Harmful Ideas, The Structure and Consequences of Anti-Semitic Beliefs in Poland

Political Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 821-839

  Bilewicz, Michal ^a   Winiewski, Mikołaj ^a   Kofta, Mirosław ^a   Wójcik, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

Author keywords

Anti Semitism; Authoritarianism; Beliefs in Jewish conspiracy; Discrimination; Victimhood competition

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888365255     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12024     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Adorno, T. W. (1959). Was bedeutet: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit. In: T. W. Adorno, Gesammelte Schriften, Bd. 10.2, Frankfurt, Ger.: Suhrkamp.
2. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper and Row.
3. Allport, G. W., & Kramer, B. M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. Journal of Psychology, 22, 9-39.
4. Altemeyer, R. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
5. Andrzejewski, S. A., Hall, J. A., & Salib, E. R. (2009). Anti-Semitism and identification of Jewish group membership from photographs. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 47-58.
6. Bar-Tal, D., & Antebi, D. (1992). Siege mentality in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 251-275.
7. Becker, J. C., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Consequences of the 2008-financial crisis for intergroup relations: The role of perceived threat and causal attributions. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 871-885.
8. Bergmann, W. (2008). Anti-Semitic attitudes in Europe: A comparative perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 343-362.
9. Bergmann, W., & Erb, R. (2003). Anti-Semitism in the late 1990s. In R. Alba, P. Schmidt, & M. Wasmer (Eds.), Germans or foreigners? Attitudes toward ethnic minorities in post-unification Germany (pp. 163-186). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
10. Bilewicz, M., & Krzemiński, I. (2010). Anti-Semitism in Poland and Ukraine: The belief in Jewish control as a mechanism of scapegoating. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4, 234-243.
11. Bilewicz, M., & Wójcik, A. (2010). Does identification predict community involvement? Exploring consequences of social identification among the Jewish minority in Poland. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 72-79.
12. Billig, M. (2001). Humour and hatred: The racist jokes of the Ku Klux Klan. Discourse and Society, 12, 291-313.
13. Blobaum, R. (2005). Anti-Semitism and its opponents in modern Poland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
14. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Cohen, F., Jussim, L., Harber, K., & Bhasin, G. (2009). Modern anti-Semitism and anti-Israeli attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 290-306.
16. Cohn, N. (1967). Warrant for genocide: The myth of the Jewish world conspiracy and the Protocol of the Elders of Zion. New York and Evanston, IL: Harper & Row.
17. Czarnecki, G. (2007). Analogies of pre-war anti-Semitism and present-day homophobia in Poland. In R. Kuhar & J. Takacs (Eds.), Beyond the pink curtain. Everyday life of LGBT people in Eastern Europe (pp. 327-344). Ljublana: Mirovni Institute.
18. Datner, H. (1996). Struktura i wyznaczniki postaw antysemickich [Structure and antecedents of anti-Semitic attitudes]. In I. Krzeminski (Ed.), Czy Polacy sa antysemitami? [Are Poles anti-Semites?] (pp. 27-64). Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.
19. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Smoak, N., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009). The roles of implicit and explicit processes in contemporary prejudice. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 165-192). New York: Psychology Press.
20. Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41-113.
21. Dunbar, E., & Simonova, L. (2003) Individual difference and social status predictors of anti-Semitism and racism: US and Czech findings with the prejudice/tolerance and right wing authoritarianism scales. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 507-523.
22. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
23. Fein, H. (1987). The persisting question: Sociological perspectives and social contexts of modern anti-Semitism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
24. Fineberg, M., Samuels, S., & Weitzman M. (2007). Anti-Semitism: The generic hatred. London: Vallentine Mitchell.
25. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
26. Frindte, W. (2006). Inszenierter Anti-Semitismus: Eine Streitschrift, Wiesbaden: Vieweg.
27. Frindte, W., Wettig, S., & Wammetsberger, D. (2005). Old and new anti-Semitic attitudes in the context of authoritarianism and social dominance orientation-Two studies in Germany. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11, 239-266.
28. Gibson, J. L., & Howard, M. M. (2007). Russian anti-Semitism and the scapegoating of Jews. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 193-223.
29. Glassman, D. (1975), Anti-Semitic stereotypes without Jews: Images of the Jews in England 1290-1700. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
