Evolution, development, and plasticity of the human brain: From molecules to bones

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue OCT, 2013, Pages

  Hrvoj Mihic, Branka ^a,b   Bienvenu, Thibault ^a   Stefanacci, Lisa ^a,b   Muotri, Alysson R ^a,b   Semendeferi, Katerina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b RADY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Brain evolution; Development; Endocast; Human evolution; Neuropsin; Plasticity; Pyramidal neurons

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BRAIN ASYMMETRY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN GROWTH; BRAIN MATURATION; BRAIN SIZE; CELL COMMUNICATION; COGNITION; DENDRITE; DIAGONAL BAND OF BROCA; EMOTION; EPIGENETICS; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL HOMININ; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SYNAPTOGENESIS;

EID: 84887883250     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00707     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Abrous, D. N., Koehl, M., and Le Moal, M. (2005). Adult neurogenesis: from precursors to network and physiology. Physiol. Rev. 85, 523-569. doi: 10. 1152/physrev. 00055. 2003.
2. Alemseged, Z., Spoor, F., Kimbel, W. H., Bobe, R., Geraads, D., Reed, D., et al. (2006). A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443, 296-301. doi: 10. 1038/nature05047.
3. Alexander, R. D. (1989). "Evolution of the human psyche, " in The Human Revolution, eds P. Mellars and C. Stringer (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 455-513.
4. Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Bürgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B. M., and Zilles, K. (1999). Broca's region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J. Comp. Neurol. 412, 319-341. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412: 2<319:: AID-CNE10>3. 0. CO; 2-7.
5. Annese, J. (2012). The importance of combining MRI and large-scale digital histology in neuroimaging studies of brain connectivity and disease. Front. Neuroinform. 6: 13. doi: 10. 3389/fninf. 2012. 00013.
6. Balzeau, A., and Gilissen, E. (2010). Endocranial shape asymmetries in Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla assessed via skull based landmark analysis. J. Hum. Evol. 59, 54-69. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2010. 03. 013.
7. Balzeau, A., Gilissen, E., and Grimaud-Hervé, D. (2012). Shared pattern of endocranial shape asymmetries among great apes, anatomically modern humans, and fossil hominins. PLoS ONE 7: e29581. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0029581.
8. Bar-Yosef, O. (2002). The Upper Paleolithic revolution. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 31, 363-393. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. anthro. 31. 040402. 085416.
9. Barbas, H. (1995). Anatomic basis of cognitive-emotional interactions in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 19, 499-510. doi: 10. 1016/0149-7634(94)00053-4.
10. Barbas, H., Zikopoulos, B., and Timbie, C. (2011). Sensory pathways and emotional context for action in primate prefrontal cortex. Biol. Psychiatry 69, 1133.
11. Barger, N., Stefanacci, L., Schumann, C., Annese, J., Sherwood, C., Allman, J., et al. (2012). Neuronal populations in the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala are differentially increased in humans compared to apes: a stereological study. J. Comp. Neurol. 520, 3035-3054. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 23118.
12. Barger, N., Stefanacci, L., and Semendeferi, K. (2007). A comparative volumetric analysis of the amygdaloid complex and basolateral division in the human and ape brain. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 134, 392-4043. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 20684.
13. Barton, R. A., and Harvey, P. H. (2000). Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals. Nature 405, 1055-1058. doi: 10. 1038/35016580.
14. Bastir, M., Rosas, A., and Kuroe, K. (2004). Petrosal orientation and mandibular ramus breadth: evidence for an integrated petroso-mandibular developmental unit. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 123, 340-350. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 10313.
15. Bianchi, S., Stimpson, C. D., Bauernfeind, A. L., Schapiro, S. J., Baze, W. B., McArthur, M. J., et al. (2012). Dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the chimpanzee neocortex: regional specializations and comparison to humans. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2429-2436. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhs239.
16. Bienvenu, T., Falk, D., Semendeferi, K., Guy, F., Zollikofer, C., Ponce de León, M., et al. (2013). The endocast of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, the earliest known hominid (7 Ma, Chad). Abstract 82nd AAPA Meeting, Knoxville, TN.
17. Bock, J., Gruss, M., Becker, S., and Braun K. (2005). Experience-induced changes of dendritic spine densities in the prefrontal and sensory cortex: correlation with developmental time windows. Cereb. Cortex 15, 802-808. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhh181.
18. Bogin, B. (1997). Evolutionary hypotheses for human childhood. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 40, 63-89. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-8644(1997)25+<63:: AID-AJPA3>3. 0. CO; 2-8.
19. Bogin, B., and Smith, B. H. (1996). Evolution of the human life cycle. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 8, 703-716. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1996)8: 6<703:: AID-AJHB2>3. 0. CO; 2-U.
20. Bourgeois, J. P. (1997). Synaptogenesis, heterochrony and epigenesis in the mammalian neocortex. Acta Pediatr. Suppl. 422, 27-33. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1651-2227. 1997. tb18340. x.
21. Bourgeois, J. P. (2001). "Synaptogenesis in the neocortex of the newborn: the ultimate frontier for individuation?" in Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience, eds C. Nelson and M. Luciana (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 23-34.
22. Bourgeois, J. P., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., and Rakic, P. (1994). Synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 4, 78-96. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/4. 1. 78.
