Reducing the risk of infection associated with vascular access devices through nanotechnology: A perspective

International Journal of Nanomedicine

Volumn 8, Issue , 2013, Pages 4453-4466

  Zhang, Li ^a   Keogh, Samantha ^a,b   Rickard, Claire M ^a,b  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biofilm; Catheter related infections; Nanotechnology

Indexed keywords

HEPARIN; MINOCYCLINE; POLITEF; RIFAMPICIN;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOFILM; CANDIDA; CATHETER INFECTION; CATHETER THROMBOSIS; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; COLONY FORMING UNIT; ENTEROBACTER; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTRAVENOUS CATHETER; KLEBSIELLA; MATERIAL COATING; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PRODUCT SAFETY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SERRATIA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TENSILE STRENGTH;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

BIOFILM; CATHETER RELATED INFECTIONS; NANOTECHNOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIOFILMS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; CATHETER-RELATED INFECTIONS; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; HUMANS; NANOMEDICINE;

EID: 84888194605     PISSN: 11769114     EISSN: 11782013     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S50312     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):1-45.
2. Zhang L, Gowardman J, Rickard CM. Impact of microbial attachment on intravascular catheter-related infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;38(1):9-15.
3. Pizzoferrato A, Arciola CR, Cenni E, Ciapetti G, Sassi S. In vitro biocompatibility of a polyurethane catheter after deposition of fluorinated film. Biomaterials. 1995;16(5):361-367.
4. Stenqvist O, Curelaru I, Linder LE, Gustavsson B. Stiffness of central venous catheters. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1983;27(2):153-157.
5. Cohen AB, Dagli M, Stavropoulos SW Jr, et al. Silicone and polyurethane tunneled infusion catheters: a comparison of durability and breakage rates. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(5):638-641.
6. Gaukroger PB, Roberts JG, Manners TA. Infusion thrombophlebitis: a prospective comparison of 645 Vialon and Teflon cannulae in anaesthetic and postoperative use. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1988;16(3):265-271.
7. Ezingeard E, Coudrot M, Guyomarc'h S, et al. Evaluation of colonization of peripheral venous catheters inserted by prehospital emergency service teams (SMUR) in France. J Hosp Infect. 2009;72(2):169-175.
8. Giuliani J, Andreetta L, Mattioli M, et al. Intravenous midline catheter usage: which clinical impact in homecare patients? J Palliat Med. 2013;16(6):598.
9. Bourgeois FC, Lamagna P, Chiang VW. Peripherally inserted central catheters. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(6):556-561;quiz 562-553.
10. Hoffer EK, Borsa J, Santulli P, Bloch R, Fontaine AB. Prospective randomized comparison of valved versus nonvalved peripherally inserted central vein catheters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(5): 1393-1398.
11. McDowell DE, Moss AH, Vasilakis C, Bell R, Pillai L. Percutaneously placed dual-lumen silicone catheters for long-term hemodialysis. Am Surg. 1993;59(9):569-573.
12. Raad II, Hanna HA. Intravascular catheter-related infections-New horizons and recent advances. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(8):871-878.
13. Miller SE, Maragakis LL. Central line-associated bloodstream infection prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012;25(4):412-422.
14. Walz JM, Memtsoudis SG, Heard SO. Prevention of central venous catheter bloodstream infections. J Intensive Care Med. 2010;25(3): 131-138.
15. Trautner BW, Darouiche RO. Catheter-associated infections-Pathogenesis affects prevention. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(8):842-850.
16. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):e162-e193.
17. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):309-317.
18. Gaynes R, Edwards JR. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(6):848-854.
19. Beveridge TJ, Makin SA, Kadurugamuwa JL, Li ZS. Interactions between biofilms and the environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1997;20(3-4):291-303.
20. Donlan RM. Biofilms and device-associated infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(2):277-281.
21. Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies DG, Costerton JW. Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002;56:187-209.
22. Hu ZQ, Hidalgo G, Houston PL, et al. Determination of spatial distributions of zinc and active biomass in microbial biofilms by two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(7): 4014-4021.
23. Costerton JW. Introduction to biofilm. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1999;11(3-4):217-221.
24. Raad II, Fang X, Keutgen XM, Jiang Y, Sherertz R, Hachem R. The role of chelators in preventing biofilm formation and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21(4):385-392.
25. Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SA, Costerton JW, Lam C, Bodey GP. The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. JAMA. 1994;271(13):1014-1016.
26. van Rooden CJ, Schippers EF, Barge RM, et al. Infectious complications of central venous catheters increase the risk of catheter-related thrombosis in hematology patients: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(12):2655-2660.
27. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2725-2732.
28. Guerin K, Wagner J, Rains K, Bessesen M. Reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infections by implementation of a postinsertion care bundle. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38(6):430-433.
29. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(1):1-45.
30. Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(12):1231-1241.
31. Levy I, Katz J, Solter E, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of colonization of central venous catheters in infants and children: a randomized controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(8):676-679.
32. Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, Lumley T, Sullivan SD. Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999;281(3): 261-267.
33. Walder B, Pittet D, Tramer MR. Prevention of bloodstream infections with central venous catheters treated with anti-infective agents depends on catheter type and insertion time: evidence from a meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(12):748-756.
34. Ostendorf T, Meinhold A, Harter C, et al. Chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine coated central venous catheters in haematological patients-a double-blind, randomised, prospective, controlled trial. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13(12):993-1000.
35. Rupp ME, Lisco SJ, Lipsett PA, et al. Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(8):570-580.
36. Darouiche RO, Raad II, Heard SO, et al. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. Catheter Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(1):1-8.
37. Hanna H, Benjamin R, Chatzinikolaou I, et al. Long-term silicone central venous catheters impregnated with minocycline and rifampin decrease rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection in cancer patients: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(15):3163-3171.
38. Mehall JR, Saltzman DA, Jackson RJ, Smith SD. Fibrin sheath enhances central venous catheter infection. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(4): 908-912.
39. Pierce CM, Wade A, Mok Q. Heparin-bonded central venous lines reduce thrombotic and infective complications in critically ill children. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(7):967-972.
40. Guggenbichler JP, Boswald M, Lugauer S, Krall T. A new technology of microdispersed silver in polyurethane induces antimicrobial activity in central venous catheters. Infection. 1999;27 Suppl 1:S16-S23.
41. Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, et al. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(10):2346-2353.
42. Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S. Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(11):792-801.
43. Gordon O, Vig Slenters T, Brunetto PS, et al. Silver coordination polymers for prevention of implant infection: thiol interaction, impact on respiratory chain enzymes, and hydroxyl radical induction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(10):4208-4218.
44. Roe D, Karandikar B, Bonn-Savage N, Gibbins B, Roullet JB. Antimicrobial surface functionalization of plastic catheters by silver nanoparticles. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(4):869-876.
45. Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv. 2009;27(1):76-83.
46. Maki DG. In vitro studies of a novel antimicrobial luer-activated needleless connector for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1580-1587.
47. Casey AL, Burnell S, Whinn H, Worthington T, Faroqui MH, Elliott TS. A prospective clinical trial to evaluate the microbial barrier of a needleless connector. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(3):212-218.
48. Yebenes JC, Vidaur L, Serra-Prat M, et al. Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients using a disinfectable, needle-free connector: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32(5):291-295.
49. Jarvis WR, Murphy C, Hall KK, et al. Health care-associated bloodstream infections associated with negative-or positive-pressure or displacement mechanical valve needleless connectors. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(12):1821-1827.
50. Maragakis LL, Bradley KL, Song X, et al. Increased catheter-related bloodstream infection rates after the introduction of a new mechanical valve intravenous access port. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(1):67-70.
51. Costello JM, Morrow DF, Graham DA, Potter-Bynoe G, Sandora TJ, Laussen PC. Systematic intervention to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):915-923.
52. Do AN, Ray BJ, Banerjee SN, et al. Bloodstream infection associated with needleless device use and the importance of infection-control practices in the home health care setting. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(2):442-448.
