pp. 27-32
    • Souto, J.C.1    Oliver, A.2    ZuaZu-Jausoro, I.3
  • 177
    • 0028209979 scopus 로고
    • Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve prostheses
    • Sbarouni E, Oakley CM. Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve prostheses. Br Heart J 1994;71:196-201.
    • (1994) Br Heart J , vol.71 , pp. 196-201
    • Sbarouni, E.1    Oakley, C.M.2
  • 178
    • 0034771225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of anticoagulants during pregnancy
    • Hanania G. Management of anticoagulants during pregnancy. Heart 2001;86:125-6.
    • (2001) Heart , vol.86 , pp. 125-126
    • Hanania, G.1
  • 179
    • 0034646290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low molecular weight heparin after mechanical heart valve replacement
    • Montalescot G, Polle V, Collet JP, et al. Low molecular weight heparin after mechanical heart valve replacement. Circulation 2000;101:1083-6.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.101 , pp. 1083-1086
    • Montalescot, G.1    Polle, V.2    Collet, J.P.3
  • 180
    • 0020961103 scopus 로고
    • Is warfarin sodium contraindicated in the lactating mother?
    • McKenna R, Cole ER, Vasan U. Is warfarin sodium contraindicated in the lactating mother? J Pediatr 1983;103:325-7.
    • (1983) J Pediatr , vol.103 , pp. 325-327
    • McKenna, R.1    Cole, E.R.2    Vasan, U.3
  • 181
    • 0021965581 scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis of thromboembolism in pregnancy: An alternative
    • Lao TT, de Swiet M, Letsky E, et al. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism in pregnancy: an alternative. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1985;92:202-6.
    • (1985) Br J Obstet Gynecol , vol.92 , pp. 202-206
    • Lao, T.T.1    De Swiet, M.2    Letsky, E.3
  • 182
    • 84959069790 scopus 로고
    • Local hemorrhage and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues at starting therapy with dicumarol or dicumacyl
    • Verhagen H. Local hemorrhage and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues at starting therapy with dicumarol or dicumacyl. Acta Med Scand 1954;148:455-67.
    • (1954) Acta Med Scand , vol.148 , pp. 455-467
    • Verhagen, H.1
  • 183
    • 0020514989 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the male genitalia
    • Weinberg AC, Lieskovsky G, McGehee WG, et al. Warfarin necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the male genitalia. J Urol 1983;130:352-4.
    • (1983) J Urol , vol.130 , pp. 352-354
    • Weinberg, A.C.1    Lieskovsky, G.2    McGehee, W.G.3
  • 184
    • 0020636470 scopus 로고
    • Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy
    • Broekmans AW, Bertina RM, Loeliger EA, et al. Protein C and the development of skin necrosis during anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 1983;49:244-51.
    • (1983) Thromb Haemost , vol.49 , pp. 244-251
    • Broekmans, A.W.1    Bertina, R.M.2    Loeliger, E.A.3
  • 185
    • 0022648379 scopus 로고
    • Successful warfarin anticoagulation despite protein C deficiency and a history of warfarin necrosis
    • Zauber NP, Stark MW. Successful warfarin anticoagulation despite protein C deficiency and a history of warfarin necrosis. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:659-60.
    • (1986) Ann Intern Med , vol.104 , pp. 659-660
    • Zauber, N.P.1    Stark, M.W.2
  • 186
    • 0021368491 scopus 로고
    • Successful progressive anticoagulation in a severe protein C deficiency and previous skin necrosis at the initiation of oral anticoagulation treatment
    • Samama M, Horellou MH, Soria J, et al. Successful progressive anticoagulation in a severe protein C deficiency and previous skin necrosis at the initiation of oral anticoagulation treatment. Thromb Haemost 1984;51:332-3.