23. Bourgeois, J. P, Jastreboff, P. J., and Rakic P. (1989). Synaptogenesis in visual cortex of normal and preterm monkeys: evidence for intrinsic regulation of synaptic overproduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 4297-4301. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 86. 11. 4297.
24. Braak, H., and Braak, E. (1983). Neuronal types in the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei of man. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 349-365. doi: 10. 1016/0361-9230(83)90171-5.
25. Broadfield, D. C., Holloway, R. L., Mowbray, K., Silvers, A., Yuan, M. S., and Màrquez, S. (2001). Endocast of Sambungmacan 3 (Sm 3): a new Homo erectus from Indonesia. Anat. Rec. 262, 369-379. doi: 10. 1002/ar. 1047.
26. Brown, K. S., Marean, C. W., Jacobs, Z., Schoville, B. J., Oestmo, S., Fisher, E. C., et al. (2012). An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71, 000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491, 590-593. doi: 10. 1038/nature11660.
27. Bruner, E. (2003). Fossil traces of the human thought: paleoneurology and the evolution of the genus Homo. J. Anthropol. Sci. 81, 29-56.
28. Bruner, E. (2004). Geometric morphometrics and paleoneurology: brain shape evolution in the genus Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 47, 279-303. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2004. 03. 009.
29. Bruner, E., Manzi, G., and Arsuaga, J. L. (2003). Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 15335-15340. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 2536671100.
30. Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., Ahounta, D., et al. (2002). A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418, 145-151. doi: 10. 1038/nature00879.
31. Bryan, G. K., and Riesen, A. H. (1989). Deprived somatosensory-motor experience in stumptailed monkey neocortex: dendritic spine density and dendritic branching of layer IIIb pyramidal cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 286, 208-217. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 902860206.
32. Cáceres, M., Lachuer, J., Zapala, M. A., Redmond, J. C., Kudo, L., Geschwind, D. H., et al. (2003). Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 13030-13035. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 2135499100.
33. Cantalupo, C., and Hopkins, W. D. (2001). Asymmetric Broca's area in great apes. Nature 414, 505. doi: 10. 1038/35107134.
34. Carlson, K. J., Stout, D., Jashashvili, T., De Ruiter, D. J., Tafforeau, P., Carlson, K., et al. (2011). The endocast of MH1, Australopithecus sediba. Science 333, 1402-1407. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1203922.
35. Caspari, R., and Lee, S.-H. (2004). Older age becomes common late in human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 10895-10900. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0402857101.
36. Cerqueira, J. J., Taipa, R., Uylings, H. B. M., Almeida, O. F. X., and Sousa, N. (2007). Specific configuration of dendritic degeneration in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex induced by differing corticosteroid regimens. Cereb. Cortex 17, 1998-2006. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhl108.
37. Chareyron, L. J., Lavenex, P. B., Amaral, D. G., and Lavenex, P. (2012). Postnatal development of the amygdala: a stereological study in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 520, 1965-1984. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 23023.
38. Chi, J. G., Dooling, E. C., and Gilles, F. H. (1977a). Gyral development of the human brain. Ann. Neurol. 1, 86-93.
39. Chi, J. G., Dooling, E. C., and Gilles, F. H. (1977b). Left-right asymmetries of the temporal speech areas of the human fetus. Arch. Neurol. 34, 346-348.
40. Chou, H. H., Hayakawa, T., Diaz, S., Krings, M., Indriati, E., Leakey, M., et al. (2002). Inactivation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase occurred prior to brain expansion during human evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 11736-11741. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 182257399.
41. Clugnet, M. C., and LeDoux, J. E. (1990). Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body. J. Neurosci. 10, 2818-2824.
42. Connolly, C. J. (1950). External Morphology of the Primate Brain. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
43. Coqueugniot, H., and Hublin, J.-J. (2012). Age-related changes of digital endocranial volume during human ontogeny: results from an osteological reference collection. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 147, 312-318. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 21655.
44. Coqueugniot, H., Hublin, J.-J., Veillon, F., Houët, F., and Jacob, T. (2004). Early brain growth in Homo erectus and implications for cognitive ability. Nature 431, 299-302. doi: 10. 1038/nature02852.
45. Courchesne, E., Chisum, H. J., Townsend, J., Cowles, A., Covington, J., Egaas, B., et al. (2000). Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers. Radiology 216, 672-682.
46. Cupp, C. J., and Uemura, E. (1980). Age-related changes in prefrontal cortex ofMacaca mulatta: quantitative analysis of dendritic branching patterns. Exp. Neurol. 69, 143-163. doi: 10. 1016/0014-4886(80)90150-8.
47. Dart, R. A. (1925). Australopithecus africanus: the man-ape of South Africa. Nature115, 195-199. doi: 10. 1038/115195a0.
48. DeFelipe, J., Alonso-Nanclares, L., and Arellano, J. I. (2002). Microstructure of the neocortex: comparative aspects. J. Neurocytol. 31, 299-316. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1024130211265.
49. DeFelipe, J., and Fariñas, I. (1992). The pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex: morphological and chemical characteristics of the synaptic inputs. Prog. Neurobiol. 39, 563-607. doi: 10. 1016/0301-0082(92)90015-7.
50. DeFelipe, J., López-Cruz, P. L., Benavides-Piccione, R., Bielza, C., Larrañaga, P., Anderson, S., et al. (2013). New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 202-216. doi: 10. 1038/nrn3444.
