Resistance to treatment in eating disorders: A critical challenge

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 13, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Abbate Daga, Giovanni ^a   Amianto, Federico ^a   Delsedime, Nadia ^a   De Bacco, Carlotta ^a   Fassino, Secondo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anorexia nervosa; Change; Countertransference; Defense mechanisms; Eating disorders; Insight; Maintaining factors; Psychodynamic psychotherapy; Resistance; Therapeutic relationship

Indexed keywords

AMBIVALENCE; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BODY MASS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COUNTER TRANSFERENCE; DENIAL; DISEASE DURATION; DSM-IV-TR; EMOTION; FAMILY THERAPY; FEAR; HUMAN; IDENTITY; IMPULSIVENESS; INTROSPECTION; LONG TERM CARE; MATURITY; MOTIVATION; NARCISSISM; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERSONALITY; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SELF EVALUATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); THEMATIC ANALYSIS; THERAPY RESISTANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT GAIN; BODY IMAGE; EATING DISORDER; EDITORIAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; TREATMENT REFUSAL; EATING DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY; BINGE EATING DISORDER; EGO DEVELOPMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; PSYCHOTHERAPIST; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL INTERACTION;

BODY IMAGE; EATING DISORDERS; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; TREATMENT REFUSAL;

EID: 84887896965     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-282     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. Posse PR, Nemeroff CB. The problem of treatment-resistant major psychiatric disorders. Management of treatment-resistant major psychiatric disorders 2012, 3-22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Nemeroff CB.
2. Gabbard GO. Treatment resistance in Personality Disorders. Management of treatment-resistant major psychiatric disorders 2012, 265-284. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Nemeroff CB.
3. Klump KL, Bulik CM, Kaye WH, Treasure J, Tyson E. Academy for eating disorders position paper: eating disorders are serious mental illnesses. Int J Eat Disord 2009, 42:97-103.
4. Karwautz AF, Wagner G, Waldherr K, Nader IW, Fernandez-Aranda F, Estivill X, Holliday J, Collier DA, Treasure JL. Gene-environment interaction in anorexia nervosa: relevance of non-shared environment and the serotonin transporter gene. Mol Psychiatry 2011, 16:590-592.
5. Kaye W. Eating disorders: hope despite mortal risk. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:1309-1311.
6. Keel PK, Brown TA. Update on course and outcome in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:195-204.
7. Pohjolainen V, Rasanen P, Roine RP, Sintonen H, Wahlbeck K, Karlsson H. Cost-utility of treatment of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:596-602.
8. Abbate Daga G, Facchini F, Delsedime N, De Bacco C, Leone V, Fassino S. Valutazione dei costi nel trattamento ospedaliero dei disturbi del comportamento alimentare. It J Psychopathol 2011, 17:225-245.
9. Haas L, Stargardt T, Schreyoegg J, Schlösser R, Hofmann T, Danzer G, Klapp BF. Introduction of DRG-based reimbursement in inpatient psychosomatics-an examination of cost homogeneity and cost predictors in the treatment of patients with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res 2012, 73:383-390.
10. Treasure J, Russell G. The case for early intervention in anorexia nervosa: theoretical exploration of maintaining factors. Br J Psychiatry 2011, 199:5-7.
11. Fairburn CG. Evidence-based treatment of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2005, 37(26-30):41-42.
12. Rosenvinge JK, Kuhlefelt Klusmeier A. Treatment for eating disorders from a patient satisfaction perspective: a Norwegian replication of a British study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2000, 8(4):293-300.
13. Kaplan AS, Garfinkel PE. Difficulties in treating patients with eating disorders: a review of patient and clinician variables. Can J Psychiatry 1999, 44:665-670.
14. Fassino S, Pierò A, Tomba E, Abbate-Daga G. Factors associated with dropout from treatment for eating disorders: a comprehensive literature review. BMC Psychiatry 2009, 9:67.
15. Fassino S, Daga GA, Piero A, Rovera GG. Dropout from brief psychotherapy in anorexia nervosa. Psychother Psychosom 2002, 71:200-206.
16. Fassino S. Psychosomatic approach is the new medicine tailored for patient personality with a focus on ethics, economy, and quality. Panminerva Med 2010, 52:249-264.
