High diatom production and export in stratified waters - A potential negative feedback to global warming

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 119, Issue , 2013, Pages 4-23

  Kemp, Alan E S ^a   Villareal, Tracy A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATE FORMATION; BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODELS; LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES; LAMINATED SEDIMENTS; LOW LIGHT CONDITIONS; OCEAN STRATIFICATION; SAMPLING STRATEGIES; TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLOROPHYLL; FEEDBACK; GLOBAL WARMING; ISOTOPES; MIXING; NITROGEN FIXATION;

PHYTOPLANKTON;

BIOMARKER; CARBON FLUX; DIATOM; GLOBAL WARMING; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; NITROGEN FIXATION; PALEOBIOLOGY; PHYTOPLANKTON; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; STRATIFIED FLUID;

BACILLARIOPHYTA; CYANOBACTERIA; HEMIAULUS; HEMIAULUS HAUCKII;

EID: 84888036046     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Abrantes F. Assessing the Ethmodiscus ooze problem: new perspective from a study of an eastern equatorial Atlantic core. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2001, 48(1):125-135.
2. Anderson T.R. Plankton functional type modelling: running before we can walk?. Journal of Plankton Research 2005, 27(11):1073-1081.
3. Bauersachs T., Speelman E.N., Hopmans E.C., Reichart G.J., Schouten S., Damste J.S.S. Fossilized glycolipids reveal past oceanic N-2 fixation by heterocystous cyanobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107(45):19190-19194.
4. Behrenfeld M.J., O'Malley R.T., Siegel D.A., McClain C.R., Sarmiento J.L., Feldman G.C., Milligan A.J., Falkowski P.G., Letelier R.M., Boss E.S. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 2006, 444(7120):752-755.
5. Benitez-Nelson C.R., McGillicuddy D.J. Mesoscale physical-biological-biogeochemical linkages in the open ocean: an introduction to the results of the E-Flux and EDDIES programs - Preface. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1133-1138.
6. Benitez-Nelson C.R., Bidigare R.R., Dickey T.D., Landry M.R., Leonard C.L., Brown S.L., Nencioli F., Rii Y.M., Maiti K., Becker J.W., Bibby T.S., Black W., Cai W.J., Carlson C.A., Chen F.Z., Kuwahara V.S., Mahaffey C., McAndrew P.M., Quay P.D., Rappe M.S., Selph K.E., Simmons M.P., Yang E.J. Mesoscale eddies drive increased silica export in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Science 2007, 316(5827):1017-1021.
7. Berman-Frank I., Bidle K.D., Haramaty L., Falkowski P.G. The demise of the marine cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium spp., via an autocatalyzed cell death pathway. Limnology and Oceanography 2004, 49(4):997-1005.
8. 2. Science 1997, 276:544-546.
9. Bibby T.S., Moore C.M. Silicate: nitrate ratios of upwelled waters control the phytoplankton community sustained by mesoscale eddies in sub-tropical North Atlantic and Pacific. Biogeosciences 2011, 8(3):657-666.
10. Bibby T.S., Gorbunov M.Y., Wyman K.W., Falkowski P.G. Photosynthetic community responses to upwelling in mesoscale eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1310-1320.
11. Bindoff N.L., Willebrand J., Artale V., Cazenave A., Gregory J., Gulev S., Hanawa K., Le Quere C., Levitus S., Nojiri Y., Shum C.K., Talley L.D., Unnikrishnan A. Observations: ocean climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
12. Bopp L., Aumont O., Cadule P., Alvain S., Gehlen M. Response of diatoms distribution to global warming and potential implications: a global model study. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32(19):L19606. doi:19610.11029/12005GL023653.
13. Boyce D.G., Lewis M.R., Worm B. Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature 2010, 466(7306):591-596.
14. Boyd P.W., Trull T.W. Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: is there consensus?. Progress in Oceanography 2007, 72(4):276-312.
15. Boyd P.W., Strzepek R., Fu F.X., Hutchins D.A. Environmental control of open-ocean phytoplankton groups: now and in the future. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(3):1353-1376.
16. Brown S.L., Landry M.R., Selph K.E., Yang E.J., Rii Y.M., Bidgare R.R. Diatoms in the desert: plankton community response to a mesoscale eddy in the subtropical North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1133-1138.
17. Brzezinski M.A., Krause J.W., Church M.J., Karl D.M., Li B.L., Jones J.L., Updyke B. The annual silica cycle of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2011, 58(10):988-1001.
18. Buesseler K.O., Antia A.N., Chen M., Fowler S.W., Gardner W.D., Gustafsson O., Harada K., Michaels A.F., van der Loeff'o M.R., Sarin M., Steinberg D.K., Trull T. An assessment of the use of sediment traps for estimating upper ocean particle fluxes. Journal of Marine Research 2007, 65(3):345-416.
19. Buesseler K.O., Lamborg C.H., Boyd P.W., Lam P.J., Trull T.W., Bidigare R.R., Bishop J.K.B., Casciotti K.L., Dehairs F., Elskens M., Honda M., Karl D.M., Siegel D.A., Silver M.W., Steinberg D.K., Valdes J., Van Mooy B., Wilson S. Revisiting carbon flux through the ocean's twilight zone. Science 2007, 316(5824):567-570.
20. Buesseler K.O., Lamborg C., Cai P., Escoube R., Johnson R., Pike S., Masque P., McGillicuddy D., Verdeny E. Particle fluxes associated with mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1426-1444.
21. Buesseler K.O., McDonnell A.M.P., Schofield O.M.E., Steinberg D.K., Ducklow H.W. High particle export over the continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37(L22606). 10.1029/2010GL045448.
22. Burkhardt S., Riebesell U. CO2 availability affects elemental composition (C:N:P) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1997, 155:67-76.
