Antiviral therapy for "difficult-to-treat" hepatitis C virus-infected patients

Chinese Medical Journal

Volumn 126, Issue 23, 2013, Pages 4568-4574

  Kanda, Tatsuo ^a   Yokosuka, Osamu ^a   Omata, Masao ^b,c  

^a CHIBA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b Department of Gastroenterology   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Advanced cirrhosis; Direct antiviral agents; Elderly; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Interferon free treatment; Liver transplant

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BOCEPREVIR; DACLATASVIR; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; RIBAVIRIN; SOFOSBUVIR; TELAPREVIR;

AGE; ANEMIA; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; GENOTYPE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER GRAFT; MIXED INFECTION; RASH; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS;

EID: 84888210472     PISSN: 03666999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131127     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1997; 26 (3 Suppl 1): 34S-38S.
2. El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 1264-1273.
3. Van der Meer AJ, Veldt BJ, Feld JJ, Wedemeyer H, Dufour JF, Lammert F, et al. Association between sustained virological response and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced hepatic fibrosis. JAMA 2012; 308: 2584-2593.
4. McHutchison JG, Manns MP, Muir AJ, Terrault NA, Jacobson IM, Afdhal NH, et al. Telaprevir for previously treated chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1292-1303.
5. Jacobson IM, McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Di Bisceglie AM, Reddy KR, Bzowej NH, et al. Telaprevir for previously untreated chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2011, 364: 2405-2416.
6. Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, Lawitz E, Diago M, Roberts S, et al. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2417-2428.
7. Sherman KE, Flamm SL, Afdhal NH, Nelson DR, Sulkowski MS, Everson GT, et al. Response-guided telaprevir combination treatment for hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1014-1024.
8. Poordad F, McCone J Jr, Bacon BR, Bruno S, Manns MP, Sulkowski MS, et al. Boceprevir for untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1195-1206.
9. Bacon BR, Gordon SC, Lawitz E, Marcellin P, Vierling JM, Zeuzem S, et al. Boceprevir for previously treated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1207-1217.
10. Kumada H, Toyoda J, Okanoue T, Chayama K, Tsubouchi H, Hayashi N. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for treatment-naive patients chronically infected with HCV of genotype 1 in Japan. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 78-84.
11. Kanda T, Imazeki F, Yokosuka O. New antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Int 2010; 4: 548-561.
12. Omata M, Kanda T, Yu ML, Yokosuka O, Lim SG, Jafri W, et al. APASL consensus statements and management algorithms for hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatol Int 2012; 6: 409-435.
13. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Omata M. Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the future. Clin Transl Med 2013; 2: 9.
14. Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, Nakatani S, Morimoto H, Takeda T, Nakajima S, et al. Randomised trial of effects of interferon-alpha on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic active hepatitis C with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346: 1051-1055.
15. Yoshida H, Shiratori Y, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, Ide T, Sata M, et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis by interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131: 174-181.
16. Shiratori Y, Imazeki F, Moriyama M, Yano M, Arakawa Y, Yokosuka O, et al. Histologic improvement of fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C who have sustained response to interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 517-524.
17. Yoshida H, Tateishi R, Arakawa Y, Sata M, Fujiyama S, Nishiguchi S, et al. Benefit of interferon therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma prevention for individual patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2004; 53: 425-230.
18. Lok AS, Seef LB, Morgan TR, Di Bisceglie AM, Sterling RK, Curto TM, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated risk factors in hepatitis C-related advanced liver disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 138-148.
19. Di Bisceglie AM, Shiffman ML, Everson GT, Lindsay KL, Everhart JE, Wright EC, et al. Prolonged therapy of advanced chronic hepatitis C with low-dose peginterferon. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2429-2441.
20. Lok AS, Everhart JE, Wright EC, Di Bisceglie AM, Kim HY, Sterling RK, et al. Maintenance peginterferon therapy and other factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 840-849.
21. Basu A, Meyer K, Ray RB, Ray R. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates the interferon-induced transacting factors of Jak/Stat signaling pathway but does not affect the activation of downstream IRF-1 or 561 gene. Virology 2001; 288: 379-390.
22. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Omata M. Interferons in clinical trials. In Omata M, Kanda T, eds. Emerging therapeutic options for hepatitis C. London, UK: Future Medicine e-Book; 2013: 7-18.
23. Sidwell R, Huffman JH, Khare L, Allen LB, Witlowski JT, Robins RK. Broad-spectrum activity of virazole: 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Science 1972; 117: 705-706.
