Defining delirium for the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 207-214

  Meagher, David J ^a,b,c   MacLullich, Alasdair M J ^d   Laurila, Jouko V ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LIMERICK   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK   (Ireland)

^c Milford Care Centre   (Ireland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^e HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Classification; Delirium; Dementia; Diagnosis

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; REVIEW;

AROUSAL; COGNITION DISORDERS; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS, CIRCADIAN RHYTHM;

EID: 49149100855     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.015     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. World Health Organization. Mental and behavioral disorders (F00-F99). The International Classification of Diseases, 10th rev.: ICD-10 (1992), World Health Organization, Geneva
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. (1994), American Psychiatric Association, Washington (DC)
3. Laurila J.V., Pitkala K.H., Strandberg T.E., and Tilvis R.S. Impact of different diagnostic criteria on prognosis of delirium: a prospective study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18 (2004) 240-244
4. Cole M.G., Dendukuri N., McCusker J., et al. An empirical study of different diagnostic criteria for delirium among elderly medical inpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15 (2003) 200-207
5. Liptzin B., Levkoff S.E., Cleary P.D., Pilgrim D.M., et al. An empirical study of diagnostic criteria for delirium. Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991) 454-457
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. (1980), American Psychiatric Association, Washington (DC)
7. Meagher D.J., Moran M., Raju B., Gibbons D., Donnelly S., Saunders J., and Trzepacz P.T. Phenomenology of 100 consecutive adult cases of delirium. Br J Psychiatry 190 (2007) 135-141
8. Leonard M., Donnelly S., Conroy M., Saunders J., Trzepacz P., and Meagher D. A longitudinal study of phenomenological profile in delirium. Proceedings of European Delirium Association Second Annual meeting (2007). http://www.europeandeliriumassociation.com
9. O'Keeffe S.T., and Gosney M.A. Assessing attentiveness in older hospitalized patients: global assessment vs. test of attention. J Am Geriatr Soc 45 (1997) 470-473
10. Calderon J., Perry R.J., Erzinclioglu S.W., Berrios G.E., Dening T.R., and Hodges J.R. Perception, attention, and working memory are disproportionately impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies compared with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70 (2001) 157-164
11. Bailie R., Christmas L., Price N., Restall J., Simpson P., and Wesnes K. Effects of temazepam premedication on cognitive recovery following alfentanil-propofol anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 63 (1989) 68-75
12. Dale M.T., Naik R., Williams J.P., Lloyd A.J., and Thompson J.P. Impairment of sustained attention after major gynaecological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 22 (2005) 843-847
13. McCrimmon R.J., Deary I.J., Huntly B.J.P., MacLeod K.J., and Frier B.M. Visual information processing during controlled hypoglycaemia in humans. Brain 119 (1996) 1277-1287
14. Sommerfield A.J., Deary I.J., McAulay V., and Frier B.M. Short-term, delayed, and working memory are impaired during hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 390-396
15. Silverstein J.H., Steinmetz J., Reichenberg A., Harvey P.D., and Rasmussen L.S. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients with preoperative cognitive impairment-Which domains are most vulnerable?. Anesthesiology 106 (2007) 431-435
16. Cole M.G., McCusker J., Dendukuri N., and Han L. Symptoms of delirium among elderly medical inpatients with or without dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14 (2002) 167-175
17. Laurila J.V., Pitkala K.H., Strandberg T.E., and Tilvis R.S. Delirium among patients with and without dementia: does the diagnosis according to the DSM-IV differ from the previous classifications?. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 (2004) 271-277
18. Hart R.P., Levenson J.L., Sessler C.N., Best A.M., Schwartz S.M., and Rutherford L.E. Validation of a cognitive test for delirium in medical ICU patients. Psychosomatics 37 (1996) 533-546
19. McKeith I., Mintzer J., Aarsland D., Burn D., Chiu H., Cohen-Mansfield J., Dickson D., Dubois B., Duda J.E., Feldman H., Gauthier S., Halliday G., Lawlor B., Lippa C., Lopez O.L., Machado J.C., O'Brien J., Playfer J., and Reid W. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurology 3 (2004) 19-28
20. Rockwood K. The occurrence and duration of symptoms in elderly patients with delirium. J Gerontol Med Sci 48 (1993) M162-M166
21. Liptzin B., Levkoff S.E., Gottlieb G.L., and Johnson J.C. Delirium: background papers for DSM-IV. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5 (1993) 154-160
22. Meagher D.J., and Trzepacz P.T. Phenomenological distinctions needed in DSM-V: delirium, subsyndromal delirium and dementias. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 19 (2007) 468-470
23. Levkoff S.E., Liptzin B., Evans D.A., Cleary P.D., et al. Progression and resolution of delirium in elderly patients hospitalised for acute care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2 (1994) 230-238
24. Fann J.R., Alfano C.M., Burington B.E., Roth-Roemer S., Katon W.J., and Syrjala K.L. Clinical presentation of delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer 103 (2005) 810-820
25. De Jonghe J.F.M., Kalisvaart K.J., Dijkstra M., van Dis H., et al. Early symptoms in the prodromal phase of delirium: a prospective cohort study in elderly patients undergoing hip surgery. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15 (2007) 112-121
26. Lawlor P.G., Gagnon B., Mancini I.L., et al. Occurrence, causes and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 786-794
27. Laurila J.V., Laakkonen M.-L., Strandberg T.E., Tilvis R.S., and Pitkala K.H. Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in a frail geriatric population. J Psychosom Res 65 (2008) 249-254
