메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 3-4, 1996, Pages 441-462

How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? a meta-analytic answer

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0030163665     PISSN: 01471767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0147-1767(96)00028-4     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (98)

References (83)
  • 3
    • 33646391331 scopus 로고
    • Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research
    • AJZEN, I., & FISHBEIN, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.
    • (1977) Psychological Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 888-918
    • Ajzen, I.1    Fishbein, M.2
  • 6
    • 85050709654 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes, norms and interracial behavior in São Paulo, Brazil
    • BASTIDE, R., & VAN DEN BERGHE, P. (1957). Stereotypes, norms and interracial behavior in São Paulo, Brazil. American Sociological Review, 22, 689-694.
    • (1957) American Sociological Review , vol.22 , pp. 689-694
    • Bastide, R.1    Van Den Berghe, P.2
  • 8
  • 11
    • 0015596517 scopus 로고
    • Ingroup norms and self-identity as determinants of discriminatory behavior
    • BOYANOWSKI, E. O., & ALLEN, V. L. (1973). Ingroup norms and self-identity as determinants of discriminatory behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 408-418.
    • (1973) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 408-418
    • Boyanowski, E.O.1    Allen, V.L.2
  • 12
  • 14
    • 0011635537 scopus 로고
    • The prediction of behavior from two attitude scales
    • BRAY, D. W. (1950). The prediction of behavior from two attitude scales. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45, 64-84.
    • (1950) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 64-84
    • Bray, D.W.1
  • 15
    • 0000423555 scopus 로고
    • The social psychology of prejudice: Getting it all together
    • M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • BREWER, M. B. (1994). The social psychology of prejudice: Getting it all together. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 315-329). Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1994) The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium , vol.7 , pp. 315-329
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 17
    • 85055759711 scopus 로고
    • Racial stereotypes, attitudes, evaluations of and behavioral intentions toward Negroes and Whites
    • BRIGHAM, J. C. (1971b). Racial stereotypes, attitudes, evaluations of and behavioral intentions toward Negroes and Whites. Sociometry, 34, 360-380.
    • (1971) Sociometry , vol.34 , pp. 360-380
    • Brigham, J.C.1
  • 19
    • 0000131340 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between authoritarian attitudes, attitudes toward mental patients and effectiveness of clinical work with mental patients
    • CANTER, F. M. (1963). The relationship between authoritarian attitudes, attitudes toward mental patients and effectiveness of clinical work with mental patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 124-127.
    • (1963) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 124-127
    • Canter, F.M.1
  • 21
    • 0001750599 scopus 로고
    • Recent unobtrusive studies of black and white discrimination and prejudice: A literature review
    • CROSBY, F., BROMLEY, S., & SAXE, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of black and white discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546-563.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.87 , pp. 546-563
    • Crosby, F.1    Bromley, S.2    Saxe, L.3
  • 22
    • 84984158123 scopus 로고
    • Verbal attitudes and overt acts: An experiment on the salience of attitudes
    • DEFLEUR, M. L., & WESTIE, F. R. (1958). Verbal attitudes and overt acts: An experiment on the salience of attitudes. American Sociological Review, 23, 667-673.
    • (1958) American Sociological Review , vol.23 , pp. 667-673
    • Defleur, M.L.1    Westie, F.R.2
  • 23
    • 85055761983 scopus 로고
    • Verbal attitudes, overt acts, and the influence of social constraint in interracial behavior
    • DEFRIESE, G. H., & FORD, W. S. (1969). Verbal attitudes, overt acts, and the influence of social constraint in interracial behavior. Social Problems, 16, 493-505.
    • (1969) Social Problems , vol.16 , pp. 493-505
    • Defriese, G.H.1    Ford, W.S.2
  • 27
    • 21344493998 scopus 로고
    • Right-wing authoritarianism among white South African students: Its measurement and correlates
    • DUCKITT, J. (1993b). Right-wing authoritarianism among white South African students: Its measurement and correlates. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 553-563.
    • (1993) The Journal of Social Psychology , vol.133 , pp. 553-563
    • Duckitt, J.1
  • 30
    • 0014185463 scopus 로고
    • Perceived reference group support: Racial attitudes and overt behavior
    • FENDRICH, J. M. (1967a). Perceived reference group support: Racial attitudes and overt behavior. American Sociological Review, 32, 960-970.