51. DeSilva, J. M., and Lesnik, J. J. (2008). Brain size at birth throughout human evolution: a new method for estimating neonatal brain size in hominins. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 1064-1074. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2008. 07. 008.
52. Di Virgilio, G., and Clarke, S. (1997). Direct interhemispheric visual input to human speech areas. Hum. Brain Mapp. 5, 347-354. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5: 5<347:: AID-HBM3>3. 0. CO; 2-3.
53. Dorus, S., Vallender, E. J., Evans, P. D., Anderson, J. R., Gilbert S. L., Mahowald, M., et al. (2004). Accelerated evolution of nervous system genes in the origin of Homo sapiens. Cell 119, 1027-1040. doi: 10. 1016/j. cell. 2004. 11. 040.
54. Durrleman, S., Pennec, X., Trouvé, A., Ayache, N., and Braga, J. (2012). Comparison of the endocranial ontogenies between chimpanzees and bonobos via temporal regression and spatiotemporal registration. J. Hum. Evol. 62, 74-88. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2011. 10. 004.
55. Elston, G. N. (2000). Pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe: all the more spinous to think with. J. Neurosci. 20, RC95.
56. Elston, G. N. (2003). Cortex, cognition and the cell: new insights into the pyramidal neuron and prefrontal function. Cereb. Cortex 13, 1124-1138. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhg093.
57. Elston, G. N. (2007). "Specialization of the neocortical pyramidal cell during primate evolution, " in The Evolution of Nervous Systems, Vol. 4, The Evolution of Primate Nervous Systems, eds T. M. Preuss and J. H. Kaas (New York: Elsevier), 191-242.
58. Elston, G. N., Benavides-Piccione, R., Elston, A., Zietsch, B., DeFelipe J., Manger, P., et al. (2006). Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: implications for cognitive processing. Anat. Rec. A. Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 288, 26-35. doi: 10. 1002/ar. a. 20278.
59. Elston, G. N., Oga, T., and Fujita, I. (2009). Spinogenesis and pruning scales across functional hierarchies. J. Neurosci. 29, 3271-3275. doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 5216-08. 2009.
60. Emery, N. J., Capitanio, J. P., Mason, W. A., Machado, C. J., Mendoza, S. P., and Amaral, D. G. (2001). The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Neurosci. 115, 515-544. doi: 10. 1037/0735-7044. 115. 3. 515.
61. Enard, W., Khaitovich, P., Klose, J., Zöllner, S., Heissig, F., Giavalisco, P., et al. (2002). Intra-and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns. Science 296, 340-343. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1068996.
62. Falk, D. (1987). Brain lateralization in primates and its evolution in hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 30, 107-125. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 1330300508.
63. Falk, D. (2007). "Evolution of the primate brain, " in Handbook of Paleoanthropology, eds W. Henke and I. Tattersall (Berlin: Springer), 1133-1162.
64. Falk, D. (2012). "Hominin paleoneurology: where are we now?" in Evolution of the Primate Brain: from Neuron to Behavior, eds M. A. Hofman and D. Falk (Oxford: Elsevier), 255-272.
65. Falk, D., Redmond, J. C. J., Guyer, J., Conroy, G. C., Recheis, W., Weber, G. W., et al. (2000). Early hominid brain evolution: a new look at old endocasts. J. Hum. Evol. 38, 695-717. doi: 10. 1006/jhev. 1999. 0378.
66. Falk, D., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Morimoto, N., and Ponce de León, M. S. (2012). Metopic suture of Taung (Australopithecus africanus) and its implications for hominin brain evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 8467-8470. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1119752109.
67. Finlay, B. L., and Darlington, R. B. (1995). Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains. Science 268, 1578-1584. doi: 10. 1126/science. 7777856.
68. Flinn, M. V. (2005). "Culture and developmental plasticity; evolution of the social brain, " in Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd Edn, eds R L. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 73-98.
69. Foundas, A. L., Eure, K. F., Luevano, L. F., and Weinberger, D. R. (1998). MRI asymmetries of Broca's area: the pars triangularis and pars opercularis. Brain Lang. 64, 282-296. doi: 10. 1006/brln. 1998. 1974.
70. Fournier, M., Combès, B., Roberts, N., Braga, J., and Prima, S. (2011). "Mapping the distance between the brain and the inner surface of the skull and their global asymmetries, " in Proceedings SPIE 7962, Medical Imaging 2011: Image Processing, 79620Y. Lake Buena Vista. doi: 10. 1117/12. 876795.
71. Galaburda, A. M., LeMay, M., Kemper, T. L., and Geschwind, N. (1978). Right-left asymmetries in the brain. Science 199, 852-856. doi: 10. 1126/science. 341314.
72. Gazzaniga, M. S. (2000). Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication. Brain 123, 1293-1326. doi: 10. 1093/brain/123. 7. 1293.
73. Gazzaniga, M. S., Nass, R. Reeves, A., and Roberts, D. (1984). Neurologic perspectives on right hemisphere language following surgical section of the corpus callosum. Semin. Neurol. 4, 126-135. doi: 10. 1055/s-2008-1041542.
74. Geary, D. C. (2005). "Evolution and cognitive development, " in Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development 2nd Edn, eds R L. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 99-134.
75. Geschwind, N. (1978). Anatomical asymmetry as the basis for cerebral dominance. Fed. Proc. 37, 2263-2266.
76. Geschwind, N., and Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization; biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology. Arch. Neurol. 42, 428-458. doi: 10. 1001/archneur. 1985. 04060050026008.