28. Trzepacz P., and Meagher D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of delirium. In: Yudofsky S., and Hales R. (Eds). American Psychiatric Association Textbook of Neuropsychiatry. 5th ed. (2007), American Psychiatric Publishing Press, Washington (DC) 445-517
29. Inouye S.K., Foreman M.D., Mion L.C., et al. Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms: comparison of nurse and researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med 161 (2001) 2467-2473
30. Trzepacz P.T., Mulsant B.H., Dew M.A., Pasternak R., Sweet R.A., and Zubenko G.S. Is delirium different when it occurs in dementia? A study using the Delirium Rating Scale. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 10 (1998) 199-204
31. McKeith I., Mintzer J., Aarsland D., Burn D., et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurol 3 (2004) 19-28
32. Meagher D, Leonard M. Active management of delirium across treatment settings. Adv Psychiatr Treat [in press].
33. Rudberg M.A., Pompei P., Foreman M.D., Ross R.E., and Cassel C.K. The natural history of delirium in older hospitalized patients: a syndrome of heterogeneity. Age Ageing 26 (1997) 169-174
34. Marcantonio E.R., Simon S.E., Bergmann M.A., Jones R.N., Murphy K.M., and Morris J.N. Delirium symptoms in post-acute care: prevalent, persistent, and associated with poor functional recovery. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 (2003) 4-9
35. Sylvestre M.P., McCusker J., Cole M., et al. Classification of patterns of delirium severity scores over time in an elderly population. Int Psychogeriatr 18 (2006) 667-680
36. Rockwood K., Cosway S., Carver D., et al. The risk of dementia and death after delirium. Age Ageing 28 (1999) 551-556
37. Rahkonen T., Luukkainen-Markkula R., Paanila S., Sivenius J., and Sulkava R. Delirium as a sign of undetected dementia among community dwelling elderly subjects: a 2 year follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 (2000) 519-521
38. Gruber-Baldini A.L., Zimmerman S., Morrison R.S., et al. Cognitive impairment in hip fracture patients: timing of detection and longitudinal follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 (2003) 1227-1236
39. Lundstrom M., Edlund A., Bucht G., Karlsson S., and Gustafson Y. Dementia after delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 51 (2003) 1002-1006
40. McNicoll L., Pisani M.A., Zhang Y., et al. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 (2003) 591-598
41. Trzepacz P.T., Baker R.W., and Greenhouse J. A symptom rating scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res 23 (1988) 89-97
42. Trzepacz P.T., Mittal D., Torres R., et al. Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98: comparison to the Delirium Rating Scale and Cognitive Test for Delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13 (2001) 229-242
43. Breitbart W., Rosenfeld B., Roth A., et al. The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 13 (1997) 128-137
44. Adamis D., et al. Recovery and outcome of delirium in elderly medical inpatients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 43 (2006) 289-298 (sort ref)
45. Wada Y., and Yamaguchi N. Delirium in the elderly: relationship of clinical symptoms to outcome. Dementia 4 (1993) 113-116
46. Liptzin B. What criteria should be used for the diagnosis of delirium?. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10 (1999) 364-367
47. Meagher D.J., O'Hanlon D., O'Mahony E., Casey P.R., and Trzepacz P.T. Relationship between symptoms and motoric subtype of delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12 (2000) 51-56
48. Ross C.A., Peyser C.E., Shapiro I., et al. Delirium: phenomenologic and etiologic subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr 3 (1991) 135-147
49. Meagher D.J., O'Hanlon D., O'Mahoney E., Casey P.R., and Trzepacz P.T. Relationship between etiology and phenomenological profile in delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 11 (1998) 146-149
50. Balan S., Leibowitz A., et al. The relation between the clinical subtypes of delirium and the urinary level of 6-SMT. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15 (2003) 363-366
51. Van der Cammen T.J.M., Tiemeier H., Engelhart M.J., and Fekkes D. Abnormal neurotransmitter metabolite levels in Alzheimer patients with a delirium. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21 (2006) 838-843
52. Meagher D.J., O'Hanlon D., O'Mahony E., et al. Use of environmental strategies and psychotropic medication in the management of delirium. Br J Psychiatry 168 (1996) 512-515
53. Breitbart W., Tremblay A., and Gibson C. An open trial of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Psychosomatics 43 (2002) 175-182
54. Liptzin B., and Levkoff S.E. An empirical study of delirium subtypes. Br J Psychiatry 161 (1992) 843-845
55. O'Keeffe S.T. Clinical subtypes of delirium in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10 (1999) 380-385
56. Kiely D.K., Jones R.N., Bergmann M.A., and Marcantonio E.R. Association between psychomotor activity delirium subtypes and mortality among newly admitted pstacute facility patients. J Gerontol 62A (2007) 174-179
57. Meagher D.J., Moran M., Raju B., Gibbons D., Donnelly S., Saunders J., and Trzepacz P.T. A new data-based motor subtype schema for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 20 (2008) 185-193
58. Levkoff S.E., Liptzin B., Cleary P., Wetle T., Evans D., Rowe J., and Lipsitz L. Subsyndromal delirium. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 4 (1996) 320-329
59. Cole M., McCusker J., Dendukuri N., and Han L. The prognostic significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 (2003) 754-760
60. Marcantonio E.R., Simon S.E., Orav E.J., et al. Outcomes of elders admitted to post-acute care facilities with delirium, subsyndromal delirium, or no delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 (2002) S168
61. Cole M.G., McCusker J., Ciampi A., and Dyachenko A. An exploratory study of diagnostic criteria for delirium in older medical inpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 19 (2007) 151-156