    • (1967) American Sociological Review , vol.32 , pp. 960-970
    • Fendrich, J.M.1
  • 31
    • 0011698014 scopus 로고
    • A study of the association among verbal attitudes, commitment and overt behavior in different experimental situations
    • FENDRICH, J. M. (1967b). A study of the association among verbal attitudes, commitment and overt behavior in different experimental situations. Social Forces, 45, 347-355.
    • (1967) Social Forces , vol.45 , pp. 347-355
    • Fendrich, J.M.1
  • 33
    • 0015652858 scopus 로고
    • Physical aggression as a function of racial prejudice and the race of the target
    • GENTHER, R. W., & TAYLOR, S. P. (1973). Physical aggression as a function of racial prejudice and the race of the target. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 207-210.
    • (1973) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 207-210
    • Genther, R.W.1    Taylor, S.P.2
  • 35
    • 0011573456 scopus 로고
    • Attitudinal and situational determinants of intended behavior toward blacks
    • GREEN, J. A. (1972). Attitudinal and situational determinants of intended behavior toward blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 13-17.
    • (1972) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 13-17
    • Green, J.A.1
  • 36
    • 0011636918 scopus 로고
    • A psychological perspective interpretation of the attitude - Behavior relationship
    • HARKINS, S. G., & BECKER, L. A. (1979). A psychological perspective interpretation of the attitude - behavior relationship. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 197-208.
    • (1979) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 197-208
    • Harkins, S.G.1    Becker, L.A.2
  • 38
    • 0041888118 scopus 로고
    • Dichotomization of continuous variables: The implications for meta-analysis
    • HUNTER, J. E., & SCHMIDT, F. L. (1990). Dichotomization of continuous variables: The implications for meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 334-349.
    • (1990) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 334-349
    • Hunter, J.E.1    Schmidt, F.L.2
  • 39
    • 6144284410 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model
    • ISLAM, M. R., & HEWSTONE, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700-710.
    • (1993) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.19 , pp. 700-710
    • Islam, M.R.1    Hewstone, M.2
  • 40
    • 0014125897 scopus 로고
    • Ethnocentric dogmatism and binocular fusion of sexually and racially discrepant stimuli
    • IVERSON, M. A., & SCHWAB, H. G. (1967). Ethnocentric dogmatism and binocular fusion of sexually and racially discrepant stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 73-81.
    • (1967) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 73-81
    • Iverson, M.A.1    Schwab, H.G.2
  • 41
    • 84925897881 scopus 로고
    • The relation between verbal attitude and overt behavior: A public opinion application
    • JACKMAN, M. R. (1976). The relation between verbal attitude and overt behavior: A public opinion application. Social Forces, 54, 646-668.
    • (1976) Social Forces , vol.54 , pp. 646-668
    • Jackman, M.R.1
  • 42
    • 0011639731 scopus 로고
    • Racism: A cultural analysis of the problem
    • J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.). San Diego: Academic Press
    • JONES, J. M. (1986). Racism: A cultural analysis of the problem. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 279-314). San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , pp. 279-314
    • Jones, J.M.1
  • 43
    • 84976985191 scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of four attitude assessment techniques in predicting a criterion
    • KAMENETSKY, J., BURGESS, G. G., & ROWAN, T. (1956). The relative effectiveness of four attitude assessment techniques in predicting a criterion. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 16, 187-194.
    • (1956) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.16 , pp. 187-194
    • Kamenetsky, J.1    Burgess, G.G.2    Rowan, T.3
  • 45
    • 85050838608 scopus 로고
    • Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension of ethnic attitudes
    • KLEINPENNING, G., & HAGENDOORN, L. (1993). Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension of ethnic attitudes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56, 21-36.
    • (1993) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.56 , pp. 21-36
    • Kleinpenning, G.1    Hagendoorn, L.2
  • 46
    • 84963025676 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes vs. Actions
    • LAPIERE, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-237.