17. Nordbø RH, Espeset EM, Gulliksen KS, Skårderud F, Geller J, Holte A. Reluctance to recover in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012, 20:60-67.
18. Fichter MM, Quadflieg N, Hedlund S. Twelve-year course and outcome predictors of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:87-100.
19. Van Son GE, Van Hoeken D, Van Furth EF, Donker GA, Hoek HW. Course and outcome of eating disorders in a primary care-based cohort. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:130-138.
20. Nordbø RH, Espeset EM, Gulliksen KS, Skårderud F, Holte A. The meaning of self-starvation: qualitative study of patients' perception of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:556-564.
21. Espíndola CR, Blay SL. Anorexia nervosa treatment from the patient perspective: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2009, 21:38-48.
22. Wildes JE, Ringham RM, Marcus MD. Emotion avoidance in patients with anorexia nervosa: initial test of a functional model. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:398-404.
23. Wildes JE, Marcus MD. Development of emotion acceptance behavior therapy for anorexia nervosa: a case series. Int J Eat Disord 2011, 44:421-427.
24. Skårderud F. Bruch revisited and revised. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2009, 17:83-88.
25. Couturier JL, Lock J. Denial and minimization in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:212-216.
26. Gothelf D, Apter A, Ratzoni G, Orbach I, Weizman R, Tyano S, Pfeffer C. Defense mechanisms in severe adolescent anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995, 34:1648-1654.
27. Konstantakopoulos G, Tchanturia K, Surguladze SA, David AS. Insight in eating disorders: clinical and cognitive correlates. Psychol Med 2011, 41:1951-1961.
28. Konstantakopoulos G, Varsou E, Dikeos D, Ioannidi N, Gonidakis F, Papadimitriou G, Oulis P. Delusionality of body image beliefs in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res 2012, 200:482-488.
29. Schoen EG, Lee S, Skow C, Greenberg ST, Bell AS, Wiese JE, Martens JK. A retrospective look at the internal help-seeking process in young women with eating disorders. Eat Disord 2012, 20:14-30.
30. Steinglass JE, Eisen JL, Attia E, Mayer L, Walsh BT. Is anorexia nervosa a delusional disorder? An assessment of eating beliefs in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Pract 2007, 13:65-71.
31. Viglione V, Muratori F, Maestro S, Brunori E, Picchi L. Denial of symptoms and psychopathology in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Psychopathology 2006, 39:255-260.
32. Ametller L, Castro J, Serrano E, Martínez E, Toro J. Readiness to recover in adolescent anorexia nervosa: prediction of hospital admission. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005, 46:394-400.
33. Ben-Tovim DI, Walker K, Gilchrist P, Freeman R, Kalucy R, Esterman A. Outcome in patients with eating disorders: a 5-year study. Lancet 2001, 357:1254-1257.
34. Bewell CV, Carter JC. Readiness to change mediates the impact of eating disorder symptomatology on treatment outcome in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2008, 41:368-371.
35. Burket RC, Hodgin JD. Factors predicting reluctance to seek treatment in patients with eating disorders. South Med J 1993, 86:529-532.
36. Carter JC, Mercer-Lynn KB, Norwood SJ, Bewell-Weiss CV, Crosby RD, Woodside DB, Olmsted MP. A prospective study of predictors of relapse in anorexia nervosa: implications for relapse prevention. Psychiatry Res 2012, 200:518-523.
37. Casasnovas C, Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Krug I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Bulik CM, Vallejo-Ruiloba J. Motivation to change in eating disorders: clinical and therapeutic implications. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2007, 15:449-456.
38. Cavedini P, Zorzi C, Bassi T, Gorini A, Baraldi C, Ubbiali A, Bellodi L. Decision-making functioning as a predictor of treatment outcome in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2006, 145:179-187.
39. Clausen L. Time to remission for eating disorder patients: a 2(1/2)-year follow-up study of outcome and predictors. Nord J Psychiatry 2008, 62:151-159.
40. Danner UN, Sanders N, Smeets PA, Van Meer F, Adan RA, Hoek HW, Van Elburg AA. Neuropsychological weaknesses in anorexia nervosa: set-shifting, central coherence, and decision making in currently ill and recovered women. Int J Eat Disord 2012, 45:685-694.