23. Calil P.H.R., Richards K.J. Transient upwelling hot spots in the oligotrophic North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2010, 115:C02003. 10.1029/2009JC005360.
24. Calil P.H.R., Doney S.C., Yumimoto K., Eguchi K., Takemura T. Episodic upwelling and dust deposition as bloom triggers in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2011, 116.
25. Capone D.G., Burns J.A., Montoya J.P., Subramaniam A., Mahaffey C., Gunderson T., Michaels A.F., Carpenter E.J. Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp.: an important source of new nitrogen to the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2005, 19(2):GB2024. doi:2010.1029/2004GB002331.
26. Capotondi A., Alexander M.A., Bond N.A., Curchitser E.N., Scott J.D. Enhanced upper ocean stratification with climate change in the CMIP3 models. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2012, 117:C04031. 10.1029/2011JC007409.
27. Capozzi R., Dinelli E., Negri A., Picotti V. Productivity-generated annual laminae in mid-Pliocene sapropels deposited during precessionally forced periods of warmer Mediterranean climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2006, 235(1-3):208-222.
28. Carpenter E.J., Janson S. Intracellular cyanobacterial symbionts in the marine diatom Climacodium frauenfeldianum (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 2000, 36(3):540-544.
29. Carpenter E.J., Montoya J.P., Burns J., Mulholland M.R., Subramaniam A., Capone D.G. Extensive bloom of a N-2-fixing diatom/cyanobacterial association in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1999, 185:273-283.
30. Casford J.S.L., Rohling E.J., Abu-Zied R.H., Fontanier C., Jorissen F.J., Leng M.J., Schmiedl G., Thomson J. A dynamic concept for eastern Mediterranean circulation and oxygenation during sapropel formation. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2003, 190:103-119.
31. Castradori D. Calcareous nannofossils and the origin of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Paleoceanography 1993, 8(4):459-471.
32. Cermeno P., Dutkiewicz S., Harris R.P., Follows M., Schofield O., Falkowski P.G. The role of nutricline depth in regulating the ocean carbon cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105(51):20344-20349.
33. Chung C.C., Gong G.C., Hung C.C. Effect of Typhoon Morakot on microphytoplankton population dynamics in the subtropical Northwest Pacific. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2012, 448:39-49.
34. Corselli C., Principato M.S., Maffioli P., Crudeli D. Changes in planktonic assemblages during sapropel S5 deposition: evidence from Urania Basin area, eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography 2002, 17(3):1029. doi:1010.1029/2000PA000536.
35. Cullen J.J. The deep chlorophyll maximum - comparing vertical profiles of chlorophyll-A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1982, 39(5):791-803.
36. Damste J.S.S., Muyzer G., Abbas B., Rampen S.W., Masse G., Allard W.G., Belt S.T., Robert J.M., Rowland S.J., Moldowan J.M., Barbanti S.M., Fago F.J., Denisevich P., Dahl J., Trindade L.A.F., Schouten S. The rise of the rhizosolenid diatoms. Science 2004, 304(5670):584-587.
37. Dandonneau Y., Menkes C., Duteil O., Gorgues T. Concentration of floating biogenic material in convergence zones. Journal of Marine Systems 2008, 69(3-4):226-232.
38. Dave A.C., Lozier M.S. Local stratification control of marine productivity in the subtropical North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2010, 115:C12032. doi:12010.11029/12010JC006507.
39. Davies A., Kemp A.E.S., Pike J. Late Cretaceous seasonal ocean variability from the Arctic. Nature 2009, 460:254-258.
40. Davies A., Kemp A.E.S., Palike H. Tropical ocean-atmosphere controls on inter-annual climate variability in the Cretaceous Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38. 10.1029/2010GL046151.
41. DeConto R.M., Brady E.C., Bergengren J., Hay W.W. Late Cretaceous climate, vegetation, and ocean interactions. Warm Climates in Earth History 2000, 275-296. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. B.T. Huber, K.G. Macleod, S.L. Wing (Eds.).
42. Dekshenieks M.M., Donaghay P.L., Sullivan J.M., Rines J.E.B., Osborn T.R., Twardowski M.S. Temporal and spatial occurrence of thin phytoplankton layers in relation to physical processes. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2001, 223:61-71.
43. Doney S.C. Oceanography - plankton in a warmer world. Nature 2006, 444(7120):695-696.
44. Dore J.E., Letelier R.M., Church M.J., Lukas R., Karl D.M. Summer phytoplankton blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: historical perspective and recent observations. Progress in Oceanography 2008, 76(1):2-38.
45. Durham W.M., Stocker R. Thin phytoplankton layers: characteristics, mechanisms, and consequences. Annual Review of Marine Science 2012, 4(4):177-207.
46. Emeis K.C., Sakamoto T., Wehausen R., Brumsack H.J. The sapropel record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea - results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2000, 158(3-4):371-395.
47. Erba E. Deep mid-water bacterial mats from anoxic basins of the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology 1991, 100(1-4):83-101.
48. Erba E., Rodondi G., Parisi E., Tenhaven H.L., Nip M., Deleeuw J.W. Gelatinous pellicles in deep anoxic hypersaline basins from the eastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology 1987, 75(1-4):165-183.
49. Falkowski P.G., Oliver M.J. Mix and match: how climate selects phytoplankton. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2007, 5(10):813-819.
50. Fong A.A., Karl D.M., Lukas R., Letelier R.M., Zehr J.P., Church M.J. Nitrogen fixation in an anticyclonic eddy in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. Isme Journal 2008, 2(6):663-676.
51. Foster R.A., Subramaniam A., Mahaffey C., Carpenter E.J., Capone D.G., Zehr J.P. Influence of the Amazon River plume on distributions of free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria in the western tropical north Atlantic Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 2007, 52(2):517-532.