24. Kakumu S, Yoshioka K, Wakita T, Ishikawa T, Takayanagi M, Higashi Y. A pilot study of ribavirin and interferon beta for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 507-512.
25. Crotty S, Maag D, Arnold JJ, Zhong W, Lau JY, Hong Z, et al. The broad-spectrum antiviral ribonucleoside ribavirin is an RNA virus mutagen. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1375-1379.
26. Contreras AM, Hiasa Y, He W, Terella A, Schmidt EV, Chung RT. Viral RNA mutations are region specific and increased by ribavirin in a full-length hepatitis C virus replication system. J Virol 2002; 76: 8505-8517.
27. Tanabe Y, Sakamoto N, Enomoto N, Kurosaki M, Ueda E, Maekawa S, et al. Synergic inhibition of intracellular hepatitis C virus replication by combination of ribavirin and interferon-alpha. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1129-1139.
28. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, Tanaka M, Shino Y, Shimada H, et al. Inhibition of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNA in Huh-7 cells: ribavirin induces mutagenesis in HCV RNA. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11: 479-487.
29. Maag D, Castro C, Hong Z, Cameron CE. Hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) as a mediator of the antiviral activity of ribavirin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 46094-46098.
30. Zhou S, Liu R, Baroudy BM, Malcolm BA, Reyes GR. The effect of ribavirin and IMPDH inhibitors on hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon RNA. Virology 2003; 310: 332-342.
31. Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Ge D, Gumbs CE, Urban TJ, Shinna KV, et al. ITPA gene variants protect against anemia in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C. Nature 2010; 464: 405-408.
32. Tam RC, Pai B, Bard J, Lim C, Averett DR, Phan UT, et al. Ribavirin polarizes human T cell responses toward a Type 1 cytokine profile. J Hepatol 1999; 30: 376-382.
33. Zhang Y, Jamaluddin M, Wang S, Tian B, Garofalo RP, Casola A, et al. Ribavirin treatment up-regulates antiviral gene expression via the interferon-stimulated response element in respiratory syntial virus-infected epithelial cells. J Virol 2003; 77: 5933-5947.
34. Thomas E, Feld JJ, Li Q, Hu Z, Fried MW, Liang TL. Ribavirin potentiates interferon action by augmenting interferon-stimulated gene induction in hepatitis C virus cell culture models. Hepatology 2011; 53: 32-41.
35. Yu ML, Dai CY, Huang JF, Hou NJ, Lee LP, Hsieh MY, et al. A randomised study of peginterferon and ribavirin for 16 versus 24 weeks in patients with genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2007; 56: 553-559.
36. Jacobson IM, Pawlotsky JM, Afdhal NH, Dusheiko GM, Forns X, Jensen DM, et al. A practical guide for the use of boceprevir and telaprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19 Suppl2: 1-26.
37. Syed E, Rahbin N, Weiland O, Carlsson T, Oksanen A, Birk M, et al. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in patients with Child-Pugh Class A liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 1378-1386.
38. Bruno S, Shiffman ML, Roberts SK, Gane EJ, Messinger D, Hadziyannis SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (40kD) plus ribavirin in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 388-397.
39. Kumada H, Okanoue T. Study of peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy in type C compensed liver cirrhosis. Kanzo (JPN) 2012; 53: 803-813.
40. Bota S, Sporea I, Sirli R, Popescu A, Neghina AM, Danila M, et al. Severe adverse events during antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus cirrhotic patients: a systemic review. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 5: 120-126.
41. Tawada A, Maruyama H, Kamezaki H, Shimada T, Ishibashi H, Takahashi M, et al. Magnitude of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography as a noninvasive predictor for hepatic fibrosis: comparison with liver stiffness measurement and serum-based models. Hepatol Int 2013; 7: 749-757.
42. Kee KM, Wang JH, Hung CH, Chen CH, Lee CM, Lu SN. Improvement of thrombocytopenia in hepatitis C-related advanced fibrosis patients after sustained virological response. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 53: 556-561.
43. Kanda T, Kato K, Tsubota A, Takada N, Nishino T, Mikami S, et al. Platelet count and sustained virological response in hepatitis C treatment. World J Hepatol 2003; 5: 182-188.
44. Bourliere M, Khaloun A, Wartelle-Bladou C, Oules V, Portal I, Benali S, et al. Future treatment of patients with HCV cirrhosis. Liver Int 2012; 32 Suppl 1: 113-119.
45. Bourliere M, Wendt A, Fontaine H, Hezode C, Pol S, Bronowicki JP. How to optimize HCV therapy in genotype 1 patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int 2013; 33 Suppl 1: 46-55.
46. Lange CM, Zeuzem S. Perspectives and challenges of interferon-free therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 583-592.
47. Janssen HL, Reesink HW, Lawitz EJ, Zeuzem S, Rodriguez-Torres M, Patel K, et al. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1685-1694.
48. Nagao Y, Sata M. Analysis of the factors motivating HCV-infected patients to accept interferon therapy. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 470.
49. Miyauchi T, Kanda T, Imazeki F, Mikata R, Tawada A, Arai M, et al. Response to peginterferon-alpha 2b and ribavirin in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. Hepatol Int 2013; 7: 144-152.
50. McHutchison JG, Manns M, Patel K, Poynard T, Lidsay KL, Trepo C, et al. Adherence to combination therapy enhances sustained response in genotype-1-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1061-1069.
