메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 182, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

Patterns of host-parasite adaptation in three populations of monarch butterflies infected with a naturally occurring protozoan disease: Virulence, resistance, and tolerance

Author keywords

Arms race dynamics; Local adaptation; Negative frequency dependent selection; Ophryocystis elektroscirrha; Resistance; Tolerance

Indexed keywords

ARMS RACE; BUTTERFLY; DISEASE RESISTANCE; FITNESS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; LOCAL ADAPTATION; PARASITE; PROTOZOAN; SELECTION; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84887534972     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/673442     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (41)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0002511672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection genetics: Gene-forgene versus matching-allele models and all points in between
    • Agrawal, A., and C. M. Lively. 2002. Infection genetics: gene-forgene versus matching-allele models and all points in between. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4:79-90.
    • (2002) Evolutionary Ecology Research , vol.4 , pp. 79-90
    • Agrawal, A.1    Lively, C.M.2
  • 2
    • 58549116149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: History, current state of affairs and the future
    • Alizon, S., A. Hurford, N. Mideo, and M. Van Baalen. 2008. Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22:245-259.
    • (2008) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.22 , pp. 245-259
    • Alizon, S.1    Hurford, A.2    Mideo, N.3    Van Baalen, M.4
  • 3
    • 77954989482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Populations of monarch butterflies with different migratory behaviors show divergence in wing morphology
    • Altizer, S. M., and A. K. Davis. 2010. Populations of monarch butterflies with different migratory behaviors show divergence in wing morphology. Evolution 64:1018-1028.
    • (2010) Evolution , vol.64 , pp. 1018-1028
    • Altizer, S.M.1    Davis, A.K.2
  • 4
    • 0034065434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between host migration and the prevalence of a protozoan parasite in natural populations of adult monarch butterflies
    • Altizer, S. M., K. S. Oberhauser, and L. P. Brower. 2000. Associations between host migration and the prevalence of a protozoan parasite in natural populations of adult monarch butterflies. Ecological Entomology 25:125-139.
    • (2000) Ecological Entomology , vol.25 , pp. 125-139
    • Altizer, S.M.1    Oberhauser, K.S.2    Brower, L.P.3
  • 5
    • 68049130026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of anorexia in resistance and tolerance to infections in Drosophila
    • Ayres, J., and D. Schneider. 2009. The role of anorexia in resistance and tolerance to infections in Drosophila. PLoS Biology 7:e1000150.
    • (2009) PLoS Biology , vol.7
    • Ayres, J.1    Schneider, D.2
  • 7
    • 78751696537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological immunology and tolerance in plants and animals
    • Baucom, R., and J. de Roode. 2011. Ecological immunology and tolerance in plants and animals. Functional Ecology 25:18-28.
    • (2011) Functional Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 18-28
    • Baucom, R.1    de Roode, J.2
  • 8
    • 77955776375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for host variation in parasite tolerance in a wild fish population
    • Blanchet, S., O. Rey, and G. Loot. 2010. Evidence for host variation in parasite tolerance in a wild fish population. Evolutionary Ecology 24:1129-1139.
    • (2010) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 1129-1139
    • Blanchet, S.1    Rey, O.2    Loot, G.3
  • 10
    • 43049111084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fight or learn to live with the consequences?
    • Boots, M. 2008. Fight or learn to live with the consequences? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:248-250.
    • (2008) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.23 , pp. 248-250
    • Boots, M.1
  • 12
    • 0029499638 scopus 로고
    • Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America
    • Brower, L. P. 1995. Understanding and misunderstanding the migration of the monarch butterfly (Nymphalidae) in North America. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49:304-385.
    • (1995) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society , vol.49 , pp. 304-385
    • Brower, L.P.1
  • 13
    • 33847020707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative measures of response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Corby-Harris, V., K. E. Habel, F. G. Ali, and D. E. L. Promislow. 2007. Alternative measures of response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:526-533.
    • (2007) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.20 , pp. 526-533
    • Corby-Harris, V.1    Habel, K.E.2    Ali, F.G.3    Promislow, D.E.L.4
  • 14
    • 33646520092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant-mediated effects in insectpathogen interactions
    • Cory, J. S., and K. Hoover. 2006. Plant-mediated effects in insectpathogen interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:278-286.
    • (2006) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.21 , pp. 278-286
    • Cory, J.S.1    Hoover, K.2