52. Foster R.A., Subramaniam A., Zehr J.P. Distribution and activity of diazotrophs in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic. Environmental Microbiology 2009, 11(4):741-750.
53. Gallego-Torres D., Martinez-Ruiz F., Meyers P.A., Paytan A., Jimenez-Espejo F.J., Ortega-Huertas M. Productivity patterns and N-fixation associated with Pliocene-Holocene sapropels: paleoceanographic and paleoecological significance. Biogeosciences 2011, 8(2):415-431.
54. Garabato A.C.N., Strass V.H., Kattner G. Fluxes of nutrients in a three-dimensional meander structure of the Antarctic Polar Front. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(18):3771-3792.
55. Girard V., Schmidt A.R., Saint Martin S., Struwe S., Perrichot V., Saint Martin J.P., Grosheny D., Breton G., Neraudeau D. Evidence for marine microfossils from amber. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105(45):17426-17429.
56. Giunta S., Negri A., Maffioli P., Sangiorgi F., Capotondi L., Morigi C., Principato M.S., Corselli C. Phytoplankton dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean sea during marine isotopic stage 5e. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2006, 235(1-3):28-47.
57. Goebel N.L., Turk K.A., Achilles K.M., Paerl R., Hewson I., Morrison A.E., Montoya J.P., Edwards C.A., Zehr J.P. Abundance and distribution of major groups of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and their potential contribution to N(2) fixation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Microbiology 2010, 12(12):3272-3289.
58. Goldman J.C. Spatial and temporal discontinuities of biological processes in pelagic surface waters. Towards a Theory on Biological-Physical Interactions in the World Ocean 1988, 273-296. Kluwer Academic Publishers. B.J. Rothschild (Ed.).
59. Goldman J.C., Hansell D.A., Dennett M.R. Chemical characterization of three large oceanic diatoms: potential impact on water column chemistry. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1992, 88:257-270.
60. Goldman J.C. Potential role of large oceanic diatoms in new primary production. Deep-Sea Research Part I 1993, 40:159-168.
61. Goldman J.C., McGillicuddy D.J. Effect of large marine diatoms growing at low light on episodic new production. Limnology and Oceanography 2003, 48(3):1176-1182.
62. Gomez F., Furuya K., Takeda S. Distribution of the cyanobacterium Richelia intracellularis as an epiphyte of the diatom Chaetoceros compressus in the western Pacific Ocean. Journal of Plankton Research 2005, 27(4):323-330.
63. Gomi Y., Fukuchi M., Taniguchi A. Diatom assemblages at subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean in summer. Journal of Plankton Research 2010, 32(7):1039-1050.
64. Grigorov I., Pearce R.B., Kemp A.E.S. Southern Ocean laminated diatom ooze: mat deposits and potential for palaeo-flux studies, ODP leg 177, Site 1093. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(16):3391-3407.
65. Grosse J., Bombar D., Hai N.D., Lam N.N., Voss M. The Mekong River plume fuels nitrogen fixation and determines phytoplankton species distribution in the South China Sea during low- and high-discharge season. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(4):1668-1680.
66. Guillard R.R.L., Kilham P. The ecology of marine planktonic diatoms. The Biology of Diatoms. Botanical Monographs 1978, vol. 13:372-469. University of California Press, Berkeley.
67. Hallegraeff G.M. Taxonomy and morphology of the marine plankton diatoms Thalassionema and Thalassiothrix. Diatom Research 1986, 1:57-80.
68. Hallegraeff G.M., Jeffrey S.W. Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of continental-shelf waters of North and Northwest Australia. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1984, 20(1-2):59-74.
69. Hanson C.E., Pesant S., Waite A.M., Pattiaratchi C.B. Assessing the magnitude and significance of deep chlorophyll maxima of the coastal eastern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2007, 54(8-10):884-901.
70. Harwood D.M. Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene diatom and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy of Seymour Island, eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula 1988, vol. 169:55-129. Geological Society of America Memoir, Antarctic Peninsula.
71. Harwood, D.M., Nikolaev, V.A., 1995. Cretaceous diatoms: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy. In: Blome, C.D., et al. (convenors) (Ed.), Siliceous Microfossils, 8 Paleontological Society, pp. 81-106 (pls 101-104).
72. Harwood, D.M., Nikolaev, V.A., Winter, D.M., 2007. Cretaceous records of diatom evolution, radiation, and expansion. In: Starratt, S. (Ed.), Pond Scum to Carbon Sink: Geological and Environmental Applications of the Diatoms The Paleontology Society Papers 13 Paleontological Society, pp. 33-59.
73. Helm K.P., Bindoff N.L., Church J.A. Observed decreases in oxygen content of the global ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:L23602. doi:23610.21029/22011GL049513.
74. Hense I., Beckmann A. Revisiting subsurface chlorophyll and phytoplankton distributions. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2008, 55(9):1193-1199.
75. Henson S.A., Sarmiento J.L., Dunne J.P., Bopp L., Lima I., Doney S.C., John J., Beaulieu C. Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity. Biogeosciences 2010, 7(2):621-640.
76. Hofmann A.F., Peltzer E.T., Walz P.M., Brewer P.G. Hypoxia by degrees: establishing definitions for a changing ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2011, 58(12):1212-1226.
77. Holm-Hansen O., Hewes C.D. Deep chlorophyll-a maxima (DCMs) in Antarctic waters - I. Relationships between DCMs and the physical, chemical, and optical conditions in the upper water column. Polar Biology 2004, 27(11):699-710.
78. Holm-Hansen O., Kahru M., Hewes C.D. Deep chlorophyll a maxima (DCMs) in pelagic Antarctic waters. II. Relation to bathymetric features and dissolved iron concentrations. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2005, 297:71-81.