77. Geschwind, D. H., and Miller, B. L. (2001). Molecular approaches to cerebral laterality; development and neurodegeneration. Am. J. Med. Genet. 101, 370-381. doi: 10. 1002/1096-8628(20010715)101: 4<370:: AID-AJMG1223>3. 0. CO; 2-G.
78. Ghashghaei, H. T., and Barbas, H. (2002). Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 115, 1261-1280. doi: 10. 1016/S0306-4522(02)00446-3.
79. Glantz, L. A., and Lewis, D. A. (2000). Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 65-73. doi: 10. 1001/archpsyc. 57. 1. 65.
80. Globus, A., and Scheibel, A. B. (1967). Synaptic locie on parietal cortical neurons: terminations of corpus callosum fibers. Science 156, 1127-1129. doi: 10. 1126/science. 156. 3778. 1127.
81. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function. Child Dev. 58, 601-622. doi: 10. 2307/1130201.
82. Golovanova, L. V., Hoffecker, J. F., Kharitonov, V. M., and Romanova, G. P. (1999). Mezmaiskaya cave: a Neanderthal occupation in the Northern Caucasus. Curr. Anthropol. 40, 77-86. doi: 10. 1086/515805.
83. Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., and Wallace, C. S. (1987). Experience and brain development. Child Dev. 58, 539-559. doi: 10. 2307/1130197.
84. Grgurević, L., Vinter, I., Jalšovec, D., and Krmpotić-Nemanić, J. (2004). The sequence in appearance and disappearance of impressiones gyrorum cerebri and cerebelli. Coll. Antropol. 28, 849-855.
85. Grimaud-Hervé, D., and Lordkipanidze, D. (2010). "The fossil hominid' brain of Dmanisi: D 2280 and D 2282, " in The Human Brain Evolving: Paleoneurological Studies in Honor of Ralph L. Holloway, eds D. Broadfield, M. Yuan, K. Schick and N. Toth (Gosport, IN: Stone Age Institute Press), 59-82.
86. Gunz, P., Neubauer, S., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Maureille, B., and Hublin, J.-J. (2012). A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya. J. Hum. Evol. 62, 300-313. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2011. 11. 013.
87. Gurdjian, E. S. (1928). The corpus striatum of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 45, 249-281. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 900450110.
88. Hall, E. (1972). The amygdala of the cat: a Golgi study. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 134, 439-458. doi: 10. 1007/BF00307668.
89. Harlow H. F., and Harlow, M. K. (1969). "Effects of various mother-infant relationships on rhesus monkey behaviors, " in Determinants of Infant Behavior, Vol. 4, ed. B. M. Foss (London: Methuen), 15-36.
90. Hawkes, K. (2006). "Slow life histories and human evolution, " in The Evolution of Human Life History, eds K. Hawkes and R. R. Paine (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press), 95-126.
91. Henneberg, M. (1998). Evolution of the human brain: is bigger better? Clin. Exp. Pharm. Phys. 25, 745-749. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1440-1681. 1998. tb02289. x.
92. Herbert, M. R., Ziegler, D. A., Deutsch, C. K., O'Brien, L. M., Kennedy, D. N., Filipek, P. A., et al. (2005). Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: a nested whole-brain analysis. Brain 128, 213-226. doi: 10. 1093/brain/awh330.
93. Herndon, J. G., Tigges, J., Anderson, D. C., Klumpp, S. A., and McClure, H. M. (1999). Brain weight throughout the life span of the chimpanzee. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 567-572. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990712)409: 4<567:: AID-CNE4>3. 0. CO; 2-J.
94. Herndon, J. G., Tigges, J., Klumpp, S. A., and Anderson, D. C. (1998). Brain weight does dot decrease with age in adult rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol. Aging 19, 267-272. doi: 10. 1016/S0197-4580(98)00054-2.
95. Hill, K., Barton, M., and Hurtado, A. M. (2009). The emergence of human uniqueness: characters underlying behavioral modernity. Evol. Anthropol. 18, 187-200. doi: 10. 1002/evan. 20224.
96. Hiraiwa, M. (1981). Maternal and alloparental care in a troop of free-ranging Japanese monkeys. Primates 22, 309-329. doi: 10. 1007/BF02381573.
97. Hof P., and Sherwood, C. C. (2007). "The evolution of neuron classes in the neocortex of mammals, " in The Evolution of Nervous Systems in Mammals. Evolution of Nervous Systems, Vol. 3, eds L. A. Krubitzer and J. H. Kaas (Oxford: Academic Press), 113-124. doi: 10. 1016/B0-12-370878-8/00055-0.
98. Holloway, R. L., Broadfield, D. C., and Yuan, M. S. (2004). The Human Fossil Record. Volume Three: Brain Endocasts-The Paleoneurological Evidence. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss.
99. Holloway, R. L., and de la Coste-Lareymondie, M. C. (1982). Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 58, 101-110. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 1330580111.
100. Hrdy, S. B. (2005). "On why it takes a village: cooperative breeders, infant needs and the future, " in Evolutionary perspectives on Human Development, 2nd Edn, eds R L. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 167-189.
101. Humphrey, T. (1968). The development of the human amygdala during early embryonic life. J. Comp. Neurol. 132, 135-166. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 901320108.
