Imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib: A review of adverse cutaneous reactions with emphasis on our clinical experience

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

Volumn 27, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1471-1480

  Brazzelli, V ^a   Grasso, V ^a   Borroni, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BCR ABL PROTEIN; BREAST CANCER RESISTANCE PROTEIN; CYTARABINE; DASATINIB; DIURETIC AGENT; ETRETIN; IMATINIB; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NILOTINIB; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; STEM CELL FACTOR; STEROID;

ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; ACUTE GENERALIZED EXANTHEMATOUS PUSTULOSIS; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; ALOPECIA; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ATYPICAL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BRAIN EDEMA; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER GRADING; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CYTOGENETICS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DEPIGMENTATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIURETIC THERAPY; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DRY SKIN; ECCHYMOSIS; ECZEMA; EDEMA; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHEMA NODOSUM; ERYTHRODERMA; FACE EDEMA; FOLLICLE MUCINOSIS; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HIDRADENITIS; HUMAN; HYALINE CELL SYRINGOMA; HYPERHIDROSIS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPOPIGMENTATION; IN VITRO STUDY; JOB EXPERIENCE; LICHENOID; LICHENOID ERUPTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; MALPIGHIAN EPITHELIOMA; MUCINOSIS; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; NAIL DISEASE; NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; PANNICULITIS; PAPULAR RASH; PERIORBITAL EDEMA; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PETECHIA; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PITYRIASIS ROSEA; PLEURA EFFUSION; PNEUMONIA; PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PRURITUS; PSEUDOPORPHYRIA; PSORIASIS; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN EXFOLIATION; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SKIN PRURITUS; SKIN ULCER; SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; STEROID THERAPY; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STOMATITIS; SUBCUTANEOUS NODULE; SWEATING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THYROID DISEASE; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; URTICARIA; VASCULITIS; VESICULAR RASH; VITILIGO; XEROSIS; XEROSTOMIA;

BENZAMIDES; HUMANS; PIPERAZINES; PYRIMIDINES; SKIN; THIAZOLES;

EID: 84888160967     PISSN: 09269959     EISSN: 14683083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12172     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Krause DS, Van Etten RA,. Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N Eng J Med 2005; 353: 172-187.
2. Schlessinger J,. Cell signalling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 2000; 103: 211-225.
3. Arora A, Scholar EM,. Role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315: 971-979.
4. Cross SS,. The molecular pathology of new anti-cancer agents. Curr Diag Pathol 2005; 11: 329-339.
5. Guilhot F,. Indications for imatinib mesylate therapy and clinical management. Oncologist 2004; 9: 271-281.
6. Piccaluga PP, Paolini S, Martinelli G,. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2007; 110: 1178-1186.
7. Weisberg E, Manley P, Mestan J, et al,. (AMN107) Nilotinib: a novel and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 1765-1769.
8. O'Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al,. Imatinib compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 994-1004.
9. Valeyrie L, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, et al,. Adverse cutaneous reactions to imatinib (STI-571) in Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemias: a prospective study of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48: 201-206.
10. Scheinfeld N,. Imatinib mesylate and dermatology, part 2: a review of the cutaneous side effects of imatinib mesylate. J Drugs Dermatol 2006; 5: 228-231.
11. Brouard M, Saurat JH,. Cutaneous reactions to STI-571. N Eng J Med 2001; 345: 618-619.
12. Basso FG, Boer CC, Correa ME, et al,. Skin and oral lesions associated to imatinib mesylate therapy. Support Care Cancer 2009; 17: 465-468.
13. Drummond A, Micallef-Eynaud P, Douglas WS, et al,. A spectrum of skin reactions caused by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI-571, Glivec). Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 911-913.
14. Kantarjian HM, Sawyers C, Hochhaus A, et al,. Hematologic and cytogenetic responses to imatinib mesylate in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Eng J Med 2002; 346: 645-652.
15. Arora B, Kumar L, Sharma A, et al,. Pigmentary changes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 358-359.
16. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al,. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1031-1037.
17. Heuchel R, Berg A, Tallquist M, et al,. Platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor regulates interstitial fluid homeostasis through phosphatidylinositol-3′ kinase signalling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 11410-11415.
18. Deininger MWN, O'Brien SG, Ford JM, et al,. Practical management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1637-1647.
19. Joensuu H, Trent JC, Reichardt P,. Practical management of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated side effects in GIST. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37: 75-88.
20. Tsao AS, Kantarjian HM, Cortes J, et al,. Imatinib mesylate causes hypopigmentation in the skin. Cancer 2003; 98: 2483-2487.