41. Darcy AM, Katz S, Fitzpatrick KK, Forsberg S, Utzinger L, Lock J. All better? How former anorexia nervosa patients define recovery and engaged in treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2010, 18:260-270.
42. Gale C, Holliday J, Troop NA, Serpell L, Treasure J. The pros and cons of change in individuals with eating disorders: a broader perspective. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:394-403.
43. Geller J, Cockell SJ, Drab DL. Assessing readiness for change in the eating disorders: the psychometric properties of the readiness and motivation interview. Psychol Assess 2001, 13:189-198.
44. Geller J, Drab-Hudson DL, Whisenhunt BL, Srikameswaran S. Readiness to change dietary restriction predicts outcomes in the eating disorders. Eat Disord 2004, 12:209-224.
45. Geller J, Cassin SE, Brown KE, Srikameswaran S. Factors associated with improvements in readiness for change: low vs. normal BMI eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2009, 42:40-46.
46. Herzog DB, Dorer DJ, Keel PK, Selwyn SE, Ekeblad ER, Flores AT, Greenwood DN, Burwell RA, Keller MB. Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:829-837.
47. Karlsson GP, Clinton D, Nevonen L. Prediction of weight increase in anorexia nervosa. Nord J Psychiatry 2013, Epub ahead of print.
48. Lund BC, Hernandez ER, Yates WR, Mitchell JR, McKee PA, Johnson CL. Rate of inpatient weight restoration predicts outcome in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2009, 42:301-305.
49. McHugh MD. Readiness for change and short-term outcomes of female adolescents in residential treatment for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2007, 40:602-612.
50. Mewes R, Tagay S, Senf W. Weight curves as predictors of short-term outcome in anorexia nervosa inpatients. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2008, 16:37-43.
51. Muñoz P, Quintana JM, Las Hayas C, Padierna A, Aguirre U, González-Torres MA. Quality of life and motivation to change in eating disorders. Perception patient-psychiatrist. Eat Behav 2012, 13:131-134.
52. Nordbø RH, Gulliksen KS, Espeset EM, Skårderud F, Geller J, Holte A. Expanding the concept of motivation to change: the content of patients' wish to recover from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2008, 41:635-642.
53. Gulliksen KS, Espeset EM, Nordbø RH, Skårderud F, Geller J, Holte A. Preferred therapist characteristics in treatment of anorexia nervosa: the patient's perspective. Int J Eat Disord 2012, 45:932-941.
54. Ricca V, Castellini G, Lo Sauro C, Mannucci E, Ravaldi C, Rotella F, Faravelli C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for threshold and subthreshold anorexia nervosa: a three-year follow-up study. Psychother Psychosom 2010, 79:238-248.
55. Rieger E, Touyz SW, Beumont PJ. The Anorexia Nervosa Stages of Change Questionnaire (ANSOCQ): information regarding its psychometric properties. Int J Eat Disord 2002, 32:24-38.
56. Salbach-Andrae H, Schneider N, Seifert K, Pfeiffer E, Lenz K, Lehmkuhl U, Korte A. Short-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in adolescents after inpatient treatment: a prospective study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 18:701-704.
57. Schebendach JE, Mayer LE, Devlin MJ, Attia E, Contento IR, Wolf RL, Walsh BT. Dietary energy density and diet variety as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:810-816.
58. Touyz S, Thornton C, Rieger E, George L, Beumont P. The incorporation of the stage of change model in the day hospital treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003, 12(Suppl 1):65-71.
59. Treasure J, Sepulveda AR, Whitaker W, Todd G, Lopez C, Whitney J. Collaborative care between professionals and non-professionals in the management of eating disorders: a description of workshops focussed on interpersonal maintaining factors. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2007, 15:24-34.
60. Wade TD, Frayne A, Edwards SA, Robertson T, Gilchrist P. Motivational change in an inpatient anorexia nervosa population and implications for treatment. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009, 43:235-243.
61. Ward A, Troop N, Todd G, Treasure J. To change or not to change-'how' is the question?. Br J Med Psychol 1996, 69(Pt 2):139-146.
62. Castro J, Toro J, Cruz M. Quality of rearing practices as predictor of short-term outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2000, 30:61-67.
63. Danielsen M, Rø T. Changes in body image during inpatient treatment for eating disorders predict outcome. Eat Disord 2012, 20:261-275.