102. Hüppi, P. S., Warfield, S., Kikinis, R., Barnes, P. D., Zientara, G. P., Jolesz, F. A., et al. (1998). Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of brain development in premature and mature newborns. Ann. Neurol. 43, 224-235. doi: 10. 1002/ana. 410430213.
103. Huttenlocher, P. R., and Dabholkar, A. S. (1997). Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 387, 167-178. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387: 2<167:: AID-CNE1>3. 0. CO; 2-Z.
104. Jacobs, B., Creswell, J., Britt, J. P., Ford, K. L., Bogen, J. E., and Zaidel, E. (2003). Quantitative analysis of cortical pyramidal neurons after corpus callosotomy. Ann. Neurol. 54, 126-130. doi: 10. 1002/ana. 10620.
105. Jacobs, B., Driscoll, L., and Schall, M. (1997). Life-span dendritic and spine changes in areas 10 and 18 of human cortex: a quantitative Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 386, 661-680. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971006)386: 4<661:: AID-CNE11>3. 0. CO; 2-N.
106. Jacobs, B, Schall, M., Prather, M., Kapler, E., Driscoll, L. Baca, S., et al. (2001). Regional and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: a quantitative Golgi study. Cereb. Cortex 11, 558-571. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/11. 6. 558.
107. Jacobs, B., and Scheibel, A. B. (1993). A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans. I. Lifespan changes. J. Comp. Neurol. 327, 83-96. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903270107.
108. Jacobs, B., and Scheibel, A. B. (2002). "Regional dendritic variation in primate cortical pyramidal cells, " in Cortical Areas: Unity and Diversity, eds A. Schüz and R. Miller (London: Taylor & Francis), 111-131.
109. Joseph, R. (1986). Reversal of cerebral dominance for language and emotion in a corpus callosotomy patient. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49, 628-634. doi: 10. 1136/jnnp. 49. 6. 628.
110. Joseph, R. (1999). Environmental influences on neural plasticity, the limbic system, emotional development and attachment: a review. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 29, 189-208. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1022660923605.
111. Kaas J. H. (2000). Why is brain size so important: design problems and solutions as neocortex gets bigger or smaller. Brain Mind 1, 7-23. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1010028405318.
112. Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., and Hurtado, A. M. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol. Anthropol. 9, 156-185. doi: 10. 1002/1520-6505(2000)9: 4<156:: AID-EVAN5>3. 0. CO; 2-7.
113. Kaufmann, W. E., and Worley, P. F. (1999). Neural activity and immediate early gene expression in the cerebral cortex. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 5, 41-51. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5: 1<41:: AID-MRDD5>3. 0. CO; 2-C.
114. Khaitovich, P., Muetzel, B., She, X., Lachmann, M., Hellmann, I., Dietzsch, J., et al. (2004). Regional patterns of gene expression in human and chimpanzee brains. Genome Res. 14, 1462-1473. doi: 10. 1101/gr. 2538704.
115. Klein, R. G. (2000). Archeology and the evolution of human behavior. Evol. Anthropol. 9, 17-36. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6505(2000)9: 1<17:: AID-EVAN3>3. 0. CO; 2-A.
116. Krubitzer L., and Kaas, J. (2005). The evolution of the neocortex in mammals: how is phenotypic diversity generated? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 444-453. doi: 10. 1016/j. conb. 2005. 07. 003.
117. Kruggel, F. (2006). MRI-based volumetry of head compartments: normative values of healthy adults. Neuroimage 30, 1-11. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2005. 09. 063.
118. Lacruz, R. S., Ramirez Rozzi, F., and Bromage, T. G. (2005). Dental enamel hypoplasia, age at death, and weaning in the Taung child. S. Afri. J. Sci. 101, 567-569.
119. LaFreniere, P. (2005). "Human emotions as multipurpose adaptations: an evolutionary perspective on the development of fear, " in Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development 2nd Edn, eds R L. Burgess and K. MacDonald (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 189-206.
120. Leigh, S. R. (2006). Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 104-108. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2005. 02. 008.
121. Leigh, S. R. (2012). Brain size growth and life history in human evolution. Evol. Biol. 39, 587-599. doi: 10. 1007/s11692-012-9168-5.
122. Leigh, S. R., and Park, P. B. (1998). Evolution of human growth prolongation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 107, 331-350. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199811)107: 3<331:: AID-AJPA9>3. 0. CO; 2-#.
123. LeMay, M. (1976). Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 280, 349-366. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1749-6632. 1976. tb25499. x.
124. Leutenegger, W. (1987). Neonatal brain size and neurocranial dimensions in Pliocene hominids: implications for obstetrics. J. Hum. Evol. 16, 291-296. doi: 10. 1016/0047-2484(87)90004-2.
125. Lieberman, D. E., Carlo, J., Ponce de León, M., and Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2007). A geometric morphometric analysis of heterochrony in the cranium of chimpanzees and bonobos. J. Hum. Evol. 52, 647-662. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2006. 12. 005.
126. Lieberman, D. E., McBratney, B. M., and Krovitz, G. (2002). The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 1134-1139. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 022440799.
127. Lieberman, D. E., Ross, C. F., and Ravosa, M. J. (2000). The primate cranial base: ontogeny, function, and integration. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43, 117-169. doi: 10. 1002/1096-8644(2000)43: 31+<117:: AID-AJPA5>3. 3. CO; 2-9.
128. Liu, X., Somel, M., Tang, L., Yan, Z., Jiang, X., Guo, S., et al. (2012). Extension of cortical synaptic development distinguishes humans from chimpanzees and macaques. Genome Res. 22, 611-622. doi: 10. 1101/gr. 127324. 111.
