The epidemiology of delirium: Challenges and opportunities for population studies

American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 21, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1173-1189

  Davis, Daniel H J ^a   Kreisel, Stefan H ^b   Terrera, Graciela Muniz ^c   Hall, Andrew J ^d   Morandi, Alessandro ^e   Boustani, Malaz ^f   Neufeld, Karin J ^g   Lee, Hochang Benjamin ^g,h   Maclullich, Alasdair M J ⁱ   Brayne, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b EVANGELISCHES KRANKENHAUS   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^e Hospital Ancelle   (Italy)

^f INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Delirium; Dementia; Epidemiology; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNITY; DELIRIUM; DISEASE SEVERITY; DSM-IV; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

COGNITION DISORDERS; DATA COLLECTION; DELIRIUM; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; RESEARCH DESIGN;

EID: 84888642269     PISSN: 10647481     EISSN: 15457214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.04.007     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Brayne C, Davis D: Making Alzheimer's and dementia research fit for populations. Lancet 2012;380:1441-1443
2. Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD: Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing 2006;35:350-364
3. Witlox J, Eurelings LS, De Jonghe JF, et al: Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;304:443-451
4. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al: A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project-1981-86. 2. Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:16-22
5. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al: A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project 1981-86. 1. Methodology, demography and incident cases of first-ever stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1373-1380
6. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, et al: Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2004;363:1925-1933
7. Zaccai J, Ince P, Brayne C: Population-based neuropathological studies of dementia: design, methods and areas of investigation-a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2006;6:2
8. Giles MF, Rothwell PM: Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurology 2007;6:1063-1072
9. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, et al: A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2005;366:29-36
10. Giles MF, Rothwell PM: Systematic review and pooled analysis of published and unpublished validations of the ABCD and ABCD2 transient ischemic attack risk scores. Stroke 2010;41:667-673
11. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al: Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007;370:1432-1442
12. Cole MG, Dendukuri N, McCusker J, et al: An empirical study of different diagnostic criteria for delirium among elderly medical inpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;15:200-207
13. Liptzin B, Levkoff SE, Cleary PD, et al: An empirical study of diagnostic criteria for delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:454-457
14. Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, et al: Impact of different diagnostic criteria on prognosis of delirium: a prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004;18:240-244
15. Brayne C: Research and Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiological perspective. Psychol Med 1993;23:287-296
16. Johnson JC, Gottlieb GL, Sullivan E, et al: Using DSM-III criteria to diagnose delirium in elderly general medical patients. J Gerontol 1990;45:M113-M119
17. Lipowski ZJ: Transient cognitive disorders (delirium, acute confusional states) in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1426-1436
18. Lowery DP, Wesnes K, Brewster N, et al: Subtle deficits of attention after surgery: Quantifying indicators of sub syndrome delirium. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;25:945-952
19. MacLullich A M J, Hall RJ: Who understands delirium? Age Ageing 2011;40:412-414
20. Meagher DJ, Leonard M, Donnelly S, et al: A longitudinal study of motor subtypes in delirium: relationship with other phenomenology, etiology, medication exposure and prognosis. J Psychosom Res 2011;71:395-403
21. Jabbar F, Leonard M, Meehan K, et al: Neuropsychiatric and cognitive profile of patients with DSM-IV delirium referred to an old age psychiatry consultation-liaison service. Int Psychogeriatr 2011;23:1167-1174
22. MacLullich AM, Ferguson KJ, Miller T, et al: Unravelling the pathophysiology of delirium: a focus on the role of aberrant stress responses. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:229-238
23. Laurila JV, Laakkonen ML, Tilvis RS, et al: Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in a frail geriatric population. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:249-254
24. Meagher DJ, MacLullich A M J, Laurila JV: Defining delirium for the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:207-214
25. Meagher DJ, Leonard M, Donnelly S, et al: A comparison of neuropsychiatric and cognitive profiles in delirium, dementia, comorbid delirium-dementia and cognitively intact controls. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:876-881
26. Blazer DG, Van Nieuwenhuizen AO: Evidence for the diagnostic criteria of delirium: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2012;25:239-243
27. Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, et al: Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13:229-242
28. Brown LJ, Fordyce C, Zaghdani H, et al: Detecting deficits of sustained visual attention in delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:1334-1340
29. Brown L J E, McGrory S, McLaren L, et al: Cognitive visual perceptual deficits in patients with delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:594-599
30. Chester JG, Beth Harrington M, Rudolph JL: Serial administration of a modified richmond agitation and sedation scale for delirium screening. J Hosp Med 2011;7:450-453
31. Sunderland T, Hampel H, Takeda M, et al: Biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: are we ready? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006;19:172-179
32. Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, et al: Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurology 2007;6:734-746
33. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al: The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7:263-269
34. Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, et al: Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 2004;55:306-319
35. Blennow K, Hampel H: CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurology 2003;2:605-613
36. Mosconi L: Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:486-510
37. Khan BA, Zawahiri M, Campbell NL, et al: Biomarkers for delirium-a review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59(suppl 2):S256-S261
38. Thomas C, Hestermann U, Walther S, et al: Prolonged activation EEG differentiates dementia with and without delirium in frail elderly patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:119-125
39. Hall RJ, Shenkin SD, Maclullich AM: A systematic literature review of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011;32:79-93