79. Honjo S., Francois R., Manganini S., Dymond J., Collier R. Particle fluxes to the interior of the Southern Ocean in the Western Pacific sector along 170 degrees W. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 2000, 47(15-16):3521-3548.
80. Huisman J., Thi N.N.P., Karl D.M., Sommeijer B. Reduced mixing generates oscillations and chaos in the oceanic deep chlorophyll maximum. Nature 2006, 439(7074):322-325.
81. Hung C.C., Gong G.C., Chou W.C., Chung C.C., Lee M.A., Chang Y., Chen H.Y., Huang S.J., Yang Y., Yang W.R., Chung W.C., Li S.L., Laws E. The effect of typhoon on particulate organic carbon flux in the southern East China Sea. Biogeosciences 2010, 7(10):3007-3018.
82. Irwin A.J., Oliver M.J. Are ocean deserts getting larger?. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:L18609. doi 18610.11029/12009GL039883.
83. Jarvis I., Lignum J.S., Grocke D.R., Jenkyns H.C., Pearce M.A. Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO(2) drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Paleoceanography 2011, 26.
84. Jenkyns H.C. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2010, 11.
85. Jenkyns H.C., Forster A., Schouten S., Damste J.S.S. High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature 2004, 432(7019):888-892.
86. 3, and opal from global nutrient and alkalinity distributions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20(2):GB2015. doi:2010.1029/2005GB002532.
87. Junium C.K., Arthur M.A. Nitrogen cycling during the Cretaceous, Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event II. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2007, 8:GB2015. doi:2010.1029/2006GC001328.
88. Kalansky J.F., Robinson R.S., Popp B.N. Insights into nitrogen cycling in the western Gulf of California from the nitrogen isotopic composition of diatom-bound organic matter. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 2011, 12:Q06015. doi:06010.01029/02010GC003437.
89. Karl D., Letelier R., Tupas L., Dore J., Christian J., Hebel D. The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 1997, 388(6642):533-538.
90. Karl D.M., Church M.J., Dore J.E., Letelier R.M., Mahaffey C. Predictable and efficient carbon sequestration in the North Pacific Ocean supported by symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012, 109(6):1842-1849.
91. Karsten, G., 1905. Das Phytoplankton des Antarktischen Meeres nach dem Material der Deuttschen Tiefsee-Expedition (1898-1899). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Exoedition auf dem Dampfer Valdivia, Jena.
92. Kashiyama Y., Ogawa N.O., Kuroda J., Shiro M., Nomoto S., Tada R., Kitazato H., Ohkouchi N. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria as the major photoautotrophs during mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence from sedimentary porphyrin. Organic Geochemistry 2008, 39(5):532-549.
93. Keeling R.F., Kortzinger A., Gruber N. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world. Annual Review of Marine Science 2010, 2:199-229.
94. Kemp A.E.S., Baldauf J.G. Vast neogene laminated diatom mat deposits from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 1993, 362:141-144.
95. Kemp A.E.S., Pearce R.B., Pike J., Marshall J.E.A. Microfabric and microcompositional studies of Pliocene and Quaternary sapropels form the Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results 1998, 349-364. Ocean Drilling Program, 160 College Station, TX. K.-C. Emeis, A.H.F. Robertson, C. Richter (Eds.).
96. Kemp A.E.S., Pearce R.B., Koizumi I., Pike J., Rance S.J. The role of mat-forming diatoms in the formation of Mediterranean sapropels. Nature 1999, 398:57-61.
97. Kemp A.E.S., Pike J., Pearce R.B., Lange C.B. The "Fall dump" - a new perspective on the role of a "shade flora" in the annual cycle of diatom production and export flux. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2000, 47:2129-2154.
98. Kemp A.E.S., Pearce R.B., Grigorov I., Rance J., Lange C.B., Quilty P., Salter I. Production of giant marine diatoms and their export at oceanic frontal zones: implications for Si and C flux from stratified oceans. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2006, 20(4):GB4S04. 10.1029/2006GB002698.
99. Kemp A.E.S., Grigorov I., Pearce R.B., Garabato A.C.N. Migration of the Antarctic Polar Front through the mid-Pleistocene transition: evidence and climatic implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29(17-18):1993-2009.
100. Kimor B., Gordon N., Neori A. Symbiotic associations among the microplankton in oligotrophic marine environments, with special reference to the Gulf of Aqaba, Red-Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 1992, 14(9):1217-1231.
101. Knutson T.R., McBride J.L., Chan J., Emanuel K., Holland G., Landsea C., Held I., Kossin J.P., Srivastava A.K., Sugi M. Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3(3):157-163.
102. Kopczynska E.E., Dehairs F., Elskens M., Wright S. Phytoplankton and microzooplankton variability between the Subtropical and Polar Fronts south of Australia: thriving under regenerative and new production in late summer. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2001, 106(C12):31597-31609.
103. Krause J.W., Nelson D.M., Lomas M.W. Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea, II: increased rates of biogenic silica production and export. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2009, 56(6):861-874.
104. Krause J.W., Brzezinski M.A., Villareal T.A., Wilson C. Increased kinetic efficiency for silicic acid uptake as a driver of summer diatom blooms in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Limnology and Oceanography 2012, 57(4):1084-1098.
105. Krause J.W., Brzezinski M.A., Villareal T.A., Wilson C. Biogenic silica cycling during summer phytoplankton blooms in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2013, 71:49-60.
106. 2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. Geology 2004, 32:853-856.
107. Landry M.R., Brown S.L., Rii Y.M., Selph K.E., Bidigare R.R., Yang E.J., Simmons M.P. Depth-stratified phytoplankton dynamics in Cyclone Opal, a subtropical mesoscale eddy. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1348-1359.
108. Landry M.R., Decima M., Simmons M.P., Hannides C.C.S., Daniels E. Mesozooplankton biomass and grazing responses to Cyclone Opal, a subtropical mesoscale eddy. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(10-13):1378-1388.