    • (1984) Thromb Haemost , vol.51 , pp. 332-333
    • Samama, M.1    Horellou, M.H.2    Soria, J.3
  • 187
    • 0024492028 scopus 로고
    • Necrosis of skin induced by coumarin in a patient deficient in protein S
    • Grimaudo V, Gueissaz F, Hauert J, et al. Necrosis of skin induced by coumarin in a patient deficient in protein S. BMJ 1989;298:233-4.
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.298 , pp. 233-234
    • Grimaudo, V.1    Gueissaz, F.2    Hauert, J.3
  • 188
    • 0035892035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke
    • Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-51.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1444-1451
    • Mohr, J.P.1    Thompson, J.L.P.2    Lazar, R.M.3
  • 189
    • 49749198771 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in injured patients
    • Sevitt S, Gallagher NG. Prevention of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in injured patients. Lancet 1959;II:981-9.
    • (1959) Lancet
    • Sevitt, S.1    Gallagher, N.G.2
  • 190
    • 0020700540 scopus 로고
    • Two-step warfarin therapy: Prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis without excessive bleeding
    • Francis CW, Marder VJ, Evans CM, et al. Two-step warfarin therapy: prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis without excessive bleeding. JAMA 1983;249:374-8.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 374-378
    • Francis, C.W.1    Marder, V.J.2    Evans, C.M.3
  • 191
    • 0024559622 scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip
    • Powers PJ, Gent M, Jay RM, et al. A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:771-4.
    • (1989) Arch Intern Med , vol.149 , pp. 771-774
    • Powers, P.J.1    Gent, M.2    Jay, R.M.3
  • 192
    • 0017837405 scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulants controlled by the British comparative thromboplastin versus low-dose heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis
    • Taberner DA, Poller L, Burslem RW, et al. Oral anticoagulants controlled by the British comparative thromboplastin versus low-dose heparin in prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. BMJ 1978;1:272-4.
    • (1978) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 272-274
    • Taberner, D.A.1    Poller, L.2    Burslem, R.W.3
  • 193
    • 0023520872 scopus 로고
    • Fixed minidose warfarin: A new approach to prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after major surgery
    • Poller L, McKernan A, Thomson JM, et al. Fixed minidose warfarin: a new approach to prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after major surgery. Br Med J 1987;295:1309-12.
    • (1987) Br Med J , vol.295 , pp. 1309-1312
    • Poller, L.1    McKernan, A.2    Thomson, J.M.3
  • 194
    • 0025237877 scopus 로고
    • Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters: A randomized prospective trial
    • Bern MM, Lokich JJ, Wallach SR, et al. Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters: a randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:423-8.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.112 , pp. 423-428
    • Bern, M.M.1    Lokich, J.J.2    Wallach, S.R.3
  • 195
    • 0025305467 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of factor VII coagulant activity (VIIC), a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, by fixed dose warfarin: A double blind crossover study
    • Poller L, MacCallum PK, Thomson JM, et al. Reduction of factor VII coagulant activity (VIIC), a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, by fixed dose warfarin: a double blind crossover study. Br Heart J 1990;63:231-3.
    • (1990) Br Heart J , vol.63 , pp. 231-233
    • Poller, L.1    MacCallum, P.K.2    Thomson, J.M.3
  • 196
    • 0025812514 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of venous thrombosis with minidose warfarin after joint replacement
    • Dale C, Gallus A, Wycherley A, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis with minidose warfarin after joint replacement. BMJ 1991;303:224.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.303 , pp. 224
    • Dale, C.1    Gallus, A.2    Wycherley, A.3
  • 197
    • 0025826267 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fixed minidose warfarin prophylaxis in total hip replacement
    • Fordyce MJF, Baker AS, Staddon GE. Efficacy of fixed minidose warfarin prophylaxis in total hip replacement. BMJ 1991;303:219-20.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.303 , pp. 219-220
    • Fordyce, M.J.F.1    Baker, A.S.2    Staddon, G.E.3
  • 198
    • 84965450850 scopus 로고
    • Minidose warfarin and failure to prevent deep vein thrombosis after joint replacement surgery despite inhibiting the postoperative rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity
    • Poller L, Thomson JM, MacCallum PK, et al. Minidose warfarin and failure to prevent deep vein thrombosis after joint replacement surgery despite inhibiting the postoperative rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1995;1:267-73.