21. Brazzelli V, Roveda E, Prestinari F, et al,. Vitiligo-like lesions and diffuse lightening of the skin in a pediatric patient treated with imatinib mesylate: a noninvasive colorimetric assessment. Pediatr Dermatol 2006; 23: 175-178.
22. Cario-Andre M, Ardilouze L, Pain C, et al,. Imatinib mesylate inhibits melanogenesis in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 493-494.
23. Wehrle-Haller B,. The role of Kit-ligand in melanocyte development and epidermal homeostasis. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16: 287-296.
24. Grichnik JM, Burch JA, Burchette J, et al,. The SCF-KIT pathway plays a critical role in the control of normal human melanocyte homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 233-238.
25. Yoshida H, Kunisada T, Grimm T, et al,. Review: melanocyte migration and survival controlled by SCF/c-kit expression. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2001; 6: 1-5.
26. Botchkareva NV, Khlgatian M, Longley BJ, et al,. SCF/c-kit signalling is required for cyclic regeneration of the air pigmentation unit. FASEB J 2001; 15: 645-658.
27. Hemesath TJ, Price ER, Takemoto C, et al,. MAP kinase links the transcription factor microphtalmia to c-Kit signalling in melanocytes. Nature 1998; 391: 298-301.
28. Etienne G, Cony-Makhoul P, Mahon FX,. Imatinib mesylate and gray hair. N Eng J Med 2002; 347: 446.
29. Brazzelli V, Muzio F, Manna G, et al,. Photoinduced dermatitis and oral lichenoid reaction in a chronic myeloid leukemia patient treated with imatinib mesylate. Photodermatol Photoimmnuol Photomed 2012; 28: 2-5.
30. Lim D, Muir J,. Oral lichenoid reaction to imatinib (STI-571, Gleevec). Dermatology 2002; 205: 169-171.
31. Roux C, Boisseau-Garsaud AM, Saint-Cyr I, et al,. Lichenoid cutaneous reaction to imatinib. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2004; 131: 571-573.
32. Ena P, Chiarolini F, Siddi GM, et al,. Oral lichenoid eruption secondary to imatinib (Glivec). J Dermatol Treat 2004; 15: 253-255.
33. Prabhash K, Dovel DC,. Lichenoid eruption due to imatinib. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005; 71: 287-288.
34. Pascual JC, Matarredona J, Miralles J, et al,. Oral and cutaneous lichenoid reaction secondary to imatinib: report of two cases. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 1471-1473.
35. Dalmau J, Peramiquel L, Puig L, et al,. Imatinib-associated lichenoid eruption: acitretin treatment allows maintained antineoplastic effect. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154: 1199-1219.
36. Chan CYS, Browning J, Smith-Zagone MJ, et al,. Cutaneous lichenoid dermatitis associated with imatinib mesylate. Dermatol Online J 2007; 13: 29.
37. Deguchi N, Kawamura T, Shimizu A, et al,. Imatinib mesylate causes palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis and nail dystrophy in three patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Br J Dermatol 2006; 143: 1216-1217.
38. Kuraishi N, Nagai Y, Hasegawa M, et al,. Lichenoid drug eruption with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis due to imatinib mesylate: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Derm Venereol 2010; 90: 73-76.
39. Rousselot P, Larghero J, Raffoux E, et al,. Photosensitization in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 1091-1092.
40. Tamura A, Onishi Y, An R, et al,. In vitro evaluation of photosensitivity risk related to genetic polymorphisms of human ABC transporter ABCG2 and inhibition by drugs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22: 420-440.
41. Tamura A, An R, Hagiya Y, et al,. Drug-induced phototoxicity evoked by inhibition of human ABC transporter ABCG2: development of in vitro high-speed screening systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4: 255-272.
42. Pasmatzi E, Monastirli A, Matsouka P, et al,. Disseminated erythematous and pityriasiform plaques caused by imatinib mesylate. Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83: 391-392.
43. Cho AY, Kim DH, Im M, et al,. Pityriasis rosea-like drug eruption induced by imatinib mesylate. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23: S360-S363.
44. Konstantopoulos K, Papadogianni A, Dimopoulou M, et al,. Pityriasis rosea associated with imatinib (STI571, Gleevec). Dermatology 2002; 205: 172-173.
45. Brazzelli V, Prestinari F, Roveda E, et al,. Pityriasis rosea-like eruption during treatment with imatinib mesylate: description of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: S240-S243.
46. Dickens E, Lewis F, Bienz N,. Imatinib: a designer drug, another cutaneous complication. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34: 603-604.
47. Schwarz M, Kreuzer KA, Baskaynak G, et al,. Imatinib-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) in two patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2002; 69: 254-256.
