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Volumn 316, Issue 5827, 2007, Pages 1021-1026

Eddy/Wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms

(18)  McGillicuddy Jr , Dennis J a   Anderson, Laurence A a   Bates, Nicholas R b   Bibby, Thomas c,d   Buesseler, Ken O a   Carlson, Craig A e   Davis, Cabell S a   Ewart, Courtney e   Falkowski, Paul G c   Goldthwait, Sarah A f,g   Hansell, Dennis A h   Jenkins, William J a   Johnson, Rodney b   Kosnyrev, Valery K a   Ledwell, James R a   Li, Qian P h   Siegel, David A e   Steinberg, Deborah K f  


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLOROPHYLL A; SEA WATER; SURFACE WATER;

EID: 34249054524     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1136256     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (689)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 34249081051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New production is that fraction of total production supported by exogenous nutrients, as per Dugdale and Goering (46).
    • New production is that fraction of total production supported by exogenous nutrients, as per Dugdale and Goering (46).
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    • J. T. Allen et al., Nature 437, 728 (2005).
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 728
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    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
    • Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
  • 27
    • 34249112427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A qualitatively similar feature was observed at the BATS site in April 2001 (BATS 150), during which time a cyclone of similar magnitude was present at the time-series site.
    • A qualitatively similar feature was observed at the BATS site in April 2001 (BATS 150), during which time a cyclone of similar magnitude was present at the time-series site.
  • 28
    • 34249089783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We view this estimate as a lower bound on the implied remineralization, because this calculation ignores dilution of the oxygen deficit by mixing with waters outside the eddy core
    • We view this estimate as a lower bound on the implied remineralization, because this calculation ignores dilution of the oxygen deficit by mixing with waters outside the eddy core.
  • 30
    • 34249113052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The small-scale (on the order of 10 km) fluorescence patchiness observed in the Video Plankton Recorder survey (Fig. 3A) is reminiscent of submesoscale frontal phenomena present in high-resolution numerical simulations (14, 15, 19, 21). Details of the relationship between, and interactions among, submesoscale and mesoscale processes remain a topic of active research. The key aspect of the observed fluorescence distribution as it pertains to diagnosis of the underlying mechanism is that the enhancement resides at the eddy center, not at the periphery.
    • The small-scale (on the order of 10 km) fluorescence patchiness observed in the Video Plankton Recorder survey (Fig. 3A) is reminiscent of submesoscale frontal phenomena present in high-resolution numerical simulations (14, 15, 19, 21). Details of the relationship between, and interactions among, submesoscale and mesoscale processes remain a topic of active research. The key aspect of the observed fluorescence distribution as it pertains to diagnosis of the underlying mechanism is that the enhancement resides at the eddy center, not at the periphery.
  • 31
    • 34249052762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Picophytoplankton concentrations determined by flow cytometry showed no significant difference in standing stocks of Prochlorococcus spp. or Synechococcus spp. between A4 and C1, although their relative contribution to total chlorophyll a decreased significantly in A4 because of the large diatom bloom Fig. 2B
    • Picophytoplankton concentrations determined by flow cytometry showed no significant difference in standing stocks of Prochlorococcus spp. or Synechococcus spp. between A4 and C1, although their relative contribution to total chlorophyll a decreased significantly in A4 because of the large diatom bloom (Fig. 2B).
  • 33
    • 34249100467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ironically, the basin-scale pattern of low biomass and productivity of the subtropical North Atlantic has been attributed to the presence of mode waters (47), yet our results illustrate how mesoscale lenses of this water can create the most intense plankton blooms ever observed in the region.
    • Ironically, the basin-scale pattern of low biomass and productivity of the subtropical North Atlantic has been attributed to the presence of mode waters (47), yet our results illustrate how mesoscale lenses of this water can create the most intense plankton blooms ever observed in the region.
  • 34
    • 34249051279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depth-integrated bacterioplankton biomass and production were not significantly different from the long-term mean at the BATS site. However, as compared to C1, volumetric bacterioplankton biomass and production in A4 were significantly enhanced within the deep chlorophyll a maximum, where diatoms dominated
    • Depth-integrated bacterioplankton biomass and production were not significantly different from the long-term mean at the BATS site. However, as compared to C1, volumetric bacterioplankton biomass and production in A4 were significantly enhanced within the deep chlorophyll a maximum, where diatoms dominated.
  • 36
    • 34249020656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectroradiometric observations of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in eddy A4 indicated that the depth of 1% of the surface value (a proxy for euphotic zone depth) had a mean of 96 m (SD = 9 m, n = 37 observations), which is nearly identical to that reported at the BATS site (48). Findings in C1 were similar, with a mean 1% PAR depth of 97 m (SD = 12 m, n = 49 observations).