51. Chu X, Cai X, Cui D, Tang C, Ghosal A, Chan G, et al. In vitro assessment of drug-drug interaction potential of boceprevir associated with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41: 668-681.
52. Sulkowski MS. Hepatitis C virus-human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Liver Int 2012; 32 Suppl 1: 129-134.
53. van der Helm J, Geskus R, Sabin C, Meyer L, Del Amo J, Chene G, et al. Effect of HCV infection on cause-specific mortality after HIV seroconversion, before and after 1997. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 751-760.
54. Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Lissen E, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Lazzarin A, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 438-450.
55. Chung RT, Andersen J, Volberding P, Robbins GK, Liu T, Sherman KE, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 451-459.
56. Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S, Rosenthal E, Lunel-Fabiani F, Benzekri A, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs. standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized control trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2839-2848.
57. Laguno M, Murillas J, Blanco JL, Martinez E, Miquel R, Sanchez-Tapias JM, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. AIDS 2004; 18: F27-F36.
58. Nunez M, Miralles C, Berdun MA, Losada E, Aguirrebengoa K, Ocampo A, et al. Role of weight-based ribavirin dosing and extended duration of therapy in chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: the PRESCO trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23: 972-982.
59. Laguno M, Cifuentes C, Murillas J, Veloso S, Larrousse M, Payeras A, et al. Randomized trial comparing pegylated interferon alpha-2b versus pegylated interferon alpha-2a, both plus ribavirin, to treat chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus patients. Hepatology 2009; 49: 22-31.
60. Thomas DL, Bartlett JG, Peters MG, Sherman KE, Sulkowski MS, Pham PA. Provisional guidance on the use of hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors for treatment of hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons. Clin J Infect Dis 2012; 54: 979-983.
61. Wilby KJ, Greanya ED, Ford JAE, Yoshida EM, Partovi N. A review of drug interactions with boceprevir and telaprevir: implications for HIV and transplants. Ann Hepatol 2012; 11: 179-185.
62. Kasserra C, Hughes E, Treitel M, Gupta S, O'Mara E. Clinical pharmacology of BOC: metabolism, excretion, and drug-drug interactions (Session34-oral abstract) 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Feb 27-Mar 2, 2011, Boston, USA (Accessed April 23, 2013 at http://www. retroconference. org/2011/Abstracts/41140. htm.).
63. Fontana RJ, Hughes EA, Bifano M, Appelman H, Dimitrova D, Hindes R, et al. Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir combination therapy in a liver transplant recipient with severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 1601-1605.
64. Terrault N. Liver transplantation in the setting of chronic HCV. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 531-548.
65. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y. Living-donor liver transplantation and hepatitis C. HPB Surg 2013; 2013: 985972.
66. Everson GT, Trotter J, Forman L, Kugelmas M, Halprin A, Fey B, et al. Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2005; 42: 255-262.
67. Iacobellis A, Siliano M, Perri F, Annicchiarico BE, Leandro G, Caruso N, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus and decompensated cirrhosis: a controlled study. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 206-212.
68. Tekin F, Gunsar F, Karasu Z, Akarca U, Ersoz G. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pegylated-interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin in HCV-related decompensated cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 1081-1085.
69. Massoumi H, Elsiesy H, Khaitova V, Peterson B, Norkus E, Grewal P, et al. An escalating dose regimen of pegylated interferon and ribavirin in HCV cirrhotic patients referred for liver transplant. Transplantation 2009; 88: 729-735.
70. Carrion JA, Martinez-Bauer E, Crespo G, Ramirez S, Perez-del-Pulgar S, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, et al. Antiviral therapy increases the risk of bacterial infections in HCV-infected cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a retrospective study. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 719-728.
71. Everson GT, Terrault NA, Lok AS, Rodrigo DR, Brown RS Jr, Saab S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pretransplant antiviral therapy to prevent recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2013; 57: 1752-1762.
72. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009; 461: 399-401.
73. Tanaka Y, Nishida N, Sugiyama M, Kuroki M, Matsuura K, Sakamoto N, et al. Genome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 1105-1109.
74. Suppiah V, Moldovan M, Ahlenstiel G, Berg T, Weltman M, Abate ML, et al. IL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 1100-1104.
75. Nakamoto S, Kanda T, Imazeki F, Wu S, Arai M, Fujiwara K, et al. Simple assay based on restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with IL28B in chronic hepatitis C patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 955-961.
76. Miyamura T, Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Wu S, Fujiwara K, Imazeki F, et al. Hepatic STAT1-nuclear translocation and interleukin 28B polymorphisms predict treatment outcomes in hepatitis C virus genotype 1-infected patients. PLoS One 2011; 6: e28617.