    • (1934) Social Forces , vol.13 , pp. 230-237
    • Lapiere, R.T.1
  • 49
    • 0011571383 scopus 로고
    • Verbal attitudes and overt behavior: A study of racial discrimination
    • LINN, L. S. (1965). Verbal attitudes and overt behavior: A study of racial discrimination. Social Forces, 43, 353-364.
    • (1965) Social Forces , vol.43 , pp. 353-364
    • Linn, L.S.1
  • 51
    • 84925889915 scopus 로고
    • Relation of racial attitudes to sociometric choices among second grade children
    • MABE, P. A., & WILLIAMS, J. E. (1975). Relation of racial attitudes to sociometric choices among second grade children. Psychological Reports, 37, 547-554.
    • (1975) Psychological Reports , vol.37 , pp. 547-554
    • Mabe, P.A.1    Williams, J.E.2
  • 53
    • 0000648582 scopus 로고
    • Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effect of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions
    • McCONAHAY, J. B. (1983). Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effect of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 551-558.
    • (1983) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.9 , pp. 551-558
    • McConahay, J.B.1
  • 54
    • 0002114837 scopus 로고
    • Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale
    • J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.). San Diego: Academic Press
    • McCONAHAY, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , pp. 91-125
    • McConahay, J.B.1
  • 55
    • 0000225960 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and attitude change
    • G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.). New York: Random House
    • McGUIRE, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House.
    • (1985) Handbook of Social Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 233-346
    • McGuire, W.J.1
  • 56
    • 85056009213 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of racial prejudice
    • MANN, J. H. (1959). The relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of racial prejudice. Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 223-228.
    • (1959) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 223-228
    • Mann, J.H.1
  • 58
    • 84991133451 scopus 로고
    • Prejudice, ethnic identity, contact and ethnic group preferences among Dutch young adolescents
    • MASSON, C. N., & VERKUYTEN, M. (1993). Prejudice, ethnic identity, contact and ethnic group preferences among Dutch young adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 156-168.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 156-168
    • Masson, C.N.1    Verkuyten, M.2
  • 60
    • 0011573691 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between actions and attitudes in a South African setting
    • MELAMED, L. (1970). The relationship between actions and attitudes in a South African setting. South African Journal of Psychology, 1, 19-23.
    • (1970) South African Journal of Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 19-23
    • Melamed, L.1
  • 61
    • 0002437539 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and the American creed
    • R. M. MacIver (Ed.). New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies
    • MERTON, R. K. (1949). Discrimination and the American creed. In R. M. MacIver (Ed.), Discrimination and National Welfare (pp. 99-126). New York: Institute for Religious and Social Studies.
    • (1949) Discrimination and National Welfare , pp. 99-126
    • Merton, R.K.1
  • 63
    • 0011687966 scopus 로고
    • Predicting behavior in a social influence-situation from attitude-scale measures of prejudice
    • MONTGOMERY, R. L., & ENZIE, R. F. (1973). Predicting behavior in a social influence-situation from attitude-scale measures of prejudice. Psychological Reports, 32, 235-240.
    • (1973) Psychological Reports , vol.32 , pp. 235-240
    • Montgomery, R.L.1    Enzie, R.F.2
  • 64
    • 0015631663 scopus 로고
    • Belief similarity and interracial attraction
    • MOSS, M. K., & ANDRASIK, F. (1973). Belief similarity and interracial attraction. Journal of Personality, 41, 192-205.
    • (1973) Journal of Personality , vol.41 , pp. 192-205
    • Moss, M.K.1    Andrasik, F.2
  • 66
    • 84925922902 scopus 로고
    • Racial preferences among South African white and black preschool children
    • PRESS, L., BURT, I., & BARLING, J. (1979). Racial preferences among South African white and black preschool children. The Journal of Social Psychology, 107, 125-126.
    • (1979) The Journal of Social Psychology , vol.107 , pp. 125-126
    • Press, L.1    Burt, I.2    Barling, J.3
  • 67
    • 84977287610 scopus 로고
    • The time interval in the intention-behaviour relationship: Meta-analysis
    • RANDALL, D. M., & WOLFF, J. A. (1994). The time interval in the intention-behaviour relationship: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 405-418.