48. Brouard MC, Prins C, Mach-Pascual J, et al,. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with STI571 in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dermatology 2001; 203: 57-59.
49. Gambillara E, Laffitte E, Widmer N,. Severe pustular eruption associated with imatinib and voriconazole in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dermatology 2005; 211: 363-365.
50. Liu D, Seiter K, Mathews T, et al,. Sweet's syndrome with CML cell infiltration of the skin in a patient with chronic-phase CML while taking imatinib mesylate. Leuk Res 2004; 28: S61-S63.
51. Ayirookuzhi SJ, Ma L, Ramshesh P, et al,. Imatinib-induced Sweet syndrome in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 368-370.
52. Dib EG, Ifthikharuddin JJ, Scott GA, et al,. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis induced by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) therapy. Leuk Res 2005; 29: 233-234.
53. De Masson A, Bouvresse S, Clérici T, et al,. Recurrent neutrophilic panniculitis in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia treated with imatinib mesylate and dasatinib. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138: 135-139.
54. Breccia M, Carmosino I, Russo E, et al,. Early and tardive skin adverse events in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib. Eur J Haematol 2005; 74: 121-123.
55. Hsieh HJ, Chan AL, Lin SJ,. Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by combination of imatinib and allopurinol. Chemotherapy 2009; 55: 197-199.
56. Hsiao LT, Chung HM, Lin JT, et al,. Stevens-Johnson syndrome after treatment with STI571: a case report. Br J Haematol 2002; 117: 620-622.
57. Vidal D, Puig L, Sureda A, et al,. STI571-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Br J Haematol 2002; 119: 274-275.
58. Rule SA, O'Brien SG, Crossman LC,. Managing cutaneous reactions to imatinib therapy. Blood 2002; 100: 3434-3435.
59. Severino G, Chillotti C, De Lisa R, et al,. Adverse reactions during imatinib and lansoprazole treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39: 162-164.
60. Pavithran K, Thomas M,. Imatinib induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: lack of recurrence following re-challenge with a lower dose. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005; 71: 288-289.
61. Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Pascual-Ramirez JC, Fernandez-Abellan P, et al,. Severe skin reaction to imatinib in a case of Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2003; 101: 2446.
62. Mahpatra M, Mishra P, Kumar R,. Imatinib-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: recurrence after re-challenge with a lower dose. Ann Haematol 2007; 86: 537-538.
63. Nelson RP, Cornetta K, Ward KE, et al,. Desensitization to imatinib in patients with leukemia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97: 216-222.
64. Schaich M, Schäkel K, Illmer T, et al,. Severe epidermal necrolysis after treatment with imatinib and consecutive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 303-304.
65. Clark SH, Duvic M, Prieto VG,. Mycosis fungoides-like reaction in a patient treated with Gleevec. J Cutan Pathol 2003; 30: 279-281.
66. Yanagi T, Sawamura D, Shimizu H,. Follicular mucinosis associated with imatinib (STI571). Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 1276-1278.
67. Breccia M, Latagliata R, Carmosino I, et al,. Reactivation of porphyria cutanea tarda as a possible side effect of imatinib at high dosage in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18: 182.
68. Ho AY, Deacon A, Osborne G, et al,. Precipitation of porphyria cutanea tarda by imatinib mesylate? Br J Haematol 2003; 121: 375.
69. Berghoff AT, English JC 3rd,. Imatinib mesylate-induced pseudoporphyria. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63: 14-16.
70. Hamm M, Touraud JO, Mannone L, et al,. Imatinib-induced purpuric vasculitis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2003; 130: 765-767.
71. Battistella M, Frémont G, Vignon-Pennamen MD, et al,. Imatinib-induced hand-foot syndrome in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 1400-1402.
72. Bos WE, Nijsten TE, De Jonge MJ, et al,. Topical psoralen plus UV-A therapy for tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced hand-foot syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148: 546-547.
73. Baskaynak G, Kreuzer KA, Schwarz M, et al,. Squamous cutaneous epithelial cell carcinoma in two CML patients with progressive disease under imatinib treatment. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70: 231-234.
74. Bekkenk MW, Vermeer MH, Meijer CJ, et al,. EBV-positive cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferative disease after imatinib mesylate. Blood 2003; 102: 4243.
75. Shah NP, Tran C, Lee FY, et al,. Overriding imatinib resistance with novel ABL kinase inhibitor. Science 2004; 305: 399-401.
76. Talpaz M, Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, et al,. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Eng J Med 2006; 354: 2531-2541.