64. Deter HC, Schellberg D, Köpp W, Friederich HC, Herzog W. Predictability of a favorable outcome in anorexia nervosa. Eur Psychiatry 2005, 20:165-172.
65. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a " transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther 2003, 41:509-528.
66. Fassino S, Abbate Daga G, Amianto F, Leombruni P, Fornas B, Garzaro L, D'Ambrosio G, Rovera GG. Outcome predictors in anorectic patients after 6 months of multimodal treatment. Psychother Psychosom 2001, 70:201-208.
67. Fassino S, Abbate Daga G, Amianto F, Leombruni P, Garzaro L, Rovera GG. Nonresponder anorectic patients after 6 months of multimodal treatment: predictors of outcome. Eur Psychiatry 2001, 16:466-473.
68. Fassino S, Abbate Daga G, Delsedime N, Busso F, Piero A, Rovera GG. Baseline personality characteristics of responders to 6-month psychotherapy in eating disorders: preliminary data. Eat Weight Disord 2005, 10:40-50.
69. Federici A, Kaplan AS. The patient's account of relapse and recovery in anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2008, 16:1-10.
70. Geller J. Mechanisms of action in the process of change: helping eating disorder clients make meaningful shifts in their lives. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006, 11:225-237.
71. Goddard E, Macdonald P, Sepulveda AR, Naumann U, Landau S, Schmidt U, Treasure J. Cognitive interpersonal maintenance model of eating disorders: intervention for carers. Br J Psychiatry 2011, 199:225-231.
72. Helverskov JL, Clausen L, Mors O, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH, Rokkedal K. Trans-diagnostic outcome of eating disorders: A 30-month follow-up study of 629 patients. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2010, 18:453-463.
73. Hjern A, Lindberg L, Lindblad F. Outcome and prognostic factors for adolescent female in-patients with anorexia nervosa: 9- to 14-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 2006, 189:428-432.
74. Löwe B, Zipfel S, Buchholz C, Dupont Y, Reas DL, Herzog W. Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2001, 31:881-890.
75. Schmidt U, Treasure J. Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br J Clin Psychol 2006, 45(Pt 3):343-366.
76. Signorini A, Bellini O, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, De Filippo E. Outcome predictors in the short-term treatment of anorexia nervosa: an integrated medical-psychiatric approach. Eat Weight Disord 2003, 8:168-172.
77. Steinhausen HC, Seidel R, Winkler Metzke C. Evaluation of treatment and intermediate and long-term outcome of adolescent eating disorders. Psychol Med 2000, 30:1089-1098.
78. Sutandar-Pinnock K, Blake Woodside D, Carter JC, Olmsted MP, Kaplan AS. Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: a 6-24-month follow-up study. Int J Eat Disord 2003, 33:225-229.
79. Vrabel KR, Rø O, Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Rosenvinge JH. Five-year prospective study of personality disorders in adults with longstanding eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2010, 43:22-28.
80. Feld R, Woodside DB, Kaplan AS, Olmsted MP, Carter JC. Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: a pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2001, 29:393-400.
81. Forget K, Marussi DR, Le Corff Y. Counter-transference in eating disorder treatment:a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry 2011, 56:303-310.
82. Geller J, Brown KE, Srikameswaran S. The efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for individuals with eating disorders: a randomized control trial. Int J Eat Disord 2011, 44:497-505.
83. Masson PC, Sheeshka JD. Clinicians' perspectives on the premature termination of treatment in patients with eating disorders. Eat Disord 2009, 17:109-125.
84. Moyers TB, Rollnick S. A motivational interviewing perspective on resistance in psychotherapy. J Clin Psychol 2002, 58:185-193.
85. Satir DA, Thompson-Brenner H, Boisseau CL, Crisafulli MA. Countertransference reactions to adolescents with eating disorders: relationships to clinician and patient factors. Int J Eat Disord 2009, 42:511-521.
86. Strober M. Managing the chronic, treatment-resistant patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004, 36:245-255.
87. Tierney S, Fox JR. Chronic anorexia nervosa: a Delphi study to explore practitioners' views. Int J Eat Disord 2009, 42:62-67.
88. Tozzi F, Sullivan PF, Fear JL, McKenzie J, Bulik CM. Causes and recovery in anorexia nervosa: the patient's perspective. Int J Eat Disord 2003, 33:143-154.