53. Donlan RM, Murga R, Bell M, et al. Protocol for detection of biofilms on needleless connectors attached to central venous catheters. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(2):750-753.
54. Soothill JS, Bravery K, Ho A, Macqueen S, Collins J, Lock P. A fall in bloodstream infections followed a change to 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropanol for catheter connection antisepsis: a pediatric single center before/after study on a hemopoietic stem cell transplant ward. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(8):626-630.
55. Menyhay SZ, Maki DG. Preventing central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections: development of an antiseptic barrier cap for needleless connectors. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(10):S174. e171-e175.
56. Segura M, AlvarezLerma F, Tellado JM, et al. A clinical trial on the prevention of catheter-related sepsis using a new hub model. Ann Surg. 1996;223(4):363-369.
57. Menyhay SZ, Maki DG. Disinfection of needleless catheter connectors and access ports with alcohol may not prevent microbial entry: the promise of a novel antiseptic-barrier cap. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(1):23-27.
58. Wan AT, Conyers RA, Coombs CJ, Masterton JP. Determination of silver in blood, urine, and tissues of volunteers and burn patients. Clin Chem. 1991;37(10 Pt 1):1683-1687.
59. Armitage SA, White MA, Wilson HK. The determination of silver in whole blood and its application to biological monitoring of occupationally exposed groups. Ann Occup Hyg. 1996;40(3):331-338.
60. Tamilvanan S, Venkateshan N, Ludwig A. The potential of lipid-and polymer-based drug delivery carriers for eradicating biofilm consortia on device-related nosocomial infections. J Control Release. 2008;128(1):2-22.
61. Halwani M, Yebio B, Suntres ZE, Alipour M, Azghani AO, Omri A. Co-encapsulation of gallium with gentamicin in liposomes enhances antimicrobial activity of gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(6):1291-1297.
62. DiTizio V, Ferguson GW, Mittelman MW, Khoury AE, Bruce AW, DiCosmo F. A liposomal hydrogel for the prevention of bacterial adhesion to catheters. Biomaterials. 1998;19(20):1877-1884.
63. Buckler BS, Sams RN, Goei VL, et al. Treatment of central venous catheter fungal infection using liposomal amphotericin-B lock therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(8):762-764.
64. Finelli A, Burrows LL, DiCosmo FA, et al. Colonization-resistant antimicrobial-coated peritoneal dialysis catheters: evaluation in a newly developed rat model of persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa peritonitis. Perit Dial Int. 2002;22(1):27-31.
65. Donelli G, Francolini I, Romoli D, et al. Synergistic activity of dispersin B and cefamandole nafate in inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm growth on polyurethanes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(8): 2733-2740.
66. Sanli O, Bicer E, Isiklan N. In vitro release study of diltiazem hydrochloride from poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/sodium alginate blend microspheres. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2008;107:1973-1980.
67. Ruggeri V, Francolini I, Donelli G, Piozzi A. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro activity of antibiotic releasing polyurethanes to prevent bacterial resistance. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007;81(2):287-298.
68. Martinelli A, D'Ilario L, Francolini I, Piozzi A. Water state effect on drug release from an antibiotic loaded polyurethane matrix containing albumin nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2011;407(1-2):197-206.
69. Smith HW, Huggins MB. Successful treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infections in mice using phage: its general superiority over antibiotics. J Gen Microbiol. 1982;128(2):307-318.
70. Donlan RM. Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol. 2009;17(2):66-72.
71. Curtin JJ, Donlan RM. Using bacteriophages to reduce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(4):1268-1275.
72. Fu W, Forster T, Mayer O, Curtin JJ, Lehman SM, Donlan RM. Bacteriophage cocktail for the prevention of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on catheters in an in vitro model system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(1):397-404.
73. Lin P, Lin CW, Mansour R, Gu F. Improving biocompatibility by surface modification techniques on implantable bioelectronics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2013;47:451-460.
74. del Pozo JL, Rouse MS, Mandrekar JN, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. The electricidal effect: reduction of Staphylococcus and pseudomonas biofilms by prolonged exposure to low-intensity electrical current. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(1):41-45.
75. Del Pozo JL, Rouse MS, Euba G, et al. The electricidal effect is active in an experimental model of Staphylococcus epidermidis chronic foreign body osteomyelitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(10):4064-4068.