77. Pavlu J, Marin D,. Dasatinib and chronic myeloid leukemia: two-year follow up in eight clinical trials. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2009; 9: 417-424.
78. Hartman JT, Haap M, Kopp HG, et al,. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors-a review on pharmacology, metabolism and side effects. Curr Drug Metab 2009; 10: 470-481.
79. McCormack PL, Keam SJ,. Dasatinib: a review of its use in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Drugs 2011; 71: 1771-1795.
80. Hochhaus A, Kantarjian HM, Baccarani M, et al,. Dasatinib induces notable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of imatinib therapy. Blood 2007; 109: 2303-2309.
81. Kantarjian HM, Pasquini R, Levy V, et al,. Dasatinib or high-dose imatinib for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to imatinib at a dose of 400 to 600 milligrams daily: two-year follow-up of a randomized phase 2 study (START-R). Cancer 2009; 115: 4136-4147.
82. Shah NP, Kim DW, Kantarjian HM,. Dasatinib 50 mg or 70 mg BID compared to 100 mg or 140 mg QD in patients with CML in chronic phase (CP) who are resistant or intolerant to imatinib: one-year results of CA180034. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 7004.
83. Kantarjian HM, Shah NP, Cortes JE, et al,. Dasatinib or imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: 2-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood 2012; 119: 1123-1129.
84. Shah NP, Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, et al,. Dasatinib versus imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) in the DASISION trial: 18-month follow-up. Blood 2010; 116: 21.
85. Amitay-Laish I, Stemmer SM, Lacouture ME,. Adverse cutaneous reactions secondary to tyrosine kinase inhibitors including imatinib mesylate, nilotinib, and dasatinib. Dermatol Ther 2001; 24: 386-395.
86. Sun A, Akin RS, Cobos E, et al,. Hair depigmentation during chemotherapy with dasatinib, a dual Bcr-Abl/Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8: 395-398.
87. Brazzelli V, Grasso V, Barbaccia V, et al,. Hair depigmentation and vitiligo-like lesions in a leukaemic pediatric patients during chemotherapy with dasatinib. Acta Derm Venereol 2012; 92: 218-219.
88. Radaelli F, Bramanti S, Fantini NN, et al,. Dasatinib-related alveolar pneumonia responsive to corticosteroids. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 1180-1181.
89. Assouline S, Laneuville P, Gambacorti-Passerini C,. Panniculitis during dasatinib therapy for imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Eng J Med 2006; 354: 2623-2624.
90. Sprycel package insert. New York, NY: Bristol-Myers Squibb. http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/0219861bl.pdf. (last accessed: 6 June 2012).
91. Deininger MW,. Nilotinib. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 4027-4031.
92. Giles FJ, Rosti G, Beris P,. Nilotinib is superior to imatinib as first-line therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia: the ENESTnd study. Expert Rev Hematol 2010; 3: 665-673.
93. Kantarjian HM, Hochhaus A, Saglio G, et al,. Nilotinib versus imatinib for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase, Philadelphia chromosome-positive, chronic myeloid leukaemia: 24-month minimum follow-up of the phase 3 randomised ENESTnd trial. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 841-851.
94. Larson RA, Hochhaus A, Hughes TP,. Nilotinib versus imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 3-year follow-up. Leukemia 2012; 26: 2197-2203.
95. Kantarjian HM, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al,. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Eng J Med 2006; 354: 2542-2551.
96. Kantarjian HM, Giles F, Gattermann N, et al,. Nilotinib (formerly AMN107), a highly selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase following imatinib resistance and intolerance. Blood 2007; 110: 3540-3546.
97. Drucker AM, Wu S, Busam KJ,. Rash with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib: meta-analysis and clinical characterization. Eur J Haematol 2013; 90: 142-150.
98. Kaune KM, Baugmart M, Gesk S, et al,. Bullous Sweet syndrome in a patient with t(9;22) (q34;q11)-positive chronic myeloid leukemia treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 361-364.
99. Tasigna package insert. Basel, Switzerland: Novartis. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda-docs/label/2007/022068lbl.pdf. (last accessed: 6 June 2012).
100. O'Brien S, Berman E, Borghaei H, et al,. NCCN clinical practice guideline in oncology: chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009; 7: 984-1023.
101. Pajares B, Torres E, Trigo JM, et al,. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drug interactions: a review with clinical and practical recommendations. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14: 94-101.
102. Robert C, Soria JC, Spatz A, et al,. Cutaneous side-effects of kinase inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 491-500.
103. Giles FJ,. The toxicities of modern targeted therapies-learning from the price of progress. Target Oncol 2009; 4: 65-66.