89. Vitousek K, Watson S, Wilson GT. Enhancing motivation for change in treatment-resistant eating disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 1998, 18:391-420.
90. Warren CS, Crowley ME, Olivardia R, Schoen A. Treating patients with eating disorders: an examination of treatment providers' experiences. Eat Disord 2009, 17:27-45.
91. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, Washington DC: Masson, 4, American Psychiatric Association.
92. Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Evers KE. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice 2002, 60-84. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K.
93. Treasure J, Schmidt U. MI in the management of eating disorders. Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Psychological Problems 2010, New York: The Guilford Press, Arkowitz H, Westra HA, Miller WR, Rollnick S.
94. Treasure J, Crane A, McKnight R, Buchanan E, Wolfe M. First do no harm: iatrogenic maintaining factors in anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2011, 19:296-302.
95. Thompson-Brenner H, Eddy KT, Franko DL, Dorer DJ, Vashchenko M, Kass AE, Herzog DB. A personality classification system for eating disorders: a longitudinal study. Compr Psychiatry 2008, 49:551-560.
96. Russell GF. Metabolic, endocrine and psychiatric aspects of anorexia nervosa. Sci Basis Med Annu Rev 1969, 236-255.
97. Bruch H. Anorexia Nervosa: therapy and theory. Am J Psychiatry 1982, 139:1531-1538.
98. Thompson-Brenner H, Satir DA, Franko DL, Herzog DB. Clinician reactions to patients with eating disorders: a review of the literature. Psychiatr Serv 2012, 63:73-78.
99. Marzola E, Trunko ME, Grenesko-Stevens E, Kaye WH. Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. Management of treatment-resistant major psychiatric disorders 2012, 197-224. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Nemeroff CB.
100. Waller G. The myths of motivation: time for a fresh look at some received wisdom in the eating disorders?. Int J Eat Disord 2012, 45:1-16.
101. Fassino S, Daga GA, Pierò A, Delsedime N. Psychological factors affecting eating disorders. Adv Psychosom Med 2007, 28:141-168.
102. Kaye WH, Fudge JL, Paulus M. New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009, 10:573-584.
103. Wamberg E, Marcus ER. Processo, resistenza, interpretazione. Psicoanalisi. Teoria, clinica, ricerca 2004, 373-393. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore, Person ES, Cooper AM, Gabbard GO.
104. Nemeroff CB. Management of treatment-resistant major psychiatric disorders 2012, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
105. Fabbri S, Fava GA, Sirri L, Wise TN. Development of a new assessment strategy in psychosomatic medicine: the diagnostic criteria for psychosomatic research. Adv Psychosom Med 2007, 28:1-20.
106. Guarda AS. Treatment of anorexia nervosa: insights and obstacles. Physiol Behav 2008, 94:113-120.
107. Abbate-Daga G, Delsedime N, Nicotra B, Giovannone C, Marzola E, Amianto F, Fassino S. Psychosomatic syndromes and anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:14.
108. Abbate-Daga G, Gramaglia C, Amianto F, Marzola E, Fassino S. Attachment insecurity, personality, and body dissatisfaction in eating disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010, 198:520-524.
109. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Doll HA, O'Connor ME, Palmer RL, Dalle Grave R. Enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa: a UK-Italy study. Behav Res Ther 2013, 51:R2-R8.
110. Wiffen BD, O'Connor JA, Gayer-Anderson C, Reis Marques T, McQueen G, Happé F, Murray RM, David AS. " I am sane but he is mad" : Insight and illness attributions to self and others in psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2013, Epub ahead of print.
111. Malson H, Bailey L, Clarke S, Treasure J, Anderson G, Kohn M. Un/imaginable future selves: a discourse analysis of in-patients' talk about recovery from an " eating disorder". Eur Eat Disord Rev 2011, 19:25-36.
112. Adenzato M, Todisco P, Ardito RB. Social cognition in anorexia nervosa: evidence of preserved theory of mind and impaired emotional functioning. PLoS One 2012, 7:e44414.
113. Abbate-Daga G, Buzzichelli S, Marzola E, Amianto F, Fassino S. Effectiveness of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in anorexia nervosa: a case series. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012, 34:1009-1015.
114. Serpell L, Treasure J. Bulimia nervosa: friend or foe? The pros and cons of bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2002, 32:164-170.