129. Lu, Z. X., Huang, Q., and Su, B. (2009). Functional characterization of the human-specific (type II) form of kallikrein 8, a gene involved in learning and memory. Cell Res. 19, 259-267. doi: 10. 1038/cr. 2009. 4.
130. Lu, Z. X., Peng, J., and Su, B. (2007). A human-specific mutation leads to the origin of a novel splice form of neuropsin (KLK8), a gene involved in learning and memory. Hum. Mutat. 28, 978-984. doi: 10. 1002/humu. 20547.
131. Maren, S. (1999). Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: a mechanism for emotional learning and memory. Trends Neurosci. 22, 561-567. doi: 10. 1016/S0166-2236(99)01465-4.
132. Marin-Padilla, M. (1970). Prenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of the human motor cortex: a Golgi study. I. The sequential development of the cortical layers. Brain Res. 23, 167-183. doi: 10. 1016/0006-8993(70)90037-5.
133. McAllister, A. K., Katz, L. C., and Lo, D. C. (1996). Neurotrophin regulation of cortical dendritic growth requires activity. Neuron 17, 1057-1064. doi: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(00)80239-1.
134. McBrearty, S., and Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J. Hum. Evol. 39, 453-563. doi: 10. 1006/jhev. 2000. 0435.
135. McDonald, A. J. (1992). "Cell types and intrinsic connections of the amygdala, " in The Amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, ed. J. P. Aggleton (New York: John Wiley & Sons), 67-96.
136. McDonald, A. J. (1996). Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactive neurons of the rat basolateral amygdala: colocalization of excitatory amino acids and projections to the limbic circuit. J. Comp. Neurol. 365, 367-379. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960212)365: 3<367:: AID-CNE3>3. 0. CO; 2-2.
137. McDonald, A. J., Muller, J. F., and Mascagni, F. (2002). GABAergic innervations of alphatype II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase immunoractive pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 446, 199-218. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 10204.
138. McGuire, C. B., Snipes, G. J., and Norden, J. J. (1988). Light-microscopic immunolocalization of the growh-and plasticity-associated protein GAP-43 in the developing rat brain. Dev. Brain Res. 41, 277-291. doi: 10. 1016/0165-3806(88)90189-7.
139. McKee, J. K. (1993). Faunal dating of the Taung hominid fossil deposit. J. Hum. Evol. 25, 363-376.
140. Mitsui, S., Tsuruoka, N., Yamashiro, K., Nakazato, H., and Yamaguchi, N. (1999). A novel form of human neuropsin, a brain-related serine protease, is generated by alternative splicing and is expressed preferentially in human adult brain. Eur. J. Biochem. 260, 627-634. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1432-1327. 1999. 00213. x.
141. Mitteroecker, P., and Bookstein, F. (2008). The evolutionary role of modularity and integration in the hominoid cranium. Evolution 62, 943-958. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00321. x.
142. Moss, M. L. (1968). A theoretical analysis of the functional matrix. Acta Biotheor. 18, 195-202. doi: 10. 1007/BF01556727.
143. Moss, M. L., and Young, R. W. (1960). A functional approach to craniology. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 18, 281-292. doi: 10. 1002/ajpa. 1330180406.
144. Mrzljak, L., Uylings, H. B. M., Kostovic, I., and van Eden C. G. (1988). Prenatal development of neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: I. A qualitative Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 271, 355-386. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 902710306.
145. Muller, F., and O'Rahilly, R. (2006). The amygdaloid complex and the medial and lateral ventricular eminences in staged human embryos. J. Anat. 208, 547-564. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1469-7580. 2006. 00553. x.
146. Neubauer, S., Gunz, P., and Hublin, J.-J. (2009). The pattern of endocranial ontogenetic shape changes in humans. J. Anat. 215, 240-255. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1469-7580. 2009. 01106. x.
147. Neubauer, S., Gunz, P., and Hublin, J.-J. (2010). Endocranial shape changes during growth in chimpanzees and humans: a morphometric analysis of unique and shared aspects. J. Hum. Evol. 59, 555-566. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2010. 06. 011.
148. Neubauer, S., Gunz, P., Weber, G. W., and Hublin, J.-J. (2012). Endocranial volume ofAustralopithecus africanus: new CT-based estimates and the effects of missing data and small sample size. J. Hum. Evol. 62, 498-510. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2012. 01. 005.
149. Neubauer, S., and Hublin, J.-J. (2012). The evolution of human brain development. Evol. Biol. 39, 568-586. doi: 10. 1007/s11692-011-9156-1.
150. Nieuwenhuys, R. (1994). The neocortex: an overview of its evolutionary development, structural organization and synaptology. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 190, 307-337. doi: 10. 1007/BF00187291.
151. Nishida, T. (1983). Alloparental behavior in wild chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Folia Primatol. 41, 1-33. doi: 10. 1159/000156117.
152. Pearce, E., Stringer, C., and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2013). New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20130168. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2013. 0168.
153. Petanjek, Z., Judas, M., Kostovic, I., and Uylings, H. B. M. (2008). Lifespan alterations of basal dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons in the human prefrontal cortex: a layer-specific pattern. Cereb. Cortex 18, 915-929. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhm124.
154. Petanjek, Z., Judas, M., Simic, G., Rasina, M. R., Uylings, H. B. M., Rakic, P., et al. (2011). Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108, 13281-13286. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1105108108.