109. Le Quéré C.L., Harrison S.P., Prentice I.C., Buitenhuis E.T., Aumont O., Bopp L., Claustre H., Da Cunha L.C., Geider R., Giraud X., Klaas C., Kohfeld K.E., Legendre L., Manizza M., Platt T., Rivkin R.B., Sathyendranath S., Uitz J., Watson A.J., Wolf-Gladrow D. Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models. Global Change Biology 2005, 11(11):2016-2040.
110. Levitus S., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Locarnini R.A., Garcia H.E., Mishonov A.V. Global ocean heat content 1955-2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:L07608. doi 07610.01029/02008GL037155.
111. Lin I., Liu W.T., Wu C.C., Wong G.T.F., Hu C.M., Chen Z.Q., Liang W.D., Yang Y., Liu K.K. New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30(13):1718. 10.1029/2003GL017141.
112. Lomas M.W., Lipschultz F., Nelson D.M., Krause J.W., Bates N.R. Biogeochemical responses to late-winter storms in the Sargasso Sea, I - pulses of primary and new production. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2009, 56(6):843-860.
113. Lozier M.S., Dave A.C., Palter J.B., Gerber L.M., Barber R.T. On the relationship between stratification and primary productivity in the North Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters 2011, 38:L18609. doi:18610.11029/12011GL049414.
114. Lyman J.M., Good S.A., Gouretski V.V., Ishii M., Johnson G.C., Palmer M.D., Smith D.M., Willis J.K. Robust warming of the global upper ocean. Nature 2010, 465(7296):334-337.
115. Mackas D.L. Does blending of chlorophyll data bias temporal trend?. Nature 2011, 472(7342):E4-E5.
116. Mahaffey C., Michaels A.F., Capone D.G. The conundrum of marine N(2) fixation. American Journal of Science 2005, 305(6-8):546-595.
117. Manizza M., Buitenhuis E.T., Le Quéré C. Sensitivity of global ocean biogeochemical dynamics to ecosystem structure in a future climate. Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37:L13607. doi: 13610.11029/12010GL043360.
118. Margalef R. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologica Acta 1978, 1:493-509.
119. Margalef R. Our Biosphere 1997, Ecology Institute, Oldendorf.
120. Martin J., Tremblay J.E., Gagnon J., Tremblay G., Lapoussiere A., Jose C., Poulin M., Gosselin M., Gratton Y., Michel C. Prevalence, structure and properties of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in Canadian Arctic waters. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2010, 412:69-84.
121. Martinez E., Antoine D., D'Ortenzio F., Gentili B. Climate-driven basin-scale decadal oscillations of oceanic phytoplankton. Science 2009, 326(5957):1253-1256.
122. Martinez-Ruiz F., Kastner M., Paytan A., Ortega-Huertas M., Bernasconi S.M. Geochemical evidence for enhanced productivity during S1 sapropel deposition in the eastern Mediterranean. Paleoceanography 2000, 15(2):200-209.
123. McGillicuddy D.J., Robinson A.R., Siegel D.A., Jannasch H.W., Johnson R., Dickey T.D., McNeil J., Michaels A.F., Knap5 A.H. Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea. Nature (London) 1998, 394:263-266.
124. McGillicuddy D.J., Anderson L.A., Bates N.R., Bibby T., Buesseler K.O., Carlson C.A., Davis C.S., Ewart C., Falkowski P.G., Goldthwait S.A., Hansell D.A., Jenkins W.J., Johnson R., Kosnyrev V.K., Ledwell J.R., Li Q.P., Siegel D.A., Steinberg D.K. Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms. Science 2007, 316(5827):1021-1026.
125. McQuatters-Gollop A., Reid P.C., Edwards M., Burkill P.H., Castellani C., Batten S., Gieskes W., Beare D., Bidigare R.R., Head E., Johnson R., Kahru M., Koslow J.A., Pena A. Is there a decline in marine phytoplankton?. Nature 2011, 472(7342):E6-E7.
126. Meyers P.A. Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2006, 235(1-3):305-320.
127. Meyers P.A., Bernasconi S.M., Yum J.G. 20 My of nitrogen fixation during deposition of mid-Cretaceous black shales on the Demerara Rise, equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Organic Geochemistry 2009, 40(2):158-166.
128. Miller C.B. Biological Oceanography 2004, Blackwell, Oxford.
129. Monteiro F.M., Follows M.J., Dutkiewicz S. Distribution of diverse nitrogen fixers in the global ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2010, 24:GB3017. doi: 3010.1029/2009GB003731.
130. Moore J.K., Villareal T.A. Buoyancy and growth characteristics of three positively buoyant marine diatoms. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1996, 132(1-3):203-213.
131. Moore J.K., Villareal T.A. Size-ascent rate relationships in positively buoyant marine diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 1996, 41(7):1514-1520.
132. Mulholland M.R. The fate of nitrogen fixed by diazotrophs in the ocean. Biogeosciences 2007, 4(1):37-51.
133. Nijenhuis I.A., de Lange G.J. Geochemical constraints on Pliocene sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean. Marine Geology 2000, 163(1-4):41-63.
134. Nowald, N., Fischer, G., Ratmeyer, V., Iversen, M., Reuter, C., Wefer, G., 2009. In-situ Sinking Speed Measurements of Marine Snow Aggregates Acquired with a Settling Chamber Mounted to the Cherokee ROV. OCEANS'09 IEEE, Bremen.
135. Ohkouchi N., Kashiyama Y., Kuroda J., Ogawa N.O., Kitazato H. The importance of diazotrophic cyanobacteria as primary producers during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Biogeosciences 2006, 3(4):467-478.