115. Serpell L, Teasdale JD, Troop NA, Treasure J. The development of the P-CAN, a measure to operationalize the pros and cons of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2004, 36:416-433.
116. Treasure J, Schmidt U. Anorexia Nerv. Clin Evid 2004, 11:1192-1203.
117. Tierney S, Fox JR. Living with the anorexic voice: a thematic analysis. Psychol Psychother 2010, 83:243-254.
118. Williams S, Reid M. " It" s like there are two people in my head': a phenomenological exploration of anorexia nervosa and its relationship to the self. Psychol Health 2012, 27:798-815.
119. Barron JW. Making diagnosis meaningful: Enhancing evaluation and treatment of psychological disorders 1998, Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
120. Skårderud F. Eating one's words, part I: " Concretised metaphors" and reflective function in anorexia nervosa-an interview study. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2007, 15:163-174.
121. Fassino S, Amianto F, Rocca G, Daga GA. Original articles parental bonding and eating psychopathology in bulimia nervosa: personality traits as possible mediators. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2010, 19(3):214-222.
122. Mahon J, Winston AP, Palmer RL, Harvey PK. Do broken relationships in childhood relate to bulimic women breaking off psychotherapy in adulthood?. Int J Eat Disord 2001, 29:139-149.
123. Money C, Genders R, Treasure J, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K. A brief emotion focused intervention for inpatients with anorexia nervosa: a qualitative study. J Health Psychol 2011, 16:947-958.
124. Jenkins J, Ogden J. Becoming " whole" again: a qualitative study of women's views of recovering from anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012, 20:e23-e31.
125. Stanghellini G, Castellini G, Brogna P, Faravelli C, Ricca V. Identity and eating disorders (IDEA): a questionnaire evaluating identity and embodiment in eating disorder patients. Psychopathology 2012, 45:147-158.
126. Hasan TF, Hasan H. Anorexia nervosa: a unified neurological perspective. Int J Med Sci 2011, 8:679-703.
127. Wilson GT, Fairburn CG, Agras WS. Cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa. Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders 1997, 67-93. New York: The Guilford Press, Garner DM, Garfinkel PE.
128. Bruschweiler-Stern N, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Nahum JP, Sander LW, Stern DN. The foundational level of psychodynamic meaning: implicit process in relation to conflict, defense and the dynamic unconscious. Int J Psychoanal 2007, 88(Pt 4):843-860.
129. Winnicott DW. The development of the capacity for concern. Bull Menninger Clin 1963, 27:167-176.
130. Freeman MP. Nutrition and psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:244-247.
131. Oldershaw A, Hambrook D, Stahl D, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U. The socio-emotional processing stream in Anorexia Nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011, 35:970-988.
132. Abbate-Daga G, Buzzichelli S, Amianto F, Rocca G, Marzola E, McClintock SM, Fassino S. Cognitive flexibility in verbal and nonverbal domains and decision making in anorexia nervosa patients: a pilot study. BMC Psychiatry 2011, 11:162.
133. Krug I, Penelo E, Fernandez-Aranda F, Anderluh M, Bellodi L, Cellini E, Di Bernardo M, Granero R, Karwautz A, Nacmias B, Ricca V, Sorbi S, Tchanturia K, Wagner G, Collier D, Treasure J. Low social interactions in eating disorder patients in childhood and adulthood: a multi-centre European case control study. J Health Psychol 2013, 18:26-37.
134. Hay PJ, Touyz S, Sud R. Treatment for severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: a review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2012, 46:1136-1144.
135. Fassino S, Abbate-Daga G, Amianto F, Facchini F, Rovera GG. Eating psychopathology and personality in eating disorders. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2003, 12:293-300.
136. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Doll HA, O'Connor ME, Bohn K, Hawker DM, Wales JA, Palmer RL. Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with eating disorders: a two-site trial with 60-week follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:311-319.
137. Schmidt U, Oldershaw A, Jichi F, Sternheim L, Startup H, McIntosh V, Jordan J, Tchanturia K, Wolff G, Rooney M, Landau S, Treasure J. Out-patient psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2012, 201:392-399.
138. McIntosh VV, Jordan J, Luty SE, Carter FA, McKenzie JM, Bulik CM, Joyce PR. Specialist supportive clinical management for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2006, 39:625-632.