    • (1995) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.1 , pp. 267-273
    • Poller, L.1    Thomson, J.M.2    MacCallum, P.K.3
  • 199
    • 0028296769 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer
    • Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet 1994;343:886-9.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 886-889
    • Levine, M.1    Hirsh, J.2    Gent, M.3
  • 200
    • 0029068453 scopus 로고
    • The optimal duration of anticoagulant therapy for venous thrombosis
    • Hirsh J. The optimal duration of anticoagulant therapy for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1710-11.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1710-1711
    • Hirsh, J.1
  • 201
    • 0036565886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How we diagnose and treat deep vein thrombosis
    • Hirsh J, Lee A. How we diagnose and treat deep vein thrombosis. Blood 2002;99:3102-10.
    • (2002) Blood , vol.99 , pp. 3102-3110
    • Hirsh, J.1    Lee, A.2
  • 202
    • 0018600123 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis
    • Hull R, Delmore T, Genton E, et al. Warfarin sodium versus low-dose heparin in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1979;301:855-8.
    • (1979) N Engl J Med , vol.301 , pp. 855-858
    • Hull, R.1    Delmore, T.2    Genton, E.3
  • 203
    • 0020035103 scopus 로고
    • Adjusted subcutaneous heparin versus warfarin sodium in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis
    • Hull R, Delmore T, Carter C, et al. Adjusted subcutaneous heparin versus warfarin sodium in the long-term treatment of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;306:189-94.
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.306 , pp. 189-194
    • Hull, R.1    Delmore, T.2    Carter, C.3
  • 204
    • 0022004475 scopus 로고
    • Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis
    • Lagerstedt CI, Fagher BO, Albrechtsson U, et al. Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1985;2:515-8.
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 515-518
    • Lagerstedt, C.I.1    Fagher, B.O.2    Albrechtsson, U.3
  • 205
    • 0029021115 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism
    • Schulman S, Rhedin A. Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1661-5.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1661-1665
    • Schulman, S.1    Rhedin, A.2    Lindmarker, P.3
  • 206
    • 8044235654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism: Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group
    • Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism: Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:393-8.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 393-398
    • Schulman, S.1    Granqvist, S.2    Holmstrom, M.3
  • 207
    • 0031919292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy: Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group
    • Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy: Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Am J Med 1998;104:332-8.
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.104 , pp. 332-338
    • Schulman, S.1    Svenungsson, E.2    Granqvist, S.3
  • 208
    • 9444241495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep venous thrombosis and lupus anticoagulant: A case-control study
    • Simioni P, Prandoni P, Zanon E, et al. Deep venous thrombosis and lupus anticoagulant: a case-control study. Thromb Haemost 1996;76:187-9.
    • (1996) Thromb Haemost , vol.76 , pp. 187-189
    • Simioni, P.1    Prandoni, P.2    Zanon, E.3
  • 209
    • 0031049488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent thromboembolism
    • Rance A, Emmerich J, Fiessinger JN. Anticardiolipin antibodies and recurrent thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:221-2.
    • (1997) Thromb Haemost , vol.77 , pp. 221-222
    • Rance, A.1    Emmerich, J.2    Fiessinger, J.N.3
  • 210
    • 0033602514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism
    • Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1999;340:901-7.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 901-907
    • Kearon, C.1    Gent, M.2    Hirsh, J.3
  • 211
    • 0030837662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randemised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction
    • Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) Investigators. Randemised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:389-96.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 389-396
  • 212
    • 0031030620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts
    • The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997;336:153-62.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 153-162
  • 213
    • 0015922362 scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction: Results of a cooperative clinical trial
    • Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction: results of a cooperative clinical trial. JAMA 1973;225:724-9.