136. Otto-Bliesner B.L., Brady E.C., Shields C. Late cretaceous ocean: coupled simulations with the national center for atmospheric research climate system model. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 2002, 107(D1-D2):4019. doi: 4010.1029/2001JD000821.
137. Parslow J.S., Boyd P.W., Rintoul S.R., Griffiths F.B. A persistent subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the Interpolar Frontal Zone south of Australia: seasonal progression and implications for phytoplankton-light-nutrient interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2001, 106(C12):31543-31557.
138. 2 world. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2012, 470:249-271.
139. Pearce R.B., Kemp A.E.S., Koizumi I., Pike J., Cramp A.J., Rowalnd S.J. A lamina-scale SEM-based study of a late Quaternary diatom-ooze sapropel from the Mediterranean Ridge, ODP Site 971. Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results 1998, 349-363. 160 Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX. K.-C. Emeis, A.H.F. Robertson (Eds.).
140. Pedersen T.F., Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 1990, 74:454-466.
141. Peters F. Diatoms in a future ocean - stirring it up. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008, 6(5).
142. Picheral M., Guidi L., Stemmann L., Karl D.M., Iddaoud G., Gorsky G. The underwater Vision Profiler 5: an advanced instrument for high spatial resolution studies of particle size spectra and zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography-Methods 2010, 8:462-473.
143. Pike J., Kemp A.E.S. Diatom mats from Gulf of California: implications for silica burial and paleoenvironmental interpretation of laminated sediments. Geology 1999, 27:311-314.
144. Pilskaln C.H., Lehmann C., Paduan J.B., Silver M.W. Spatial and temporal dynamics in marine aggregate abundance, sinking rate and flux: Monterey Bay, central California. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 1998, 45(8-9):1803-1837.
145. Pilskaln C.H., Villareal T.A., Dennett M., Darkangelo-Wood C., Meadows G. High concentrations of marine snow and diatom algal mats in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: implications for carbon and nitrogen cycles in the oligotrophic ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2005, 52(12):2315-2332.
146. Platt T., Harrison W.G., Lewis M.R., Li W.K.W., Sathyendranath S., Smith R.E., Vezina A.F. Biological production of the oceans - the case for a consensus. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1989, 52(1):77-88.
147. Polovina J.J., Howell E.A., Abecassis M. Ocean's least productive waters are expanding. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35(3). 10.1029/2007GL031745.
148. Quilty P.G., Kerry K.R., Marchant H.J. A seasonally recurrent patch of Antarctic diatoms. Search 1985, 16:48.
149. Rackebrandt N., Kuhnert H., Groeneveld J., Bickert T. Persisting maximum Agulhas leakage during MIS 14 indicated by massive Ethmodiscus oozes in the subtropical South Atlantic. Paleoceanography 2011, 26:PA3202. 10.1029/2010PA001990.
150. Richardson K., Visser A.W., Pedersen F.B. Subsurface phytoplankton blooms fuel pelagic production in the North Sea. Journal of Plankton Research 2000, 22(9):1663-1671.
151. Robison B.H. Midwater research methods with MBARI's ROV. Marine Technology Society Journal 1993, 26(4):32-39.
152. Rohling E.J. Review and new aspects concerning the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Marine Geology 1994, 122(1-2):1-28.
153. Rohling E.J., Gieskes W.W.C. Late Quaternary changes in Mediterranean intermediate water density and formation rate. Paleoceanography 1989, 4:531-545.
154. Rohling E.J., Jorissen F.J., Grazzini C.V., Zachariasse W.J. Northern levantine and Adriatic quaternary planktic foraminifera - reconstruction of paleoenvironmental gradients. Marine Micropaleontology 1993, 21(1-3):191-218.
155. Rossignol-Strick M., Nesteroff W., Olive P., Vergnaud-Grazzini C. After the deluge - Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation. Nature 1982, 295(5845):105-110.
156. Rykaczewski R.R., Dunne J.P. A measured look at ocean chlorophyll trends. Nature 2011, 472(7342):E5-E6.
157. Sachs J.P., Repeta D.J. Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during eastern Mediterranean sapropel events. Science 1999, 286(5449):2485-2488.
158. Salter I., Lampitt R.S., Sanders R., Poulton A., Kemp A.E.S., Boorman B., Saw K., Pearce R. Estimating carbon, silica and diatom export from a naturally fertilised phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean using PELAGRA: a novel drifting sediment trap. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2007, 54(18-20):2233-2259.
159. Salter I., Kemp A.E.S., Lampitt R.S., Gledhill M. The association between biogenic and inorganic minerals and the amino acid composition of settling particles. Limnology and Oceanography 2010, 55(5):2207-2218.
160. Salter, I., Kemp, A.E.S., Moore, C.M., Lampitt, R.S., Wolff, G.A., Holtvoeth, J., 2012. Diatom resting spore ecology drives enhanced carbon export from a naturally iron-fertilized bloom in the Southern Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26. GB1014. http://dx.doi/org/10.1029/2010GB003977.
161. Sancetta C. Mediterranean sapropels: seasonal stratification yields high production and carbon flux. Paleoceanography 1994, 9:195-196.
162. Sancetta C. The mystery of the sapropels. Nature 1999, 398:27-29.
163. Sancetta C., Villareal T.A., Falkowski P. Massive fluxes of rhizosolenid diatoms: a common occurrence?. Limnology and Oceanography 1991, 36:1452-1457.
164. Scharek R., Latasa M., Karl D.M., Bidigare R.R. Temporal variations in diatom abundance and downward vertical flux in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 1999, 46(6):1051-1075.
165. Scharek R., Tupas L.M., Karl D.M. Diatom fluxes to the deep sea in the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre at Station ALOHA. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1999, 182:55-67.
166. Schlitzer R. Carbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: results from inverse modeling and comparison with satellite-based estimates. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(9-10):1623-1644.