139. Strober M. The Chronically Ill Patient with Anorexia Nervosa. Development, Phenomenology, and Therapeutic Considerations. The treatment of eating disorders: a clinical handbook 2010, 225-233. New York: Guilford Press, Grilo C, Mitchell JE.
140. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. Perceptive and cognitive disturbances. Anorexia nervosa: a multidimensional perspective 1982, 123-163. New York: Brunner & Mazel, Garfinkel PE, Garner DM.
141. Abbate Daga G, Gramaglia C, Bailer U, Bergese S, Marzola E, Fassino S. Major depression and avoidant personality traits in eating disorders. Psychother Psychosom 2011, 80:319-320.
142. Fassino S, Daga GA, Pierò A, Leombruni P, Rovera GG. Anger and personality in eating disorders. J Psychosom Res 2001, 51:757-764.
143. Abbate-Daga G, Marzola E, Gramaglia C, Brustolin A, Campisi S, De-Bacco C, Amianto F, Fassino S. Emotions in eating disorders: changes of anger control after an emotion-focused day hospital treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2012, 20:496-501.
144. Zachrisson HD, Skårderud F. Feelings of insecurity: review of attachment and eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2010, 18:97-106.
145. Rothschild-Yakar L, Levy-Shiff R, Fridman-Balaban R, Gur E, Stein D. Mentalization and relationships with parents as predictors of eating disordered behavior. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010, 198:501-507.
146. Truglia E, Mannucci E, Lassi S, Rotella CM, Faravelli C, Ricca V. Aggressiveness, anger and eating disorders: a review. Psychopathology 2006, 39:55-68.
147. Wildes JE, Marcus MD, Bright AC, Dapelo MM, Psychol MC. Emotion and eating disorder symptoms in patients with anorexia nervosa: An experimental study. Int J Eat Disord 2012, 45:876-882.
148. Dare C, Eisler I, Russell G, Treasure J, Dodge L. Psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa: randomised controlled trial of out-patient treatments. Br J Psychiatry 2001, 178:216-221.
149. Holmes J. Psychodynamic psychiatry's green shoots. Br J Psychiatry 2012, 200:439-441.
150. Siegel DJ. The Developing Mind 1999, New York: The Guilford Press Inc. and Mark Paterson.
151. Castiello U, Becchio C, Zoia S, Nelini C, Sartori L, Blason L, D'Ottavio G, Bulgheroni M, Gallese V. Wired to be social: the ontogeny of human interaction. PLoS One 2010, 5:e13199.
152. Nummenmaa L, Glerean E, Viinikainen M, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M. Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:9599-9604.
153. Leichsenring F, Rabung S. Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008, 300:1551-1565.
154. Diener MJ, Hilsenroth MJ, Weinberger J. Therapist affect focus and patient outcomes in psychodynamic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:936-941.
155. Shedler J. The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am Psychol 2010, 65:98-109.
156. Person ES, Cooper AM, Gabbard GO. Psicoanalisi. Teoria, clinica, ricerca 2005, Raffaello Cortina Editore: Milano.
157. Freud S. The Dynamics of Transference. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911-1913): The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works 1912, 97-108. London: Hogarth Press.
158. Fosshage JL. The explicit and implicit dance in psychoanalytic change. J Anal Psychol 2004, 49:49-65.
159. Stern DN, Sander LW, Nahum JP, Harrison AM, Lyons-Ruth K, Morgan AC, Bruschweiler-Stern N, Tronick EZ. Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy. The " something more" than interpretation. The process of change study group. Int J Psychoanal 1998, 79(5):903-921.
160. Gallese V. Before and below " theory of mind" : embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007, 362:659-669.
161. Fan Y, Duncan NW, De Greck M, Northoff G. Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011, 35:903-911.
162. Fassino S, Amianto F, Gramaglia C, Facchini F, Abbate Daga G. Temperament and character in eating disorders: ten years of studies. Eat Weight Disord 2004, 9:81-90.
163. Tchanturia K, Anderluh MB, Morris RG, Rabe-Hesketh S, Collier DA, Sanchez P, Treasure JL. Cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004, 10:513-520.
164. Ward A, Ramsay R, Turnbull S, Steele M, Steele H, Treasure J. Attachment in anorexia nervosa: a transgenerational perspective. Br J Med Psychol 2001, 74:497-505.
