Black shale deposition, atmospheric CO2 drawdown, and cooling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event

Paleoceanography

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Jarvis, Ian ^a   Lignum, John S ^a,b   Grcke, Darren R ^c   Jenkyns, Hugh C ^d   Pearce, Martin A ^e  

^a KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Ichron Limited   (United Kingdom)

^c DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e STATOIL   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; BIOMARKER; BLACK SHALE; CARBON CYCLE; CENOMANIAN-TURONIAN BOUNDARY; CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY; COOLING; DEGASSING; DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SILICATE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); EAST SUSSEX; EASTBOURNE; ENGLAND; FRANCE; GERMANY; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES; VOCONTIAN TROUGH; WESTERN INTERIOR;

EID: 79960497668     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010PA002081     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Adams, D. D., M. T. Hurtgen, and B. B. Sageman (2010), Volcanic triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Nat. Geosci., 3, 201-204, doi:10.1038/ngeo743.
2. Anderson, T. F., and M. A. Arthur (1983), Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems, in Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology, edited by M. A. Arthur et al., SEPM Short Course, 10, 1-151.
3. Arthur, M. A., W. E. Dean, and G. E. Claypool (1985a), Anomalous 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon, Nature, 315, 216-218, doi:10.1038/315216a0. (Pubitemid 16267990)
4. Arthur, M. A., W. E. Dean, and S. O. Schlanger (1985b), Variations in the global carbon cycle during the Cretaceous related to climate, volcanism and changes in atmospheric CO2, in The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 32, edited by E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker, pp. 504-529, AGU, Washington, D. C.
5. Arthur, M. A., S. O. Schlanger, and H. C. Jenkyns (1987), The Cenomanian/Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event, II: Palaeoceanographic controls on organic matter production and preservation, in Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, edited by J. Brooks and A. J. Fleet, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 26, 401-420.
6. Arthur, M. A., W. E. Dean, and L. M. Pratt (1988), Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenoma-nian/Turonian boundary, Nature, 335, 714-717, doi:10.1038/335714a0. (Pubitemid 19309761)
7. Barclay, R. S., J. C. McElwain, and B. B. Sageman (2010), Carbon sequestration activated by a volcanic CO2 pulse during Ocean Anoxic Event 2, Nat. Geosci., 3, 205-208, doi:10.1038/ngeo757.
8. Barron, E. J. (1983), A warm, equable Cretaceous: The nature of the problem, Earth Sci. Rev., 19, 305-338, doi:10.1016/0012-8252(83)90001-6.
9. Berner, R. A. (2006), GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5653-5664, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032. (Pubitemid 44712462)
10. Bice, K. L., D. Birgel, P. A. Meyers, K. A. Dahl, K. U. Hinrichs, and R. D. Norris (2006), A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Paleoceano-graphy, 21, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001203. (Pubitemid 44794615)
11. Clarke, L. J., and H. C. Jenkyns (1999), New oxygen isotope evidence for long-term Cretaceous climatic change in the Southern Hemisphere, Geology, 27, 699-702, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027〈0699: NOIEFL〉2.3.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30005575)
12. Crumière, J. P. (1989), Crise anoxique à la limite Cénomanien-Turonien dans le bassin subalpin oriental (sud-est de la France). Relation avec l'eustatisme, Geobios Mem. Spec, 22, suppl. 1, 189-203, doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(89)80056-7.
13. Crumière, J. P. (1991), Les potentialités petroligènes des dépôts du Bassin Vocontien oriental (sud-est France) au Cenomanien-Turonien inférieur. Dynamiques de la sédimentation, de la préservation et de lévolution de la matière organique, Ph.D. thesis, 78 pp, Univ. Claude-Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France.
14. Crumière, J. P., C. Crumière-Airaud, J. Espitalié, and P. Cotillon (1990), Global and regional controls on potential source-rock deposition and preservation: The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (CTOAE) on the European Tethyan margin (southeastern France), in Deposition of Organic Facies, edited by A. Y. Huc, AAPG Stud. Geol., 30, 107-118.
15. Dean, W. E., M. A. Arthur, and G. E. Claypool (1986), Depletion of C in Cretaceous marine organic matter: Source, diagenetic or environmental signal?, Mar. Geol, 70, 119-157, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(86)90092-7.
16. Fernando, A. G. S., R. Takashima, H. Nishi, F. Giraud, and H. Okada (2010), Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Thomel Level (OAE2) in the Lambruisse section, Vocontian Basin, southeast France, Geobios, 43, 45-57, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2009.11.003.