    • (1994) British Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 405-418
    • Randall, D.M.1    Wolff, J.A.2
  • 68
    • 0014254929 scopus 로고
    • Isolation, powerlessness, and violence: A study of attitudes and participation in the Watts Riot
    • RANSFORD, H. E. (1968). Isolation, powerlessness, and violence: A study of attitudes and participation in the Watts Riot. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 581-591.
    • (1968) American Journal of Sociology , vol.73 , pp. 581-591
    • Ransford, H.E.1
  • 70
    • 0011575046 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of biased and non-biased whites toward blacks in a simulated interaction
    • SAPPINGTON, A. A. (1974). Behavior of biased and non-biased whites toward blacks in a simulated interaction. Psychological Reports, 35, 487-493.
    • (1974) Psychological Reports , vol.35 , pp. 487-493
    • Sappington, A.A.1
  • 72
    • 0011577262 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between verbal expressions of behavioral intention and overt behavior
    • SILVERMAN, B. I., & COCHRANE, R. (1971). The relationship between verbal expressions of behavioral intention and overt behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 84, 51-56.
    • (1971) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 51-56
    • Silverman, B.I.1    Cochrane, R.2
  • 74
    • 0011571384 scopus 로고
    • Verbal conditioning as a function of race of the experimenter and prejudice of the subject
    • SMITH, E. W. L., & DIXON, T. R. (1968). Verbal conditioning as a function of race of the experimenter and prejudice of the subject. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 285-301.
    • (1968) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 285-301
    • Smith, E.W.L.1    Dixon, T.R.2
  • 75
    • 84995123567 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes and behavior toward hippies: A field experiment accompanied by home interviews
    • STEFFENSMEIER, R. H., & STEFFENSMEIER, D. J. (1975). Attitudes and behavior toward hippies: A field experiment accompanied by home interviews. Sociological Quarterly, 16, 393-400.
    • (1975) Sociological Quarterly , vol.16 , pp. 393-400
    • Steffensmeier, R.H.1    Steffensmeier, D.J.2
  • 76
    • 84934563793 scopus 로고
    • The response of men to affirmative action strategies for women: The study of a predictive model
    • TOUGAS, F., & VEILLEUX, F. (1990). The response of men to affirmative action strategies for women: The study of a predictive model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 22, 424-432.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.22 , pp. 424-432
    • Tougas, F.1    Veilleux, F.2
  • 77
    • 84964127682 scopus 로고
    • Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study
    • WAGNER, U., HEWSTONE, M., & MACHLEIT, U. (1989). Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study. Human Relations, 42, 561-574.
    • (1989) Human Relations , vol.42 , pp. 561-574
    • Wagner, U.1    Hewstone, M.2    Machleit, U.3
  • 78
    • 0014496961 scopus 로고
    • Attitude as an interactional concept: Social constraint and social distance as intervening variables between attitudes and action
    • WARNER, L. G., & DEFLEUR, M. L. (1969). Attitude as an interactional concept: Social constraint and social distance as intervening variables between attitudes and action. American Sociological Review, 34, 153-169.
    • (1969) American Sociological Review , vol.34 , pp. 153-169
    • Warner, L.G.1    Defleur, M.L.2
  • 79
    • 0015416348 scopus 로고
    • Attitude, voice, and behavior: A repressed affect model of interracial interaction
    • WEITZ, S. (1972). Attitude, voice, and behavior: A repressed affect model of interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 14-21.
    • (1972) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 14-21
    • Weitz, S.1
  • 80
    • 34247980882 scopus 로고
    • Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects
    • WICKER, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.
    • (1969) Journal of Social Issues , vol.25 , pp. 41-78
    • Wicker, A.W.1
  • 81
    • 0001394664 scopus 로고
    • Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism and prejudice
    • WYLIE, L., & FOREST, J. (1992). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism and prejudice. Psychological Reports, 71, 1291-1298.
    • (1992) Psychological Reports , vol.71 , pp. 1291-1298
    • Wylie, L.1    Forest, J.2
  • 82
    • 0011571385 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic identity and prosocial attitudes
    • ZALESKI, Z. (1992). Ethnic identity and prosocial attitudes. Journal of Psychology, 126, 651-659.
    • (1992) Journal of Psychology , vol.126 , pp. 651-659
    • Zaleski, Z.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.