The location of international practices: What is human rights practice?

Review of International Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 969-992

  Karp, David Jason ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888313706     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210512000332     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Theodore R. Schatzki, Karin Knorr Cetina, and Eike von Savigny (eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory (London: Routledge, 2001).
2. Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot, 'International Practices', International Theory, 3:1 (2011), pp. 1-35.
3. Chris Brown mentioned this example in the panel on 'Middle Ground Ethics in International Relations' at the SGIR 7th Pan-European Conference on IR, Stockholm, Sweden (10 September 2010).
4. John Rawls, 'Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory', Journal of Philosophy, 77:9 (1980), pp. 515-72.
5. See also Aaron James, 'Constructing Justice for Existing Practice: Rawls and the Status Quo', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 33:3 (2005), pp. 281-316.
6. Vincent Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities', International Organization, 62:2 (2008), pp. 257-88
7. Adler and Pouliot, 'International Practices'.
8. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality'.
9. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples with 'The Idea of Public Reason Revisited' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999)
10. Charles R. Beitz, 'Human Rights and the Law of Peoples', in Deen K. Chatterjee (ed.), The Ethics of Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 102-24
11. Charles R. Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
12. Joseph Raz, 'Human Rights Without Foundations', in Samantha Besson and John Tasioulas (eds), The Philosophy of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 321-37.
13. Michael Oakeshott, On Human Conduct (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975)
14. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)
15. Terry Nardin, Law, Morality, and the Relations of States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983)
16. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (2nd edn, London: Duckworth, 1985)
17. John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (London: Penguin, 1995)
18. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley, 3 vols (London: Vintage, 1988-90)
19. Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 35
20. Alasdair MacIntyre, 'Social Structures and Their Threats to Moral Agency', Philosophy, 74. (1999), pp. 311-29
21. Stefano Guzzini, 'A Reconstruction of Constructivism in International Relations', European Journal of International Relations, 6:2 (2000), pp. 147-82
22. Schatzki, Cetina, and von Savigny (eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory
23. Iver B. Neumann, 'Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy', Millennium, 31:3 (2002), pp. 627-51
24. Emanuel Adler, 'The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint and NATO's Post Cold War Transformation', European Journal of International Relations, 14:2 (2008), pp. 195-230
25. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality'
26. Ted Hopf, 'The Logic of Habit in International Relations', European Journal of International Relations, 16:4 (2010), pp. 539-61
27. Cornelia Navari, 'The Concept of Practice in the English School', European Journal of International Relations, 17:4 (2011), pp. 611-30.
28. Adler, 'The Spread of Security Communities'
29. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality'
30. Adler and Pouliot, 'International Practices'
31. Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot (eds), International Practices (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
32. Adler and Pouliot, 'International Practices', pp. 4-5.
33. Rawls says: 'I use the word "practice". as a sort of technical term meaning any form of activity specified by a system of rules which defines offices, roles, moves, penalties, defenses, and so on, and which gives the activity its structure.' John Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules', The Philosophical Review, 64:1 (1955), p. 3, fn. 1.
34. See also Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights, p. 105.
35. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality'.
36. Adler and Pouliot, 'International Practices'.
37. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality'.
38. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989), chap. 2
39. James G.March and Johan P. Olsen, 'The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders', International Organization, 52:4 (1998), pp. 943-69, pp. 949-54.
40. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality', pp. 260-65
41. Hopf, 'The Logic of Habit', pp. 549-51.
42. Surgeons especially can only be fully trained through practice 'practising' medicine is a common expression.
43. Pouliot, 'The Logic of Practicality', pp. 265-78.
44. This list reflects that various narrower practices can be clustered inside of wider ones.
45. Immanuel Kant, 'An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?', in Mary J. Gregor (ed.), Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 [orig. pub.1784]), pp. 17-22
46. MacIntyre, 'Social Structures and Their Threats to Moral Agency'.
47. Saladin Meckled-Garcia, 'Do Transnational Economic Effects Violate Human Rights?', Ethics & Global Politics, 2:3 (2009), pp. 259-76.
48. Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), chap. 3. According to the 'value method', which I define and explain below - and which partly captures Berlin's own project - multiple practices might advance the same value. For example, redistribution through taxes in a capitalist liberal-democracy, on the one hand, and socialism, on the other, might both be thought of as ways to advance the value of positive liberty in practice.
49. Adler and Pouliot, 'International Practices', p. 6.
50. Alexander Wendt, 'On Constitution and Causation in International Relations', Review of International Studies, 24:5 (1998), pp. 101-18.
51. I also discuss the relationships between practices and their normativity in David Jason Karp, 'Facts and Values in Politics and Searle's Construction of Social Reality', Contemporary Political Theory, 8:2 (2009), pp. 152-75.