    • (1973) JAMA , vol.225 , pp. 724-729
  • 214
    • 0015529991 scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction: Relation of therapeutic benefit to patient's age, sex, and severity of infarction
    • Drapkin A, Merskey C. Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction: relation of therapeutic benefit to patient's age, sex, and severity of infarction. JAMA 1972;222:541-8.
    • (1972) JAMA , vol.222 , pp. 541-548
    • Drapkin, A.1    Merskey, C.2
  • 215
    • 0014667477 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of short-term anticoagulant administration after cardiac infarction: Report of the Working Party on Anticoagulant Therapy in Coronary Thrombosis
    • Medical Research Council Group. Assessment of short-term anticoagulant administration after cardiac infarction: report of the Working Party on Anticoagulant Therapy in Coronary Thrombosis. BMJ 1969;1:335-42.
    • (1969) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 335-342
  • 216
    • 0026675705 scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic agents in coronary artery disease
    • Cairns JA, Hirsh J, Lewis HD Jr, et al. Antithrombotic agents in coronary artery disease. Chest 1992;102 Suppl:456s-81s.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Cairns, J.A.1    Hirsh, J.2    Lewis H.D., Jr.3
  • 217
    • 0022230621 scopus 로고
    • Long-term anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction
    • Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Dalen JE, et al. Long-term anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1985;109:616-22.
    • (1985) Am Heart J , vol.109 , pp. 616-622
    • Goldberg, R.J.1    Gore, J.M.2    Dalen, J.E.3
  • 218
    • 0020540270 scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulant in patients surviving myocardial infarction: A new approach to old data
    • Leizorovicz A, Boissel JP. Oral anticoagulant in patients surviving myocardial infarction: a new approach to old data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983;24:333-6.
    • (1983) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.24 , pp. 333-336
    • Leizorovicz, A.1    Boissel, J.P.2
  • 219
    • 0018940180 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind trial to assess long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients after myocardial infarction
    • Sixty-Plus Reinfarction Study Group. A double-blind trial to assess long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980;2:989-94.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 989-994
  • 220
    • 0025277780 scopus 로고
    • The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction
    • Smith P, Arnesen H, Holme I. The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990;323:147-52.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 147-152
    • Smith, P.1    Arnesen, H.2    Holme, I.3
  • 221
    • 0012663160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of events in coronary thrombosis-2
    • Amsterdam
    • van Es RF. Anticoagulants in the Secondary Prevention of Events in Coronary Thrombosis-2. Abstract presented at the 22nd meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, Amsterdam, 2000. Available at: http://www.cardiosource.com/trials/trial?searchtoc=A&published= n&uid=MDTRIALS.42057.
    • (2000) 22nd Meeting of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Van Es, R.F.1
  • 222
    • 85009034760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotics in the prevention of reocclusion in coronary thrombolysis-2
    • Amsterdam
    • Brower MA. Antithrombotics in the Prevention of Reocclusion In Coronary Thrombolysis-2. Abstract presented at the 22nd meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, Amsterdam, 2000. Available at: http://www.cardiosource.com/trials/ trial?searchtoc=A&published=n&uid=MDTRIALS.32678.
    • 22nd Meeting of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Brower, M.A.1
  • 223
    • 85009026383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warfarin Aspirin Reinfarction Study II: Effects of warfarin, aspirin and the two combined, on mortality and thromboembolic morbidity after myocardial infarction
    • Stockholm
    • Hurlen M, Smith P, Abdelnoor M, et al. Warfarin Aspirin Reinfarction Study II: Effects of warfarin, aspirin and the two combined, on mortality and thromboembolic morbidity after myocardial infarction. Abstract presented at the 23rd meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, Stockholm, 2001. Available at: http://www.escardio.org/congress/Stock01/ hotline/slides/WARIS%20II%20Press.pdf.