77. Miyamura T, Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Wu S, Jiang X, Arai M, et al. Roles of ITPA and IL28B genotypes in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon plus ribavirin. Viruses 2012, 4: 1264-1278.
78. Fukuhara T, Taketomi A, Motomura T, Okano S, Ninomiya A, Abe T, et al. Variants in IL28B in liver recipients and donors correlate with response to peg-interferon and ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 1577-1585.
79. Takano S, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, Tagawa M, Omata M. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B and C: a prospective study of 251 patients. Hepatology 1995; 21: 650-655.
80. Kanda T, Imazeki F, Mikami S, Kato K, Shimada N, Yonemitsu Y, et al. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma was not rare event during and immediately after antiviral treatment in Japanese HCV-positive patients. Oncology 2011; 80: 366-372.
81. Tarao K, Ohkawa S, Miyagi Y, Morinaga S, Ohshige K, Yamamoto N, et al. Inflammation in background cirrhosis evokes malignant progression in HCC development from HCV-associated liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 729-735.
82. Shiratori Y, Shiina S, Teratani T, Imamura M, Obi S, Sato S, et al. Interferon therapy after tumor ablation improves prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 299-306.
83. Akamatsu M, Yoshida H, Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Tateishi R, et al. Sustained viral response prolonged survival of patients with C-viral hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2006; 26: 536-542.
84. Maruoka D, Imazeki F, Arai M, Kanda T, Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O. Long-term cohort study of chronic hepatitis C according to interferon efficacy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 291-299.
85. Sherman M, Yoshida EM, Deschenes M, Krajden M, Bain VG, Peltekian K, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients who failed previous interferon therapy. Gut 2006; 55: 1631-1638.
86. Poynard T, Colombo M, Bruix J, Schiff E, Terg R, Flamm S, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin: effective in patients with hepatitis C who failed interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 1618-1628.
87. Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Nishino T, Takada N, Tsubota A, Kato K, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin in Japanese patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 who failed previous interferon therapy. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10: 43-49.
88. Foster GR, Hezode C, Bronowicki JP, Carosi G, Weiland O, Verlinden L, et al. Telaprevir alone or with peginterferon and ribavirin reduces HCV RNA in patients with chronic genotype 2 but not genotype 3 infections. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 881-889.
89. Gane EJ, Stedman CA, Hyland RH, Ding X, Svarovskaia E, Symonds WT, et al. Nucleotide polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 34-44.
90. Jacobson IM, Gordon SC, Kowdley KV, Yoshida EM, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sulkowski MS, et al. Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 in patients without treatment options. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1867-1877.
91. Lawitz E, Mangia A, Wyles D, Rodriguez-Torres M, Hassanein T, Gordon SC, et al. Sofosbuvir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C infection. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1878-1887.
92. Kowdley KV, Lawitz E, Crespo I, Hassanein T, Davis MN, Demicco M, et al. Sofosbuvir with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C genotype-1 infection (ATOMIC): an open-label, randomised, multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 2100-2107.
93. Lawitz E, Lalezari JP, Hassanein T, Kowdley KV, Poordad FF, Sheikh AM, et al. Sofosbuvir in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for non-cirrhotic, treatment-naive patients with genotypes 1, 2, and 3 hepatitis C infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 401-408.
94. Sarin SK, Kumar CK. Treatment of patients with genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C-current and future therapies. Liver Int 2012; 32 Suppl 1: 141-145.
95. Mangia A, Mottola L. What's new in HCV genotype 2 treatment. Liver Int 2012; 32 Suppl 1: 135-140.
96. Susser S, Vermehren J, Forestier N, Welker MW, Grigorian N, Fuller C, et al. Analysis of long-term persistence mutations within the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease after treatment with telaprevir or boceprevir. J Clin Virol 2011; 52: 321-327.
97. Akuta N, Suzuki F, Fukushima T, Kawamura Y, Sezaki H, Suzuki Y, et al. Prediction of treatment efficacy and telaprevir-resistant variants after triple therapy in patients infected with HCV genotype 1. J Clin Microbiol 2013. Epub ahead of print.
98. Sarrazin C, Hezode C, Zeuzem S, Pawlotsky JM. Antiviral strategies in hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2012; 56 Suppl 1: S88-S100.
99. Wu S, Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Jiang X, Miyamura T, Nakatani SM, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus subgenotypes 1a and 1b in Japanese patients: ultra-deep sequencing analysis of HCV NS5B genotype-specific region. PLoS One 2013; 8: e73615.
100. Stedman CA. Current prospects for interferon-free treatment of hepatitis C in 2012. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 38-45.