40. Little R J A, Rubin DB: Statistical Analysis With Missing Data. 2nd. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2002
41. Henderson R, Diggle P, Dobson A: Joint modelling of longitudinal measurements and event time data. Biostatistics 2000;1:465-480
42. Neufeld KJ, Hayat MJ, Coughlin JM, et al: Evaluation of two intensive care delirium screening tools for non-critically ill hospitalized patients. Psychosomatics 2011;52:133-140
43. Deiner S, Silverstein JH: Postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesthesia 2009;103(suppl 1):i41-i46
44. Adamis D: Statistical methods for analysing longitudinal data in delirium studies. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009;21:74-85
45. Inouye SK, Charpentier PA: Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA 1996;275:852-857
46. Inouye SK: Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized older patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999;10:393-400
47. Minne L, Ludikhuize J, De Rooij SE, et al: Characterizing predictive models of mortality for older adults and their validation for use in clinical practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:1110-1115
48. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al: A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-383
49. Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, et al: ViEWS-towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation 2010;81:932-937
50. Metlay JP, Schulz R, Li YH, et al: Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1453-1459
51. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al: Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Metaanalysis OF Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008-2012
52. Der Simonian R, Laird N: Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7:177-188
53. Folstein MF, Bassett SS, Romanoski AJ, et al: The epidemiology of delirium in the community: the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey. Int Psychogeriatr 1991;3:169-176
54. Vilalta-Franch J, Llinas-Regla J, Lopez-Pousa S, et al: Prevalence and evolution of delirium in a community population of 70 years and older. Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria 2009;37:27-33
55. Andrew MK, Freter SH, Rockwood K: Prevalence and outcomes of delirium in community and non-acute care settings in people without dementia: a report from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. BMC Medicine 2006;4:15
56. Eriksson I, Gustafson Y, Fagerstrom L, et al: Urinary tract infection in very old women is associated with delirium. Int Psychogeriatr 2011;23:496-502
57. Rahkonen T, Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Halonen P, et al: Delirium in the non-demented oldest old in the general population: risk factors and prognosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:415-421
58. Davis DH, Muniz Terrera G, Keage H, et al: Delirium is a strong risk factor for dementia in the oldest-old: a population-based cohort study. Brain 2012;135:2809-2816
59. Fong TG, Jones RN, Shi P, et al: Delirium accelerates cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;72:1570-1575
60. Gross A, Jones RN, Habtemariam DA, et al: Delirium and longterm cognitive trajectory among persons with dementia. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:1324-1331
61. Bickel H, Gradinger R, Kochs E, et al: High risk of cognitive and functional decline after postoperative delirium: a three-year prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;26:26-31
62. Saczynski JS, Marcantonio ER, Quach L, et al: Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. N Engl J Med 2012;367:30-39
63. Inouye SK, Leo-Summers L, Zhang Y, et al: A chart-based method for identification of delirium: validation compared with interviewer ratings using the confusion assessment method. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:312-318
64. Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, et al: Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010;304:1787-1794
65. Ehlenbach WJ, Hough CL, Crane PK, et al: Association between acute care and critical illness hospitalization and cognitive function in older adults. JAMA 2010;303:763-770
66. Wilson RS, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, et al: Cognitive decline after hospitalization in a community population of older persons. Neurology 2012;78:950-956
67. Brayne C, McCracken C, Matthews FE: Cohort profile: the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS). Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:1140-1145
68. Fleming J, Zhao E, O'Connor DW, et al: Cohort profile: the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort (CC75C). Int J Epidemiol 2007;36:40-46
69. Holt R, Siddiqi N, Young J: The ethics of consent in delirium studies. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:283-287
70. Adamis D, Treloar A, Martin FC, et al: Ethical research in delirium: arguments for including decisionally incapacitated subjects. Sci Eng Ethics 2010;16:169-174
71. Cole MG, McCusker J, Voyer P, et al: The course of delirium in older long-term care residents. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012;27:1291-1297
72. Kean J, Ryan K: Delirium detection in clinical practice and research: critique of current tools and suggestions for future development. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:255-259
73. Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Simel DL, et al: Does this patient have delirium?: Value of bedside instruments. JAMA 2010;304:779-786
74. Adamis D, Sharma N, Whelan PJ, et al: Delirium scales: a review of current evidence. Aging Ment Health 2010;14:543-555
75. Simon SE, Bergmann MA, Jones RN, et al: Reliability of a structured assessment for nonclinicians to detect delirium among new admissions to postacute care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2006;7:412-415
76. Zou Y, Cole MG, Primeau FJ, et al: Detection and diagnosis of delirium in the elderly: psychiatrist diagnosis, confusion assessment method, or consensus diagnosis? Int Psychogeriatr 1998;10:303-308
77. Albert MS, Levkoff SE, Reilly C, et al: The delirium symptom interview: an interview for the detection of delirium symptoms in hospitalized patients. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:14-21
78. Gruber-Baldini AL, Marcantonio ER, Orwig D, et al: Psychoactive medications as predictors of post-operative delirium in hip fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:S131-S131
79. O'Keeffe ST: Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999;10:380-385
80. Yang FM, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK, et al: Phenomenological subtypes of delirium in older persons: patterns, prevalence, and prognosis. Psychosomatics 2009;50:248-254
81. Meagher D: Motor subtypes of delirium: Past, present and future. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009;21:59-73
82. Adamis D, Treloar A, Martin FC, et al: Recovery and outcome of delirium in elderly medical inpatients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006;43:289-298
83. Cole MG, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, et al: The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:754-760
84. Meagher D, Adamis D, Trzepacz P, et al: Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium. Br J Psychiatry 2012;200:37-44