    • (2001) 23rd Meeting of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Hurlen, M.1    Smith, P.2    Abdelnoor, M.3
  • 224
    • 0037022204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: Primary results of the CHAMP study
    • Fiore LD, Ezekowitz MD, Brophy Mt, et al. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: primary results of the CHAMP study. Circulation 2002;105:557-63.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 557-563
    • Fiore, L.D.1    Ezekowitz, M.D.2    Brophy, M.T.3
  • 225
    • 0023877198 scopus 로고
    • Influence of postoperative anticoagulant treatment on patient survival after femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery
    • Kretschmer G, Wenzl E, Schemper M, et al. Influence of postoperative anticoagulant treatment on patient survival after femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery. Lancet 1988;1:797-8.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 797-798
    • Kretschmer, G.1    Wenzl, E.2    Schemper, M.3
  • 226
    • 0033485480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis
    • Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1999;282:2058-67.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 2058-2067
    • Anand, S.S.1    Yusuf, S.2
  • 227
    • 0026736119 scopus 로고
    • Reactivation of unstable angina following discontinuation of heparin
    • Theroux P, Waters D, Lam J, et al. Reactivation of unstable angina following discontinuation of heparin. N Engl J Med 1992;327:141-5.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 141-145
    • Theroux, P.1    Waters, D.2    Lam, J.3
  • 228
    • 9044243412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease
    • The FRISC Study Group. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease. Lancet 1996;347:561-8.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 561-568
  • 229
    • 0344641920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with tirofiban and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes
    • Cohen M, Théroux P, Weber S. et al. Combination therapy with tirofiban and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:273-81.
    • (1999) Int J Cardiol , vol.71 , pp. 273-281
    • Cohen, M.1    Théroux, P.2    Weber, S.3
  • 231
    • 0028082271 scopus 로고
    • Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users: Primary end point analysis from the ATACS trial
    • Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, et al. Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users: primary end point analysis from the ATACS trial. Circulation 1994;89:81-8.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.89 , pp. 81-88
    • Cohen, M.1    Adams, P.C.2    Parry, G.3
  • 232
    • 0032530662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with unstable angina or suspected non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) pilot study results
    • Anand SS, Yusuf S, Pogue J, et al. Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with unstable angina or suspected non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) pilot study results. Circulation 1998;98:1064-70.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1064-1070
    • Anand, S.S.1    Yusuf, S.2    Pogue, J.3
  • 233
    • 0022359451 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: A prospective clinical trial
    • Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, et al. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective clinical trial. Circulation 1985;72:1059-63.
    • (1985) Circulation , vol.72 , pp. 1059-1063
    • Mok, C.K.1    Boey, J.2    Wang, R.3
  • 234
    • 0028801291 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for prevention of thromboembolic events in valvular heart disease: Study Group of the Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Gohlke-Barwolf, Acar J, Oakley C, et al. Guidelines for prevention of thromboembolic events in valvular heart disease: Study Group of the Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 1995;16:1320-30.
    • (1995) Eur Heart J , vol.16 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Gohlke-Barwolf1    Acar, J.2    Oakley, C.3
  • 235
    • 0031789424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves
    • Stein PD, Alpert JS, Dalen JE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest 1998;114 Suppl:602S-10S.
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Stein, P.D.1    Alpert, J.S.2    Dalen, J.E.3
  • 236
    • 0032209761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease)
    • ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J Am Coil Cardiol 1998;32:1486-588.