165. Gramaglia C, Abbate Daga G, Amianto F, Brustolin A, Campisi S, De Bacco C, Fassino S. Cinematherapy in the day hospital treatment of patients with eating disorders. Case study and clinical considerations. Arts Psychother 2011, 38:261-266.
166. Wild B, Friederich HC, Gross G, Teufel M, Herzog W, Giel KE, De Zwaan M, Schauenburg H, Schade-Brittinger C, Schäfer H, Zipfel S. The ANTOP study: focal psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and treatment-as-usual in outpatients with anorexia nervosa-a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2009, 10:23.
167. Steinhausen HC. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:1284-1293.
168. Fassino S, Abbate-Daga G, Amianto F, Leombruni P, Boggio S, Rovera GG. Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: a controlled study with the temperament and character inventory. Int J Eat Disord 2002, 32:412-425.
169. Amianto F, Abbate-Daga G, Morando S, Sobrero C, Fassino S. Personality development characteristics of women with anorexia nervosa, their healthy siblings and healthy controls: What prevents and what relates to psychopathology?. Psychiatry Res 2011, 187:401-408.
170. Shapiro J. Perspective: does medical education promote professional alexithymia? a call for attending to the emotions of patients and self in medical training. Acad Med 2011, 86:326-332.
171. Barthes R. Leçon 1979, Paris: Éd. du Seuil.
172. Kohut H. The Restoration of the Self 1977, New York: International Universities Press.
173. Watts RE, Pietrzak D. Adlerian " encouragement" and the therapeutic process of solution- focused brief therapy. J Couns Dev 2000, 78(4):442-447.
174. Rovera GG. Le strategie dell'incoraggiamento. Riv Psicol Indiv 2009, 66:139-169.
175. Fassino S, Amianto F, Ferrero A. Brief Adlerian psychodynamic psychotherapy: theoretical issues and process indicators. Panminerva Med 2008, 50:165-175.
176. Stuhldreher N, Konnopka A, Wild B, Herzog W, Zipfel S, Löwe B, König H-H. Cost-of-illness studies and cost-effectiveness analyses in eating disorders: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord 2012, 45:476-491.
177. Vandereycken W. The place of inpatient care in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: questions to be answered. Int J Eat Disord 2003, 34:409-422.
178. Bateman AW, Fonagy P. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:36-42.
179. Bateman AW, Fonagy P. The development of an attachment-based treatment program for borderline personality disorder. Bull Menninger Clin 2003, 67:187-211.
180. Lazar SG. Psychotherapy Is Worth It. A Comprehensive Review of Its Cost-effectiveness 2010, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
181. Fassino S, Amianto F, Sobrero C, Abbate Daga G. Does it exist a personality core of mental illness?A systematic review on core psychobiological personality traits in mental disorders. Panminerva Med in press.
182. McIntosh VV, Jordan J, Carter FA, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Bulik CM, Frampton CM, Joyce PR. Three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:741-747.
183. Carter FA, Jordan J, McIntosh VV, Luty SE, McKenzie JM, Frampton CM, Bulik CM, Joyce PR. The long-term efficacy of three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 2011, 44:647-654.
184. Halmi KA, Agras WS, Crow S, Mitchell J, Wilson GT, Bryson SW, Kraemer HC. Predictors of treatment acceptance and completion in anorexia nervosa: implications for future study designs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:776-781.
185. Zipfel S, Wild B, Groß G, Friederich HC, Teufel M, Schellberg D, Giel KE, de Zwaan M, Dinkel A, Herpertz S, Burgmer M, Löwe B, Tagay S, von Wietersheim J, Zeeck A, Schade-Brittinger C, Schauenburg H, Herzog W,. on behalf of the ANTOP study group Focal psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, and optimised treatment as usual in outpatients with anorexia nervosa (ANTOP study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013, [Epub ahead of print], on behalf of the ANTOP study group.
186. McKay KM, Imel ZE, Wampold BE. Psychiatrist effects in the psychopharmacological treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 2006, 92:287-290.
187. Heinonen E, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA, Knekt P. Therapists' professional and personal characteristics as predictors of outcome in short- and long-term psychotherapy. J Affect Disord 2012, 138:301-312.