30. Glick, P. (2002). Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves' clothing: Envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews. In L. S. Newman & R. Erber (Eds.), Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust (pp. 113-142). New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15, 731-732.
32. Golec de Zavala, A., & Cichocka, A. (in press). Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations.
33. Gross, J. T. (2006). Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz. An essay in historical interpretation. New York: Random House.
34. Grzesiak-Feldman, M., & Irzycka, M. (2009) Right-wing authoritarianism and conspiracy thinking in a Polish sample. Psychological Reports, 105, 389-393.
35. Hewstone, M. (1989). Causal attribution: From cognitive processes to collective beliefs. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
36. Imhoff, R., & Banse, R. (2009). Ongoing victim suffering increases prejudice: The case of secondary anti-Semitism. Psychological Science, 20, 1443-1447.
37. Kaplan, E. H., & Small, C. A. (2006). Anti-Israel sentiment predicts anti-Semitism in Europe. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50, 548-561.
38. Kofta, M., & Sedek, M. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35, 40-64.
39. Koralewicz, K. (1987). Autorytaryzm, lek, konformizm [Authoritarianism, anxiety, and conformity]. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolinskich.
40. Kossowska, M., Bukowski, M., & van Hiel, A. (2008), The impact of submissive and dominant authoritarianism and negative emotions on prejudice. Personality & Individual Differences, 45, 744-749.
41. Krzeminski, I. (1993). Anti-Semitism in today's Poland. Patterns of Prejudice, 27, 127-135.
42. Krzeminski, I. (2002). Polish-Jewish relations, anti-Semitism and national identity. Polish Sociological Review, 1, 25-51.
43. Langmuir, G. L. (1990). History, religion, and anti-Semitism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Lasson, K. (2007). Defending truth: Legal and psychological aspects of holocaust denial. Current Psychology, 26, 223-266.
45. Lendvai, P. (1971). Anti-Semitism without Jews. London: Doubleday.
46. Marcus, K. L. (2009). Jurisprudence of the new anti-Semitism. Wake Forest Law Review, 33, 371-408.
47. Michlic, J. B. (2006). Poland's threatening other: The image of the Jew from 1880 to the present. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
48. Moscovici, S. (1987). The conspiracy mentality. In C. F. Graumann & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Changing conceptions of conspiracy (pp. 151-169). New York: Springer.
49. Noor, M., Brown, J. R., & Prentice, G. (2008). Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A new model. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 481-495.
50. Ostolski, A. (2005). Żydzi, geje i wojna cywilizacji [Jews, gays and the clash of civilizations], Op. cit., 23, 16-17.
51. Parsons, S., Simmons, W., Shinhoster, F., & Kilburn, J. (1999). A test of the grapevine: An empirical examination of conspiracy theories among African Americans. Sociological Spectrum, 19, 201-222.
52. Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U., van Dick, R., & Zick, A. (2008). Relative deprivation and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 385-401.
53. Quinley, H. E., & Glock, C. Y. (1983). Anti-Semitism in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
54. Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (1995). Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 437-448.
55. Schütz, H., & Six, B. (1996). How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta-analytic answer. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 441-462.
56. Selznick, G., & Steinberg, S. (1969). The tenacity of prejudice: Anti-Semitism in contemporary America. New York: Harper & Row.
57. Smolar, A. (1987). Jews as a Polish problem. Daedalus, 116, 31-73.
58. Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010). An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 434-449.
59. Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
60. Tokarska-Bakir, J. (2008). Legendy o krwi. Antropologia przesa{ogonek}du [Legends of blood. The anthropology of superstition]. Warszawa: W.A.B.
61. Wagner, U., Christ, O., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Prejudice and group related behavior in Germany. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 303-320.
62. Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.
63. Wistrich, R. S. (1992). Anti-Semitism: The longest hatred. London: Schocken.
64. Wistrich, R. S. (1999). The devil, the Jews and hatred of the "other." In R. S. Wistrich (Ed.), Demonizing the other. Amsterdam, Neth.: Harwood Academic.
65. Zawadzki, B. (1948). Limitations of the scapegoat theory of prejudice. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 127-141.
66. Zick, A., Küpper, B., & Heitmeyer, W. (2010). Prejudices and group-focused enmity: a socio-functional perspective. In A. Pelinka, K. Bischof, & K. Stögner (Eds.), Handbook of Prejudice (pp. 273-303). Amherst, New York: Cambria press.
67. Zukier, H. (1987). The conspirational imperative: Medieval Jewry in Western Europe. In C. F. Graumann & S. Moscovici (Eds.), Changing conceptions of conspiracy (pp. 87-103). New York: Springer.