17. Fletcher, B. J., S. J. Brentnall, C. W. Anderson, R. A. Berner, and D. J. Beerling (2008), Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked with Mesozoic and early Cenozoic climate change, Nat. Geosci., 1, 43-48, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.29.
18. Forster, A., S. Schouten, K. Moriya, P. A. Wilson, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2007), Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 22, PA1219, doi:10.1029/ 2006PA001349. (Pubitemid 46831852)
19. Forster, A., M. M. M. Kuypers, S. C. Turgeon, H. J. Brumsack, M. R. Petrizzo, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2008), The Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event in the South Atlantic: New insights from a geochem-ical study of DSDP Site 530A, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoe-col., 267, 256-283, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.07.006.
20. Freeman, K. H., and J. M. Hayes (1992), Fractionation of carbon isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels, Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles, 6, 185-198, doi:10.1029/92GB00190.
21. Friedrich, O., J. Erbacher, and J. Mutterose (2006), Paleoenvironmental changes across the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2) as indicated by benthic foraminifera from the Demerara Rise (ODP Leg 207), Rev. Micropaleontol., 49, 121-139, doi:10.1016/j. revmic.2006.04.003. (Pubitemid 44350038)
22. Friedrich, O., J. Erbacher, K. Moriya, P. A. Wilson, and H. Kuhnert (2008), Warm saline intermediate waters in the Cretaceous tropical Atlantic Ocean, Nat. Geosci., 1, 453-457, doi:10.1038/ngeo217.
23. Frijia, G., and M. Parente (2008), Strontium isotope stratigraphy in the upper Cenomanian shallow-water carbonates of the southern Apennines: Short-term perturbations of marine 87Sr/86Sr during the oceanic anoxic event 2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 261, 15-29, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008. 01.003.
24. Gale, A. S., and W. G. Christensen (1996), Occurrence of the belemnite Actinocamax plenus in the Cenomanian of SE France and its significance, Bull. Geol. Soc. Den., 43, 68-77.
25. Gale,A.S., W.J.Kennedy, S.Voigt, andI. Walaszczyk (2005), Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian Chalk succession at Eastbourne, Sussex, UK: Ammonites, inoceramid bivalves and stable carbon isotopes, Cretaceous Res., 26, 460-487, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.006. (Pubitemid 40959575)
26. Gröcke, D. R. (2002), The carbon isotope composition of ancient CO2 based on higher-plant organic matter, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 633-658, doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0965.
27. Grosheny, D., B. Beaudoin, L. Morel, and D. Desmares (2006), High-resolution biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event in the Vocontian Basin, southeast France, Cretaceous Res., 27, 629-640, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.03.005. (Pubitemid 44424280)
28. Hasegawa,T.(1997),Cenomanian-Turonian carbon isotope events recorded in terrestrial organic matter from northern Japan, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 130, 251-273, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00129-0. (Pubitemid 27274948)
29. Hasegawa, T., L. M. Pratt, H. Maeda, Y. Shigeta, T. Okamoto, T. Kase, and K. Uemura (2003), Upper Cretaceous stable carbon isotope stratigraphy of terrestrial organic matter from Sakhalin, Russian Far East: A proxy for the isotopic composition of paleoatmospheric CO2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 189, 97-115, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00634-X. (Pubitemid 36052872)
30. Huber, B. T., D. A. Hodell, and C. P. Hamilton (1995), Middle-Late Cretaceous climate of the southern high-latitudes: Stable isotopic evidence for minimal equator-to-pole thermal gradients, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 1164-1191, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107〈1164: MLCCOT〉2.3.CO;2. (Pubitemid 26457368)
31. Huber, B. T., R. D. Norris, and K. G. MacLeod (2002), Deep-sea paleotem-perature record of extreme warmth during the Cretaceous, Geology, 30, 123-126, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030〈0123:DSPROE〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35003304)
32. Jarvis, I. (2003), Sample preparation in ICP-MS, in Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, edited by K. E. Jarvis, A. L. Gray, and R. S. Houk, pp. 172-224, Viridian, Woking, U. K.
33. Jarvis, I., G. A. Carson, M. K. E. Cooper, M. B. Hart, P. N. Leary, B. A. Tocher, D. Horne, and A. Rosenfeld (1988), Microfossil assemblages and the Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event, Cretaceous Res., 9, 3-103, doi:10.1016/0195-6671(88)90003-1.