52. In this sentence, by 'practice', I mean doing things in the world, perhaps in a non-reflexive way that is formed by experience or habit, and by 'a specific practice', I mean patterned human activity with recognised social meaning and often (though not necessarily) a distinct label.
53. Ole Jacob Sending, 'Constitution, Choice and Change: Problems with the "Logic of Appropriateness" and its Use in Constructivist Theory', European Journal of International Relations, 8:4 (2002), pp. 443-70.
54. MacIntyre, 'Social Structures and Their Threats to Moral Agency'.
55. Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights, pp. 13-47.
56. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997 [orig. pub. 1961]), pp. 78-123.
57. Beth A. Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
58. Steven R. Ratner, 'Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility', Yale Law Journal, 111:3 (2001), pp. 443-545
59. Philip Alston (ed.), Non-State Actors and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
60. Andrew Clapham, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
61. John G. Ruggie, Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights, A/HRC/8/5, Human Rights Council, UN General Assembly, 8th session (New York: United Nations, 2008), available at: {http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ bodies/hrcouncil/8session/reports.htm} accessed 28 January 2011.
62. Susan E. Babbitt, 'The Construction of Social Reality, John R. Searle', The Philosophical Review, 106:4 (1997), pp. 608-10
63. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 178.
64. A. John Simmons, Moral Principles and Political Obligations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 57-100.
65. Chris Brown, 'Universal Human Rights: A Critique', in Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 103-27.
66. Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), pp. 94-8.
67. Quentin Skinner, 'Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas', History and Theory, 8:1 (1969), pp. 3-53
68. J. G. A. Pocock, Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
69. See also Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell L. Hanson (eds), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
70. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, 'International Norm Dynamics and Political Change', International Organization, 52:4 (1998), pp. 887-917
71. Keck and Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders
72. Thomas Risse, '"Let's Argue!": Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization, 54:1 (2000), pp. 1-39.
73. Michael Barnett, 'Humanitarianism Transformed', Perspectives on Politics, 3:4 (2005), pp. 723-40.
74. Stephen Hopgood, Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
75. Jan Herman Burgers, 'The Road to San Francisco: The Revival of the Human Rights Idea in the Twentieth Century', Human Rights Quarterly, 14:4 (1992), pp. 464-70
76. Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (2nd edn, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), pp. 135-65.
77. UNESCO (ed.), Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949).
78. Patrick T. Jackson, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations (New York: Routledge, 2011).
79. Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Hutchinson, 1959).
80. Kathryn Sikkink, 'The Role of Consequences, Comparison and Counterfactuals in Constructivist Ethical Thought', in Richard Price (ed.), Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 90-1.
81. Karp, 'Facts and Values in Politics'.
82. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (London: Fontana, 1986), pp. 45-86.
83. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, chap. 3.
84. See Dworkin, Law's Empire, pp. 176-244
85. Ronald Dworkin, 'Do Liberal Values Conflict?', in Mark Lilla, Ronald Dworkin, and Robert B. Silvers (eds), The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin (New York: New York Review of Books, 2001), pp. 73-90.
86. See also Jeremy Waldron, 'Security and Liberty: The Image of Balance', Journal of Political Philosophy, 11:2 (2003), pp. 191-210
87. Jeremy Waldron, 'Safety and Security', Nebraska Law Review, 85:2 (2011), pp. 454-507.
88. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London: Duckworth, 1977)
89. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)
90. James Griffin, On Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
91. Jeremy Waldron, Liberal Rights: Collected Papers 1981-1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
92. Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007).
93. G. A. Cohen, 'Facts and Principles', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 31:3 (2003), pp. 211-45.
94. See also Andrea Sangiovanni, 'Justice and the Priority of Politics to Morality', Journal of Political Philosophy, 16:2 (2008), pp. 137-64
95. Laura Valentini, 'Global Justice and Practice-Dependence: Conventionalism, Institutionalism, Functionalism', Journal of Political Philosophy, 19:4 (2011), pp. 399-418.
96. Philippa Foot, 'Moral Arguments', Mind, 67 (1958), pp. 502-13
97. Philippa Foot, 'Moral Beliefs', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 59 (1958-9), pp. 83-104.
98. Rawls, 'Kantian Constructivism'.
99. See also Brian M. Barry, Justice as Impartiality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
100. Onora O'Neill, Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
101. James, 'Constructing Justice for Existing Practice'
102. Saladin Meckled-Garcia, 'On the Very Idea of Cosmopolitan Justice: Constructivism and International Agency', Journal of Political Philosophy, 16:3 (2008), pp. 245-71.
103. Rawls, 'Kantian Constructivism', p. 516.
104. James, 'Constructing Justice for Existing Practice', p. 282.
105. Renee Jeffery, 'Reason, Emotion, and the Problem of World Poverty: Moral Sentiment Theory and International Ethics', International Theory, 3:1 (2011), p. 150.
106. Richard Price, 'Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics', International Organization, 62:2 (2008), pp. 191-220.
107. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy, 2 vols (Cambridge: Polity, 1986).
108. See also Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 1992)
109. Risse, '"Let's Argue!"'
110. Neta Crawford, Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization and Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
111. Markus Kornprobst, 'Argumentation and Compromise: Ireland's Selection of the Territorial Status Quo Norm', International Organization, 61:1 (2007), pp. 69-98.
112. Plato, The Republic, trans. Desmond Lee (London: Penguin, 1974).
113. Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules'
114. Oakeshott, On Human Conduct
115. Nardin, Law, Morality, and the Relations of States.
116. ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001)
117. see also Christian Reus-Smit, 'Human Rights and the Social Construction of Sovereignty', Review of International Studies, 27:4 (2001), pp. 519-38.
118. Rawls, Law of Peoples, pp. 78-81
119. Beitz, 'Human Rights and the Law of Peoples'
120. Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights
121. Raz, 'Human Rights Without Foundations'.
122. See also Henry Shue, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 29-34
123. Jack Donnelly, 'Human Rights: A New Standard of Civilization?', International Affairs, 74:1 (1998), pp. 1-23
124. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice (2nd edn, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 57-70
125. Reus-Smit, 'Human Rights and the Social Construction of Sovereignty'
126. Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)
127. James W. Nickel, Making Sense of Human Rights (2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), pp. 38-41 and 70-91.
128. James Pattison, 'Outsourcing the Responsibility to Protect: Humanitarian Intervention and Private Military and Security Companies', International Theory, 2:1 (2010), pp. 1-31
129. Rita Abrahamsen and Michael C. Williams, Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
130. Oakeshott, On Human Conduct
131. Nardin, Law, Morality, and the Relations of States
132. David Jason Karp, 'The Utopia and Reality of Sovereignty: Social Reality, Normative IR and "Organized Hypocrisy" ', Review of International Studies, 34:2 (2008), pp. 313-35.
133. Rawls, Law of Peoples
134. Beitz, 'Human Rights and the Law of Peoples'
135. Beitz, The Idea of Human Rights
136. Raz, 'Human Rights Without Foundations'.
137. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1968), pp. 267-302.
138. UNESCO (ed.), Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations.
139. Onora O'Neill, 'Agents of Justice', Metaphilosophy, 32:1/2 (2001), pp. 184-5
140. Saskia Sassen, Authority, Territory, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (updated edn, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 277-321
141. Patrick Hayden, 'From Exclusion to Containment: Arendt, Sovereign Power, and Statelessness', Societies Without Borders, 3:2 (2008), pp. 248-69.
142. Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 210-50
143. A. W. Brian Simpson, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
144. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994).
145. Max Weber, 'Politics as a Vocation', in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), pp. 77-128.
146. Donnelly, Universal Human Rights, pp. 57-70.
147. Robert E. Goodin, 'What is So Special about Our Fellow Countrymen?', Ethics, 98:4 (1988), pp. 663-86
148. Henry Shue, 'Mediating Duties', Ethics, 98:4 (1988), pp. 687-704
149. O'Neill, 'Agents of Justice'
150. Christian Barry, 'Global Justice: Aims, Arrangements, and Responsibilities', in Toni Erskine (ed.), Can Institutions Have Responsibilities? Collective Moral Agency and International Relations, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 230-31
151. Leif Wenar, 'Responsibility and Severe Poverty', in Thomas Pogge (ed.), Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right: Who Owes What to the Very Poor? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 255-74.
152. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 1977)
153. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995)
154. Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp. 38-9
155. Allen Buchanan, 'Rawls's Law of Peoples: Rules for a Vanished Westphalian World', Ethics, 110:4 (2000), pp. 697-721
156. Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (Cambridge: Polity, 2002), pp. 59-63.
157. David Jason Karp, Responsibility for Human Rights: Transnational Corporations, Principle and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
158. Jackson, Quasi-States
159. Peter B. Evans, 'The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization', World Politics, 50:1 (1997), pp. 62-87
160. Toni Erskine, 'Assigning Responsibilities to Institutional Moral Agents: The Case of States and Quasi-States', in Toni Erskine (ed.), Can Institutions Have Responsibilities?, pp. 19-40.
161. Abrahamsen and Williams, Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics.
162. See also Andrew Clapham, Human Rights in the Private Sphere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
163. Clapham, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
164. Simon Chesterman and Angela Fisher (eds), Private Security, Public Order: The Outsourcing of Public Services and its Limits (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
165. Charles Tilly, 'War Making and State Making as Organized Crime', in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 169-91
166. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, 'From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies', in Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 33-59
167. Elke Krahmann, 'Security: Collective Good or Commodity?', European Journal of International Relations, 14:3 (2008), pp. 379-404.
168. Robert Cox, 'States, Social Forces and World Orders', Millennium, 10:2 (1981), pp. 126-55.