    • Spectroradiometric observations of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in eddy A4 indicated that the depth of 1% of the surface value (a proxy for euphotic zone depth) had a mean of 96 m (SD = 9 m, n = 37 observations), which is nearly identical to that reported at the BATS site (48). Findings in C1 were similar, with a mean 1% PAR depth of 97 m (SD = 12 m, n = 49 observations).
  • 38
    • 34249087303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altimetric data point toward the northern source region for the 1-year period during which the eddy could be tracked (Fig. 1B). However, initial analysis of radioisotope measurements offers conflicting evidence: Radiocarbon data suggest a northern source, whereas tritium data suggest a southern source.
    • Altimetric data point toward the northern source region for the 1-year period during which the eddy could be tracked (Fig. 1B). However, initial analysis of radioisotope measurements offers conflicting evidence: Radiocarbon data suggest a northern source, whereas tritium data suggest a southern source.
  • 39
    • 34249071250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -1). All of the eddies we studied exhibited a similar tendency for the phosphocline to reside deeper than the nitracline, leading to supra-Redfield nitrate:phosphate ratios just below the euphotic zone. This enigmatic aspect is characteristic of the region (49, 50). Nevertheless, we could find no systematic differences in nitrate-to-phosphate ratios between cyclones and mode-water eddies.
    • -1). All of the eddies we studied exhibited a similar tendency for the phosphocline to reside deeper than the nitracline, leading to supra-Redfield nitrate:phosphate ratios just below the euphotic zone. This enigmatic aspect is characteristic of the region (49, 50). Nevertheless, we could find no systematic differences in nitrate-to-phosphate ratios between cyclones and mode-water eddies.
  • 41
    • 34249104109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Martin and Richards model (40) predicts the vertical velocity at the base of the layer through which wind stress can be transmitted directly through waves and turbulence (the Ekman layer). Quasigeostrophic theory and models demonstrate that this vertical motion penetrates well into the inviscid interior, diminishing with depth (51). We ran a primitive equation model simulation of eddy A4, which indicated that the vertical velocity at the depth of the high-chlorophyll layer was ∼90% of the Ekman upwelling velocity. The physical manifestation of this effect is a tendency for upward displacement of the seasonal pycnocline at the eddy center, enhancing the mode-water eddy structure (Fig. 1A).
    • The Martin and Richards model (40) predicts the vertical velocity at the base of the layer through which wind stress can be transmitted directly through waves and turbulence (the Ekman layer). Quasigeostrophic theory and models demonstrate that this vertical motion penetrates well into the inviscid interior, diminishing with depth (51). We ran a primitive equation model simulation of eddy A4, which indicated that the vertical velocity at the depth of the high-chlorophyll layer was ∼90% of the Ekman upwelling velocity. The physical manifestation of this effect is a tendency for upward displacement of the seasonal pycnocline at the eddy center, enhancing the mode-water eddy structure (Fig. 1A).
  • 42
    • 34249003255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This model also predicts upwelling in the interior of regular anticyclones. An analogous phenomenon has been hypothesized to upwell depressed density surfaces in the interiors of warm-core Gulf Stream rings (51, a process that would tend to enhance biological activity associated with their frictional decay 52
    • This model also predicts upwelling in the interior of regular anticyclones. An analogous phenomenon has been hypothesized to upwell depressed density surfaces in the interiors of warm-core Gulf Stream rings (51), a process that would tend to enhance biological activity associated with their frictional decay (52).
  • 54
    • 34249090946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We thank the officers and crews of the R/V Oceanus and R/V Weatherbird II for their outstanding support during our seagoing operations. R. Leben provided near-real-time altimetric data that were crucial for our adaptive sampling effort. Nutrient samples were processed by the Nutrient Analytical Facility (P. Henderson) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Numerical simulations were performed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Scientific Computing Division. We thank O. Kosnyreva for expert data analysis and visualization and S. Stasiowski for administrative support. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all participants in the EDDIES project, which included a number of BATS technicians. For more information, see http://science.whoi.edu/users/olga/eddies/EDDIES_Project.html. The EDDIES project was funded by NSF's Chemical, Biological, and Physical Oceanography Programs. Additional support for remote sensing aspects including altimetry and QuikSCAT
    • We thank the officers and crews of the R/V Oceanus and R/V Weatherbird II for their outstanding support during our seagoing operations. R. Leben provided near-real-time altimetric data that were crucial for our adaptive sampling effort. Nutrient samples were processed by the Nutrient Analytical Facility (P. Henderson) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Numerical simulations were performed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Scientific Computing Division. We thank O. Kosnyreva for expert data analysis and visualization and S. Stasiowski for administrative support. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all participants in the EDDIES project, which included a number of BATS technicians. For more information, see http://science.whoi.edu/users/olga/eddies/EDDIES_Project.html. The EDDIES project was funded by NSF's Chemical, Biological, and Physical Oceanography Programs. Additional support for remote sensing aspects (including altimetry and QuikSCAT wind analyses) and high-performance liquid chromatography pigment assays (C. Trees, Center for Hydro-Optics and Remote Sensing) was provided by NASA.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.