34. Jarvis, I., A. S. Gale, H. C. Jenkyns, and M. A. Pearce (2006), Secular variation in Late Cretaceous carbon isotopes and sea-level change: Evidence from a new d13C carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian-Campanian (99.6-70.6 Ma), Geol. Mag., 143, 561-608, doi:10.1017/S0016756806002421. (Pubitemid 44322647)
35. Jefferies, R. P. S. (1962), The palaeoecology of the Actinocamax plenus subzone (lowest Turonian) in the Anglo-Paris Basin, Palaeontology, 4, 609-647.
36. Jenkyns, H. C. (2010), Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q03004, doi:10.1029/2009GC002788.
37. Jenkyns, H. C., A. S. Gale, and R. M. Corfield (1994), Carbon-and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its palaeoclimatic significance, Geol. Mag., 131, 1-34, doi:10.1017/ S0016756800010451. (Pubitemid 24424027)
38. Jenkyns, H. C., A. Matthews, H. Tsikos, and Y. Erel (2007), Nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and sedimentary iron isotope evolution during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 22, PA3208, doi:10.1029/2006PA001355. (Pubitemid 350201888)
39. Keller, G., and A. Pardo (2004), Age and paleoenvironment of the Cenor-nanian-Turonian global stratotype section and point at Pueblo, Colorado, Mar. Micropaleontol., 51, 95-128, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2003.08.004. (Pubitemid 38498114)
40. Kim, J. H., S. Schouten, E. C. Hopmans, B. Donner, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2008), Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in the ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 1154-1173, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.12.010.
41. Kim, J.-H., J. van der Meer, S. Schouten, P. Helmke, V. Willmott, F. Sangiorgi, N. Koç, E. C. Hopmans, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2010), New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids: Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 4639-4654, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.027.
42. Kuhnt, W., J. Thurow, J. Wiedmann, and J. P. Herbin (1986), Oceanic anoxic conditions around the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary and the response of the biota, in Biogeochemistry of Black Shales, Mitt. Geol. Palaontol. Inst. Univ.Hamburg, vol. 60, edited by E. T. Degens, P. A. Meyers, and S. C. Brassell, pp. 205-246, Geol. Palaontol. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
43. Kump, L. R., and M. A. Arthur (1999), Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Carbonates and organic matter, Chem. Geol., 161, 181-198, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8. (Pubitemid 30130529)
44. Kuroda, J., N. O. Ogawa, M. Tanimizu, M. F. Coffin, H. Tokuyama, H. Kitazato, and N. Ohkouchi (2007), Contemporaneous massive subaer-ial volcanism and late Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 256, 211-223, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.027. (Pubitemid 46359677)
45. Kuypers, M. M. M., R. D. Pancost, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (1999), A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration during Cretaceous times, Nature, 399, 342-345, doi:10.1038/20659. (Pubitemid 29318129)
46. Kuypers, M. M. M., R. D. Pancost, I. A. Nijenhuis, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2002), Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 17(4), 1051, doi:10.1029/2000PA000569.
47. Kuypers, M. M. M., L. J. Lourens, W. R. C. Rijpstra, R. D. Pancost, I. A. Nijenhuis, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2004), Orbital forcing of organic carbon burial in the proto-North Atlantic during oceanic anoxic event 2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 228, 465-482, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.037. (Pubitemid 39660484)
48. Larson, R. L. (1991), Geological consequences of superplumes, Geology, 19, 963-966, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019〈0963:GCOS〉2.3.CO;2.
49. Laws, E. A., B. N. Popp, R. R. Bidigare, M. C. Kennicutt, and S. A. Macko (1995), Dependence of phytoplankton carbon isotope composition on growth rate and (CO2)aq: Theoretical considerations and experimental results, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 1131-1138, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00030-4.
50. Leckie, R. M., R. F. Yuretich, O. L. O. West, D. Finkelstein, and M. Schmidt (1998), Paleoceanography of the southwestern Western Interior Sea during the time of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Late Cretaceous, in Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA, edited by W. E. Dean and M. A. Arthur, SEPM Concepts Sedimentol. Paleontol., 6, 101-126.
51. Lignum, J. (2009), Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) palynology and che-mostratigraphy: Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of palaeoenvironmen-tal and sea-level change, Ph.D. thesis, 582 pp., Kingston Univ. London, Kingston upon Thames, U. K.
52. Lignum, J., I. Jarvis, and M. A. Pearce (2008), A critical assessment of standard processing methods for the preparation of palynological samples, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 149, 133-149, doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.11.004.