167. Schöne H.K. The influence of light and temperature on the growth rates of six phytoplankton species from the upwelling area off Northwest Africa. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 1982, 180:246-253.
168. Schrader H., Matherne A. Sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from preserved opal assemblages. Micropaleontology 1981, 27:191-203.
169. Shipe R.F., Brzezinski M.A., Pilskaln C., Villareal T.A. Rhizosolenia mats: an overlooked source of silica production in the open sea. Limnology and Oceanography 1999, 44(5):1282-1292.
170. Shipe R.F., Curtaz J., Subramaniam A., Carpenter E.J., Capone D.G. Diatom biomass and productivity in oceanic and plume-influenced waters of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I - Oceanographic Research Papers 2006, 53(8):1320-1334.
171. Singler H.R., Villareal T.A. Nitrogen inputs into the euphotic zone by vertically migrating Rhizosolenia mats. Journal of Plankton Research 2005, 27(6):545-556.
172. Smayda T.J., Boleyn B.J. Experimental observations on the flotation of marine diatoms. II. Skeletonema costatum and Rhizosolenia setigera. Limnology and Oceanography 1966, 11:18-34.
173. Smetacek V.S. Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Marine Biology 1985, 84:239-251.
174. Smetacek V. Diatoms and the ocean carbon cycle. Protist 1999, 150(1):25-32.
175. Smetacek V. The giant diatom dump. Nature 2000, 406:574-575.
176. Smetacek V., Klaas C., Menden-Deuer S., Rynearson T.A. Mesoscale distribution of dominant diatom species relative to the hydrographical field along the Antarctic Polar Front. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(18):3835-3848.
177. Smith C.R., Hoover D.J., Doan S.E., Pope R.H., DeMaster D.J., Dobbs F.C., Altabet M.A. Phytodetritus at the abyssal seafloor across 10 of latitude in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 1996, 43:1309-1338.
178. Sohm J.A., Webb E.A., Capone D.G. Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2011, 9(7):499-508.
179. Sorhannus U. A nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribosomal RNA timescale for diatom evolution. Marine Micropaleontology 2007, 65(1-2):1-12.
180. Sournia A. Is there a shade flora in the marine plankton?. Journal of Plankton Research 1982, 4:391-399.
181. Statham P.J., Skidmore M., Tranter M. Inputs of glacially derived dissolved and colloidal iron to the coastal ocean and implications for primary productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22(3):GB3013. 10.1029/2007GB003106.
182. Steinacher M., Joos F., Frolicher T.L., Bopp L., Cadule P., Cocco V., Doney S.C., Gehlen M., Lindsay K., Moore J.K., Schneider B., Segschneider J. Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis. Biogeosciences 2010, 7(3):979-1005.
183. Stemmann L., Boss E. Plankton and particle size and packaging: from determining optical properties to driving the biological pump. Annual Review of Marine Science 2012, 4(4):263-290.
184. Stramma L., Johnson G.C., Sprintall J., Mohrholz V. Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science 2008, 320(5876):655-658.
185. Strass V.H., Bathmann U., van den Loeff M.M.R., Smetacek V., Wegener A. Mesoscale physics, biogeochemistry and ecology of the Antarctic Polar Front, Atlantic sector: an introduction to and summary of cruise ANT XIII/2 of RV Polarstern. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2002, 49(18):3707-3711.
186. Subramaniam A., Yager P.L., Carpenter E.J., Mahaffey C., Bjorkman K., Cooley S., Kustka A.B., Montoya J.P., Sanudo-Wilhelmy S.A., Shipe R., Capone D.G. Amazon River enhances diazotrophy and carbon sequestration in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105(30):10460-10465.
187. Sullivan J.M., Van Holliday D., McFarland M., McManus M.A., Cheriton O.M., Benoit-Bird K.J., Goodman L., Wang Z.K., Ryan J.P., Stacey M., Greenlaw C., Moline M.A. Layered organization in the coastal ocean: an introduction to planktonic thin layers and the LOCO project. Continental Shelf Research 2010, 30(1):1-6.
188. Sundstrom B.G. Observations on Rhizosolenia-Clevei Ostenfeld (Bacillariophyceae) and Richelia-Intracellularis Schmidt (Cyanophyceae). Botanica Marina 1984, 27(8):345-355.
189. Tozzi S., Schofield O., Falkowski P. Historical climate change and ocean turbulence as selective agents for two key phytoplankton functional groups. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 2004, 274:123-132.
190. Trenberth K.E. Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research 2011, 47(1-2):123-138.
191. Trull T.W., Bray S.G., Buesseler K.O., Lamborg C.H., Manganini S., Moy C., Valdes J. In situ measurement of mesopelagic particle sinking rates and the control of carbon transfer to the ocean interior during the Vertical Flux in the Global Ocean (VERTIGO) voyages in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research Part II - Topical Studies in Oceanography 2008, 55(14-15):1684-1695.
192. Vaillancourt R.D., Marra J., Seki M.P., Parsons M.L., Bidigare R.R. Impact of a cyclonic eddy on phytoplankton community structure and photosynthetic competency in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part I 2003, 50:829-847.
193. Van Os B.J.H., al e. The formation of Pliocene sapropels and carbonate cycles in the Mediterranean: Diagenesis, dissolution, and productivity. Paleoceanography 1994, 9:601-617.
194. Vantrepotte V., Melin F. Temporal variability of 10-year global SeaWiFS time-series of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration. Ices Journal of Marine Science 2009, 66(7):1547-1556.
195. Venrick E.L. Recurrent groups of diatom species in the North Pacific. Ecology 1971, 52:614-625.
196. Venrick E.L. The distribution and significance of Richelia intracellularis SCHMIDT in the North Pacific Central Gyre. Limnology and Oceanography 1974, 19:437-445.