155. Ponce de León, M. S., Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Romanova, G., Akazawa, T., Kondo, O., et al. (2008). Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 13764-13768. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0803917105.
156. Ponce de León, M. S., Ledevin, R., and Zollikofer, C. P. E. (2013). Exo-and endocranial ontogeny in hominoid primates (Abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 150, 223.
157. Potts, R. (1998). Variability selection in hominid evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 7, 81-96. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)7: 3<81:: AID-EVAN3>3. 0. CO; 2-A.
158. Prabhakar, S., Noonan, J. P., Paabo, S., and Rubin, E. M. (2006). Accelerated evolution of conserved noncoding sequences in humans. Science 314, 786. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1130738.
159. Prather, M. D., Lavenex, P., Mauldin-Jourdain, M. L., Mason, W. A., Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., et al. (2001). Increased social fear and decreased fear of objects in monkeys with neonatal amygdala lesions. Neuroscience 106, 653-658. doi: 10. 1016/S0306-4522(01)00445-6.
160. Rakic, P. (1982). "Organizing principles for development of primate cerebral cortex, " in Organizing Principles of Neural Development, ed. S. C. Sharma (New York: Plenum Press), 21-48.
161. Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., and Davatzikos, C. (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. J. Neurosci. 23, 3295-3301.
162. Richtsmeier, J. T., Aldridge, K., DeLeon, V. B., Panchal, J., Kane, A. A., Marsh, J. L., et al. (2006). Phenotypic integration of neurocranium and brain. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 306, 360-378. doi: 10. 1002/jez. b. 21092.
163. Royle, N. A., Valdés Hernández, M. C., Muñoz Maniega, S., Arabisala, B. S., Bastin, M. E., Deary, I. J., et al. (2013). Influence of thickening of the inner skull table on intracranial volume measurement in older people. Magn. Reson. Imaging 31, 918-922. doi: 10. 1016/j. mri. 2013. 01. 012.
164. Ruff, C. (2010). Body size and body shape in early hominins-implications of the Gona pelvis. J. Hum. Evol. 58, 166-178. doi: 10. 1016/j. jhevol. 2009. 10. 003.
165. Ruff C. B., Trinkaus E., and Holliday T. W. (1997). Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 387, 173-176. doi: 10. 1038/387173a0.
166. Sakai, T., Matsui, M., Mikami, A., Malkova, L., Hamada, Y., Tomonaga, M., et al. (2013). Developmental patterns of chimpanzee cerebral tissues provide important clues for understanding the remarkable enlargement of the human brain. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 280, 20122398. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2012. 2398.
167. Scahill, R. I., Frost, C., Jenkins, R., Whitwell, J. L., Rossor, M. N., and Fox, N. C. (2003). A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in normal aging using serial registered magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Neurol. 60, 989-994. doi: 10. 1001/archneur. 60. 7. 989.
168. Scheibel, A. B., Paul, L. A., Fried, I., Forsythe, A. B., Tomiyasu, U., Wechsler, A., et al. (1985). Dendritic organization of the anterior speech area. Exp. Neurol. 87, 109-117. doi: 10. 1016/0014-4886(85)90137-2.
169. Schenker, N. M., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Blackmon, W. L., Amunts, K., Zilles, K., and Semendeferi, K. (2008). A comparative quantitative analysis of cytoarchitecture and minicolumnar organization in Broca's area in humans and great apes. J. Comp. Neurol. 510, 117-128. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 21792.
170. Schenker, N. M., Hopkins, W. D., Spocter, M. A., Garrison, A. R., Stimpson, C. D., Erwin, J. M., et al. (2010). Broca's area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): probabilistic mapping, asymmetry, and comparison to humans. Cereb. Cortex 20, 730-742. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhp138.
171. Schratt, G. M., Tuebing, F., Nigh, E. A., Kane, C. G., Sabatini, M. E., Kiebler, M., et al. (2006). A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development. Nature439, 283-289. doi: 10. 1038/nature04367.
172. Semendeferi, K., and Damasio, H. (2000). The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. J. Hum. Evol. 38, 317-332. doi: 10. 1006/jhev. 1999. 0381.
173. Semendeferi, K., Lu, A., Schenker, N., and Damasio, H. (2002). Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 272-276. doi: 10. 1038/nn814.
174. Semendeferi, K., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K, Armstrong, E., and Van Hoesen, G. W. (2001). Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of area 10. Am. J. Phys. Anthopol. 114, 224-241. doi: 10. 1002/1096-8644(200103)114: 3<224:: AID-AJPA1022>3. 0. CO; 2-I.
175. Semendeferi, K., Teffer, K., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Park, M. S., Bludau, S. K., Amunts, K., et al. (2011). Spatial organization of neurons in the prefrontal cortex sets humans apart from great apes. Cereb. Cortex 21, 1485-1497. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhq191.
176. Shamy, J. L., Habeck, C., Hof, P. R., Amaral, D. G., Fong, S. G., Buonocore, M. H., et al. (2011). Volumetric correlates of spatiotemporal working and recognition memory impairment in aged rhesus monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 21, 1559-1573. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhq210.
177. Shaw, P., Lalonde, F., Lepage, C., Rabin, C., Eckstrand, K., Sharp, W., et al. (2009). Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 888-896. doi: 10. 1001/archgenpsychiatry. 2009. 103.