53. Liu, Z. H., M. Pagani, D. Zinniker, R. DeConto, M. Huber, H. Brinkhuis, S. R. Shah, R. M. Leckie, and A. Pearson (2009), Global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Science, 323, 1187-1190, doi:10.1126/science.1166368.
54. Meyer, K. M., and L. R. Kump (2008), Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: Causes and consequences, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 36, 251-288, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124256. (Pubitemid 351883476)
55. Morel, L. (1998), Stratigraphie à haute resolution du passage Cénomanien? Turonien, Ph.D. thesis, 224 pp., Univ. de Paris VI Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
56. Mort, H. P., T. Adatte, K. B. Follmi, G. Keller, P. Steinmann, V. Matera, Z. Berner, and D. Stuben (2007), Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2, Geology, 35, 483-486, doi:10.1130/G23475A.1. (Pubitemid 46971592)
57. Ogg, J. G., G. Ogg, and F. M. Gradstein (2008), The Concise Geologic Time Scale, 177 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
58. Paul, C. R. C., M. A. Lamolda, S. F. Mitchell, M. R. Vaziri, A. Gorostidi, and J. D. Marshall (1999), The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): A proposed European reference section, Palaeogeogr. Palaeo-climatol. Palaeoecol., 150, 83-121, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00009-7. (Pubitemid 29350772)
59. Pearce, M. A., I. Jarvis, and B. A. Tocher (2009), The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, OAE2 and palaeoenvironmental change in epi-continental seas: New insights from the dinocyst and geochemical records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 280, 207-234, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2009.06.012.
60. Philip, J., et al. (2000), Map 14: Late Cenomanian, in Atlas Peri-Tethys Palaeogeographical Maps, edited by J. Dercourt et al., Comm. de la Carte Geol. du Monde, Paris.
61. Pross, J. (2001), Paleo-oxygenation in Tertiary epeiric seas: Evidence from dinoflagellate cysts, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 166, 369-381, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00219-4. (Pubitemid 32148743)
62. Royer, D. L., R. A. Berner, I. P. Montañez, N. J. Tabor, and D. J. Beerling (2004), CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate, GSA Today, 14, 4-10, doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014〈4:CAAPDO〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38423497)
63. Sageman, B. B., S. R. Meyers, and M. A. Arthur (2006), Orbital time scale and new C-isotope record for Cenomanian-Turonian boundary strato-type, Geology, 34, 125-128, doi:10.1130/G22074.1. (Pubitemid 43210785)
64. Schlanger, S. O., and H. C. Jenkyns (1976), Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179-184.
65. Schlanger, S. O., M. A. Arthur, H. C. Jenkyns, and P. A. Scholle (1987), The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic event, I. Stratigraphy and distribution of organic carbon-rich beds and the marine d13C excursion, in Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, edited by J. Brooks and A. J. Fleet, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 26, 371-399.
66. Scholle, P. A., and M. A. Arthur (1980), Carbon isotope fluctuation in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: Potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool, AAPG Bull., 64, 67-87.
67. Schouten, S., E. C. Hopmans, E. Schefuss, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2002), Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures-, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 204, 265-274, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02) 00979-2. (Pubitemid 35389745)
68. Schouten, S., E. C. Hopmans, A. Forster, Y. van Breugel, M. M. M. Kuypers, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2003), Extremely high sea-surface temperatures at low latitudes during the middle Cretaceous as revealed by archaeal membrane lipids, Geology, 31, 1069-1072, doi:10.1130/G19876.1. (Pubitemid 38119281)
69. Scopelliti, G., A. Bellanca, E. Erba, H. C. Jenkyns, R. Neri, P. Tamagnini, V. Luciani, and D. Masetti (2008), Cenomanian-Turonian carbonate and organic-carbon isotope records, biostratigraphy and provenance of a key section in NE Sicily, Italy: Palaeoceanographic and palaeogeographic implications, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 265, 59-77, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008. 04.022.
70. Seton, M., C. Gaina, R. D. Muller, and C. Heine (2009), Mid-Cretaceous seafloor spreading pulse: Fact or fiction-, Geology, 37, 687-690, doi:10.1130/G25624A.1.
71. Shackleton, N. J., and J. P. Kennett (1975), Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses in DSDP sites 277, 279, and 281, edited by J. P. Kennett et al., Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 29, 743-755.
72. Shipboard Scientific Party (2004), Site 1276, in Drilling the Newfoundland Half of the Newfoundland-Iberia Transect: The First Conjugate Margin Drilling in a Nonvolcanic Rift Sites 1276 and 1277, edited by B. E. Tucholke, J.-C. Sibuet, and A. Klaus, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Rep., 210, doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.210.103.2004.
73. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., and J. Köster (1998), A euxinic southern North Atlantic Ocean during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 158, 165-173, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00052- 1. (Pubitemid 28431414)
74. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., M. M. M. Kuypers, R. D. Pancost, and S. Schouten (2008), The carbon isotopic response of algae, (cyano)bacteria, archaea and higher plants to the late Cenomanian perturbation of the global carbon cycle: Insights from biomarkers in black shales from the Cape Verde Basin (DSDP Site 367), Org. Geochem., 39, 1703-1718, doi:10.1016/j. orggeochem.2008.01.012.
75. Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., E. C. van Bentum, G. J. Reichart, J. Pross, and S. Schouten (2010), A CO2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293, 97-103, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.027.
76. Sinton, C. W., and R. A. Duncan (1997), Potential links between ocean plateau volcanism and global ocean anoxia at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Econ. Geol., 92, 836-842, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.7-8.836.
77. Snow, L. J., R. A. Duncan, and T. J. Bralower (2005), Trace element abundances in the Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado, marine sedimentary section and their relationship to Caribbean plateau construction and oxygen anoxic event 2, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3005, doi:10.1029/2004PA001093. (Pubitemid 41601610)
78. Takashima, R., H. Nishi, K. Hayashi, H. Okada, H. Kawahata, T. Yamanaka, A. G. Fernando, and M. Mampuku (2009), Litho-, bio-and chemostrati-graphy across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (OAE 2) in the Vocon-tian Basin of southeastern France, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 273, 61-74, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.001.
79. Tsandev, I., and C. P. Slomp (2009), Modeling phosphorus cycling and carbon burial during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286, 71-79, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.016.
80. Tsikos, H., et al. (2004), Carbon-isotope stratigraphy recorded by the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event: Correlation and implications based on three key localities, J. Geol. Soc., 161, 711-719, doi:10.1144/0016-764903-077. (Pubitemid 38933578)
81. Turgeon, S. C., and R. A. Creaser (2008), Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode, Nature, 454, 323-326, doi:10.1038/nature07076. (Pubitemid 352009990)
82. van Bentum, E. C., A. Hetzel, H. J. Brumsack, A. Forster, G. J. Reichart, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2009), Reconstruction of water column anoxia in the equatorial Atlantic during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event using biomarker and trace metal proxies, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli-matol. Palaeoecol., 280, 489-498, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.07.003.
83. Voigt, S., A. S. Gale, and S. Flogel (2004), Midlatitude shelf seas in the Cenomanian-Turonian greenhouse world: Temperature evolution and North Atlantic circulation, Paleoceanography, 19, PA4020, doi:10.1029/2004PA001015. (Pubitemid 40447415)
84. Voigt, S., A. S. Gale, and T. Voigt (2006), Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the Late Cenomanian of northwest Europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis, Cretaceous Res., 27, 836-858, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.04.005. (Pubitemid 44801249)
85. Voigt, S., A. Aurag, F. Leis, and U. Kaplan (2007), Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian high-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy: New data from the Münsterland Cretaceous Basin, Germany, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 196-210, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.026. (Pubitemid 44932865)
86. Voigt, S., J. Erbacher, J. Mutterlose, W. Weiss, T. Westerhold, F. Wiese, M. Wilmsen, and T. Wonik (2008), The Cenomanian-Turonian of the Wunstorf section (North Germany): Global stratigraphic reference section and new orbital time scale for Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Newsl. Stratigr., 43, 65-89, doi:10.1127/0078-0421/2008/0043-0065.
87. Voigt, S., O. Friedrich, R. D. Norris, and J. Schönfeld (2010), Campanian-Maastrichtian carbon isotope stratigraphy: Shelf-ocean correlation between the European shelf sea and the tropical Pacific Ocean, Newsl. Stratigr., 44, 57-72, doi:10.1127/0078-0421/2010/0004.
88. Wedepohl, K. H. (1971), Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays, in Phys. Chem. Earth, 8, 305-333.
89. Wilpshaar, M., H. Leereveld, and H. Visscher (1997), Early Cretaceous sedimentary and tectonic development of the Dauphinois Basin (SE France), Cretaceous Res., 18, 457-468, doi:10.1006/cres.1997.0062.
90. Zachos, J. C., L. D. Stott, and K. C. Lohmann (1994), Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 353-387, doi:10.1029/ 93PA03266. (Pubitemid 24427657)