197. Venrick E.L. Phytoplankton in an oligotrophic ocean: observations and questions. Ecological Monographs 1982, 52:129-154.
198. Venrick E.L. The vertical distributions of chlorophyll and phytoplankton species in the North Pacific Central Environment. Journal of Plankton Research 1988, 10(5):987-998.
199. Venrick E.L. Phytoplankton in an oligotrophic ocean - species structure and interannual variability. Ecology 1990, 71(4):1547-1563.
200. Venrick E.L. Phytoplankton species structure in the central North Pacific, 1973-1996: variability and persistence. Journal of Plankton Research 1999, 21(6):1029-1042.
201. Villareal T.A. Positive buoyancy in the oceanic diatom Rhizosolenia debyana H. Peragallo. Deep-Sea Research 1988, 35:1037-1045.
202. Villareal T.A. Laboratory Culture and Preliminary Characterization of the Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizosolenia-Richelia Symbiosis. Marine Ecology-Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli I 1990, 11(2):117-132.
203. Villareal T.A. Nitrogen-fixation by the cyanobacterial symbiont of the diatom genus Hemiaulus. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1991, 76(2):201-204.
204. Villareal T.A. Buoyancy properties of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus. Journal of Plankton Research 1992, 14:459-463.
205. Villareal T.A. Marine nitrogen-fixing diatom-cyanobacterial symbioses. Marine Pelagic Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other Diazotrophs 1992, 163-175. Kluwer, Dordrecht. E.J. Carpenter, D.G. Capone, J. Reuter (Eds.).
206. Villareal T.A. Abundance of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus in the southwest Atlantic Ocean and central Pacific gyre. Diatom Research 1993, 8:171-177.
207. Villareal T.A., Lipschultz F. Internal nitrate concentrations in single cells of large phytoplankton from the Sargasso Sea. Journal of Phycology 1995, 31(5):689-696.
208. Villareal T.A., Altabet M.A., Culver-Rymsza K. Nitrogen transport by vertically migrating diatom mats in the North Pacific Ocean. Nature 1993, 363:709-712.
209. 3-fluxes in the central north Pacific gyre. Journal of Plankton Research 1996, 18(7):1103-1121.
210. Villareal T.A., Pilskaln C., Brzezinski M., Lipschultz F., Dennett M., Gardner G.B. Upward transport of oceanic nitrate by migrating diatom mats. Nature 1999, 397(6718):423-425.
211. Villareal T.A., Adornato L., Wilson C., Schoenbaechler C.A. Summer blooms of diatom-diazotroph assemblages and surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific gyre: a disconnect. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans 2011, 116:C03001. doi:03010.01029/02010JC006268.
212. Villareal T.A., Brown C.G., Brzezinski M.A., Krause J.W., Wilson C. Summer diatom blooms in the North Pacific subtropical gyre: 2008-2009. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(4):e33109. doi:33110.31371/journal.pone.0033109.
213. Wagner T., Damste J.S.S., Hofmann P., Beckmann B. Euxinia and primary production in Late Cretaceous eastern equatorial Atlantic surface waters fostered orbitally driven formation of marine black shales. Paleoceanography 2004, 19(4). 10.1029/2003PA000898.
214. Waite A., Harrison P.J. Role of Sinking and ascent during sexual reproduction in the marine diatom Ditylum-Brightwellii. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 1992, 87(1-2):113-122.
215. Waite A.M., Thompson P.A., Harrison P.J. Does energy control the sinking rates of marine diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 1992, 37(3):468-477.
216. White, A.E., Spitz, Y.H., Letelier, R.M., 2007. What factors are driving summer phytoplankton blooms in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre? Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 112 (C12006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004129.
217. Wilson C., Qiu X. Global distribution of summer chlorophyll blooms in the oligotrophic gyres. Progress in Oceanography 2008, 78(2):107-134.
218. Wilson C., Villareal T.A., Maximenko N., Bograd S.J., Montoya J.P., Schoenbaechler C.A. Biological and physical forcings of late summer chlorophyll blooms at 30 degrees N in the oligotrophic Pacific. Journal of Marine Systems 2008, 69(3-4):164-176.
219. Wilson C., Villareal T.A., Brzezinski M.A., Krause J.W., Shcherbina A.Y. Chlorophyll bloom development and the subtropical front in the North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2013, 118:1473-1488.
220. Woods S., Villareal T.A. Intracellular ion concentrations and cell sap density in positively buoyant oceanic phytoplankton. Nova Hedwigia 2008, 131-145.
221. Xiong Z.F., Li T.G., Algeo T., Chang F.M., Yin X.B., Xu Z.K. Rare earth element geochemistry of laminated diatom mats from tropical West Pacific: evidence for more reducing bottomwaters and higher primary productivity during the Last Glacial Maximum. Chemical Geology 2012, 296:103-118.
222. Xiong Z.F., Li T.G., Algeo T., Nan Q.Y., Zhai B., Lu B. Paleoproductivity and paleoredox conditions during late Pleistocene accumulation of laminated diatom mats in the tropical West Pacific. Chemical Geology 2012, 334:77-91.
223. Yeung L.Y., Berelson W.M., Young E.D., Prokopenko M.G., Rollins N., Coles V.J., Montoya J.P., Carpenter E.J., Steinberg D.K., Foster R.A., Capone D.G., Yager P.L. Impact of diatom-diazotroph associations on carbon export in the Amazon River plume. Geophysical Research Letters 2012, 39. 10.1029/2012GL053356.
224. Yoder J.A., Ackleson S., Barber R., Flamant P. A line in the sea. Nature 1994, 371:689-692.
225. Zhang Y.W., McEwen R.S., Ryan J.P., Bellingham J.G. Design and tests of an adaptive triggering method for capturing peak samples in a thin phytoplankton layer by an autonomous underwater vehicle. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 2010, 35(4):785-796.