    • (1998) J Am Coil Cardiol , vol.32 , pp. 1486-1588
  • 238
    • 0025914693 scopus 로고
    • The stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study: Final results
    • The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study: final results. Circulation 1991;84:527-39.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 527-539
  • 239
    • 0025241137 scopus 로고
    • The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation
    • The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1505-11.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 1505-1511
  • 240
    • 0026478818 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators
    • Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1406-12.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1406-1412
    • Ezekowitz, M.D.1    Bridgers, S.L.2    James, K.E.3
  • 241
    • 0024543543 scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: The Copenhagen AFASAK Study
    • Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, et al. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation: the Copenhagen AFASAK Study. Lancet 1989;1:175-9.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 175-179
    • Petersen, P.1    Boysen, G.2    Godtfredsen, J.3
  • 242
    • 0025814587 scopus 로고
    • Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study
    • Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, et al. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:349-55.
    • (1991) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.18 , pp. 349-355
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Laupacis, A.2    Gent, M.3
  • 243
    • 0028244264 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials
    • Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449-57.
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 1449-1457
  • 244
    • 0026048320 scopus 로고
    • Stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A review of prospective randomized trials
    • Albers GW, Sherman DG, Gress DR, et al. Stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a review of prospective randomized trials. Ann Neurol 1991;30:511-8.
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.30 , pp. 511-518
    • Albers, G.W.1    Sherman, D.G.2    Gress, D.R.3
  • 245
    • 0027403021 scopus 로고
    • Anticoagulation and atrial fibrillation
    • Atwood J, Albers G. Anticoagulation and atrial fibrillation. Herz 1993;18:27-38.
    • (1993) Herz , vol.18 , pp. 27-38
    • Atwood, J.1    Albers, G.2
  • 246
    • 0027505093 scopus 로고
    • Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke
    • European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 1993;342:1255-62.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 1255-1262
  • 247
    • 2942696888 scopus 로고
    • Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study
    • Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343:687-91.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 687-691
  • 248
    • 0033539341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation in primary care: Randomised controlled trial comparing two intensities of coumarin with aspirin
    • Hellemons BS, Langenberg M, Lodder J, et al. Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation in primary care: randomised controlled trial comparing two intensities of coumarin with aspirin. BMJ 1999;319:958-64.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 958-964
    • Hellemons, B.S.1    Langenberg, M.2    Lodder, J.3
  • 249
    • 0034814620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary
    • Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1231-66.
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 1231-1266
    • Fuster, V.1    Ryden, L.E.2    Asinger, R.W.3
  • 250
    • 0028889305 scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders: An update
    • Sherman DG, Dyken ML, Gent M, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders: an update. Chest 1995;108:444S-56S.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108
    • Sherman, D.G.1    Dyken, M.L.2    Gent, M.3
  • 251
    • 0035892035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the preventionpnrnotl of recurrent ischemic stroke
    • Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the preventionpnrnotl of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-51.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1444-1451
    • Mohr, J.P.1    Thompson, J.L.2    Lazar, R.M.3
  • 252
    • 0019493987 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Fuster V, Gersh BJ, Giuliani ER, et al. The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1981;47:525-31.
    • (1981) Am J Cardiol , vol.47 , pp. 525-531
    • Fuster, V.1    Gersh, B.J.2    Giuliani, E.R.3
  • 253
    • 0034711763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
    • Pullicino PM, Halperin JL, Thompson JL. Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Neurology 2000;54:288-94.
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 288-294
    • Pullicino, P.M.1    Halperin, J.L.2    Thompson, J.L.3
  • 254
    • 0035857141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both
    • Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1740-6.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1740-1746
    • Mas, J.L.1    Arquizan, C.2    Lamy, C.3    Zuber, M.4
  • 255
    • 0031852543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed minidose warfarin and aspirin alone and in combination vs adjusted-dose warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study (AFASAK 2)
    • Gullov AL, Koefoed BG, Petersen P, et al. Fixed minidose warfarin and aspirin alone and in combination vs adjusted-dose warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study (AFASAK 2). Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1513-21.
    • (1998) Arch Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 1513-1521
    • Gullov, A.L.1    Koefoed, B.G.2    Petersen, P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.