76. Clemence MA, Walker D, Farr BM. Central venous catheter practices: results of a survey. Am J Infect Control. 1995;23(1):5-12.
77. Girouard S, Levine G, Goodrich K, et al. Infection control programs at children's hospitals: a description of structures and processes. Am J Infect Control. 2001;29(3):145-151.
78. Creamer E, McCarthy G, Tighe I, Smyth E. A surevy of 554 peripheral intravenous catheters: infection, duration of cannulation and documentation issues. Brit J Infect Control. 2003;4(4):21-25.
79. Pujol M, Hornero A, Saballs M, et al. Clinical epidemiology and outcomes of peripheral venous catheter-related bloodstream infections at a university-affiliated hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67(1):22-29.
80. Rickard CM, Courtney M, Webster J. Central venous catheters: a survey of ICU practices. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(3):247-256.
81. Alexandrou E, Murgo M, Calabria E, et al. Nurse-led central venous catheter insertion-procedural characteristics and outcomes of three intensive care based catheter placement services. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49(2):162-168.
82. Alexandrou E, Spencer TR, Frost SA, Parr MJ, Davidson PM, Hillman KM. A review of the nursing role in central venous cannulation: implications for practice policy and research. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19(11-12):1485-1494.
83. Meier PA, Fredrickson M, Catney M, Nettleman MD. Impact of a dedicated intravenous therapy team on nosocomial bloodstream infection rates. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26(4):388-392.
84. Yacopetti N, Alexandrou E, Spencer TR, et al. Central venous catheter insertion by a clinical nurse consultant or anaesthetic medical staff: a single-centre observational study. Crit Care Resusc. 2010;12(2): 90-95.
85. Comfere TB, Brown DR. Central Venous Catheters: COnsiderations regarding placement and clinical use. Contemporary Critical Care. 2007;5(1):1.
86. Couzigou C, Lamory J, Salmon-Ceron D, Figard J, Vidal-Trecan GM. Short peripheral venous catheters: effect of evidence-based guidelines on insertion, maintenance and outcomes in a university hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2005;59(3):197-204.
87. Reason J. Human error: models and management. West J Med. 2000;172(6):393-396.
88. Reason J. Human error: models and management. BMJ. 2000;320(7237): 768-770.
89. Benner P, Sheets V, Uris P, Malloch K, Schwed K, Jamison D. Individual, practice, and system causes of errors in nursing: a taxonomy. J Nurs Adm. 2002;32(10):509-523.
90. Dumont C, Nesselrodt D. Preventing central line-associated bloodstream infections CLABSI. Nursing. 2012;42(6):41-46;quiz 47.
91. Madeo M. Understanding the MRSA experience. Nurs Times. 2001;97(30):36-37.
92. Rees J, Davies HR, Birchall C, Price J. Psychological effects of source isolation nursing (2): Patient satisfaction. Nurs Stand. 2000;14(29): 32-36.
93. Newton JT, Constable D, Senior V. Patients' perceptions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and source isolation: a qualitative analysis of source-isolated patients. J Hosp Infect. 2001;48(4):275-280.
94. Tarzi S, Kennedy P, Stone S, Evans M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: psychological impact of hospitalization and isolation in an older adult population. J Hosp Infect. 2001;49(4):250-254.
95. MacDonald P. Exploring patients' experiences of MRSA to help reduce HCAIs. Nursing times. 2008;104(9):32-33.
96. Burnett E, Lee K, Rushmer R, Ellis M, Noble M, Davey P. Healthcare-associated infection and the patient experience: a qualitative study using patient interviews. J Hosp Infect. 2010;74(1):42-47.
97. Carlquist K. Understanding the psychological needs of the patient on IV therapy: A stress-reducing approach. NITA. 1981;4:368-370.
98. Bamford KB, Desai M, Aruede MJ, Lawson W, Jacklin A, Franklin BD. Patients' views and experience of intravenous and oral antimicrobial therapy: room for change. Injury. 2011;42 Suppl 5:S24-S27.
99. Breier SJ. Home intravenous therapy down under. J Intraven Nurs. 1999;22(4):187-193.
100. Hanchett M. Infusion therapy in chronic disease: The patient perspective. JAVA. 2003;8(3):20-22.
101. Moller T. Individualized supervised patient education-a key role in reinforcement of infection protection and outpatient management of acute leukemia. Copenhagen, DK: University of Copenhagen;2011. 129 p.
102. Jaeger K, Zenz S, Juttner B, et al. Reduction of catheter-related infections in neutropenic patients: a prospective controlled randomized trial using a chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine-impregnated central venous catheter. Ann Hematol. 2005;84(4):258-262.
103. Sheng WH, Ko WJ, Wang JT, Chang SC, Hsueh PR, Luh KT. Evaluation of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related infection in intensive care unit patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;38(1):1-5.
104. Lorente L, Lecuona M, Ramos MJ, Jimenez A, Mora ML, Sierra A. The use of rifampicin-miconazole-impregnated catheters reduces the incidence of femoral and jugular catheter-related bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(9):1171-1175.