178. Sherwood, C. C., Gordon, A. D., Allen, J. S., Phillips, K. A., Erwin, J. M., Hof, P. R., et al. (2011). Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108, 13029-13034. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1016709108.
179. Sherwood, C. C., Lee, P. W., Rivara, C. B., Holloway, R. L., Gilissen, E. P., Simmons, R. M., et al. (2003a). Evolution of specialized pyramidal neurons in primate visual and motor cortex. Brain Behav. Evol. 61, 28-44.
180. Sherwood, C. C., Broadfield, D. C., Holloway, R. L., Gannon, P. J., and Hof, P. R. (2003b). Variability of Broca's area homologue in African great apes: implications for language evolution. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell Evol. Biol. 271A, 276-285.
181. Simpson, S. W., Quade, J., Levin, N. E., Butler, R., Dupont-Nivet, G., Everett, M., et al. (2008). A female Homo erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia. Science 322, 1089-1092. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1163592.
182. Small, M. F. (1990). Alloparental behaviour in Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Anim. Behav. 39, 297-306. doi: 10. 1016/S0003-3472(05)80874-7.
183. Somel, M., Franz, H., Yan, Z., Lorenc, A., Guo, S., Giger, T., et al. (2009). Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 5743-5748. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0900544106.
184. Spruston, N. (2008). Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 206-221. doi: 10. 1038/nrn2286.
185. Stefanacci, L., and Amaral, D. G. (2000). Topographic organization of cortical inputs to the lateral nucleus of the macaque monkey amygdala: a retrograde tracing study. J. Comp. Neurol. 421, 52-79. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000522)421: 1<52:: AID-CNE4>3. 0. CO; 2-O.
186. Stefanacci, L., and Amaral, D. G. (2002). Some observations on cortical inputs to the macaque monkey amygdale: an anterograde tracing study. J. Comp. Neurol. 451, 3031-3323. doi: 10. 1002/cne. 10339.
187. Stefanacci, L., Suzuki, W., and Amaral, D. G. (1996). Organization of connections between the amygdaloid complex and the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 375, 552-582. doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961125)375: 4<552:: AID-CNE2>3. 0. CO; 2-0.
188. Sun T., Patoine C., Abu-Khalil A., Visvader, J., Sum, E., Cherry, T. J., et al. (2005). Early asymmetry of gene transcription in embryonic human left and right cerebral cortex. Science 308, 1794-1798. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1110324.
189. Sun T., and Walsh, C. A. (2006). Molecular approaches to brain asymmetry and handedness. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 655-662. doi: 10. 1038/nrn1930.
190. Tague, R. G., and Lovejoy, C. O. (1986). The obstetric pelvis of A. L. 288-1 (Lucy). J. Hum. Evol. 15, 237-255. doi: 10. 1016/S0047-2484(86)80052-5.
191. Teyssandier, N. (2008). Revolution or evolution; the emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. World Archeol. 40, 493-513. doi: 10. 1080/00438240802452676.
192. Thompson, C. I., Schwartzbaum, J. S., and Harlow, H. F. (1969). Development of social fear after amygdalectomy in infant rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 4, 249-254. doi: 10. 1016/0031-9384(69)90088-2.
193. Tobias, P. V. (2006). Longevity, death and encephalisation among Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Int. Congr. Ser. 1296, 1-15. doi: 10. 1016/j. ics. 2006. 03. 034.
194. Toga, A. W., and Thompson, P. M. (2003). Mapping brain asymmetry. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 37-48. doi: 10. 1038/nrn1009.
195. Trinkaus, E. (2011). Late Pleistocene adult mortality patterns and modern human establishment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108, 1267-1271. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1018700108.
196. Ulfig, N., Setzer, M., and Bohl, J. (2003). Ontogeny of the human amygdala. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 285, 22-33.
197. Uylings, H. B. M., Jacobsen, A. M., Zilles, K., and Amunts, K. (2006). Left-right asymmetry in volume and number of neurons in adult Broca's area. Cortex 42, 652-658. doi: 10. 1016/S0010-9452(08)70401-5.
198. van Praag, H., Schinder, A. F., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., and Gage, F. H. (2002). Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415, 1030-1034. doi: 10. 1038/4151030a.
199. Ventrice, F. (2011). Modern Human Brain Growth and Development. Contribution to Brain Evolution in Hominids. Zürich: University of Zürich.
200. Wanifuchi, H., Shimizu, T., and Maruyama, T. (2002). Age-related changes in the proportion of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid space measured using volumetric computerized tomography scanning. J. Neurosurg. 97, 607-610. doi: 10. 3171/jns. 2002. 97. 3. 0607.
201. Yang, Z., Richards, K., Kurniawan, N. D., Petrou, S., and Reutens, D. C. (2012). MRI-guided volume reconstruction of mouse brain from histological sections. J. Neurosci. Methods 211, 210-217. doi: 10. 1016/j. jneumeth. 2012. 08. 021.
202. Zollikofer, C. P. E., and Ponce de León, M. S. (2010). The evolution of hominin ontogenies. Sem. Cell. Dev. Biol. 21, 441-452. doi: 10. 1016/j. semcdb. 2009. 10. 012.
203. Zollikofer, C. P. E., and Ponce de León, M. S. (2013). Pandora's growing box: inferring the evolution and development of hominin brains from endocasts. Evol. Anthropol. 22, 20-33. doi: 10. 1002/evan. 21333.