  • 17
    • 67649363649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength in numbers: High parasite burdens increase transmission of a protozoan parasite of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus)
    • de Roode, J. C., J. Chi, R. M. Rarick, and S. M. Altizer. 2009. Strength in numbers: high parasite burdens increase transmission of a protozoan parasite of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus). Oecologia (Berlin) 161:67-75.
    • (2009) Oecologia (Berlin) , vol.161 , pp. 67-75
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Chi, J.2    Rarick, R.M.3    Altizer, S.M.4
  • 18
    • 34249710309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence determinants in a natural butterfly-parasite system
    • de Roode, J. C., L. R. Gold, and S. M. Altizer. 2007. Virulence determinants in a natural butterfly-parasite system. Parasitology 134: 657-669.
    • (2007) Parasitology , vol.134 , pp. 657-669
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Gold, L.R.2    Altizer, S.M.3
  • 19
    • 84874187381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral immunity in insects
    • de Roode, J. C., and T. Lefèvre. 2012. Behavioral immunity in insects. Insects 3:789-820.
    • (2012) Insects , vol.3 , pp. 789-820
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Lefèvre, T.2
  • 21
    • 79952699879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence evolution in response to anti-infection resistance: Toxic food plants can select for virulent parasites of monarch butterflies
    • de Roode, J. C., C. Lopez Fernandez de Castillejo, T. Faits, and S. Alizon. 2011. Virulence evolution in response to anti-infection resistance: toxic food plants can select for virulent parasites of monarch butterflies. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24:712-722.
    • (2011) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.24 , pp. 712-722
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Lopez Fernandez de Castillejo, C.2    Faits, T.3    Alizon, S.4
  • 23
    • 44949197696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulencetransmission trade-offs and population divergence in virulence in a naturally occuring butterfly parasite
    • de Roode, J. C., A. J. Yates, and S. M. Altizer. 2008b. Virulencetransmission trade-offs and population divergence in virulence in a naturally occuring butterfly parasite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105:7489-7494.
    • (2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , vol.105 , pp. 7489-7494
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Yates, A.J.2    Altizer, S.M.3
  • 24
    • 0029659462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympatric and allopatric combinations of hen fleas and great tits: A test of the local adaptation hypothesis
    • Dufva, R. 1996. Sympatric and allopatric combinations of hen fleas and great tits: a test of the local adaptation hypothesis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9:505-510.
    • (1996) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.9 , pp. 505-510
    • Dufva, R.1
  • 25
    • 0141456015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite local adaptation: Red Queen versus Suicide King
    • Dybdahl, M. F., and A. Storfer. 2003. Parasite local adaptation: Red Queen versus Suicide King. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 523-530.
    • (2003) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.18 , pp. 523-530
    • Dybdahl, M.F.1    Storfer, A.2
  • 26
    • 8744234058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of virulence when parasites cause host castration and gigantism
    • Ebert, D., H. J. Carius, T. J. Little, and E. Decaestecker. 2004. The evolution of virulence when parasites cause host castration and gigantism. American Naturalist 164:S19-S32.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.164
    • Ebert, D.1    Carius, H.J.2    Little, T.J.3    Decaestecker, E.4
  • 27
    • 0030027031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex against virulence: The coevolution of parasitic disease
    • Ebert, D., and W. D. Hamilton. 1996. Sex against virulence: the coevolution of parasitic disease. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:79-82.
    • (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.11 , pp. 79-82
    • Ebert, D.1    Hamilton, W.D.2
  • 28
    • 0000059133 scopus 로고
    • The problem of environment and selection
    • Falconer, D. S. 1952. The problem of environment and selection. American Naturalist 86:293-298.
    • (1952) American Naturalist , vol.86 , pp. 293-298
    • Falconer, D.S.1
  • 29
    • 0030093154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models of parasite virulence
    • Frank, S. 1996. Models of parasite virulence. Quarterly Review of Biology 71:37-78.
    • (1996) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.71 , pp. 37-78
    • Frank, S.1
  • 32
    • 0001981672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential adaptation in spatially heterogeneous environments and hostparasite coevolution
    • in S. Mopper and S. Strauss, eds, Chapman & Hall, London
    • Gandon, S., D. Ebert, I. Olivieri, and Y. Michalakis. 1998. Differential adaptation in spatially heterogeneous environments and hostparasite coevolution. Pages 325-340 in S. Mopper and S. Strauss, eds. Genetic structure and local adaptation in natural insect populations. Chapman & Hall, London.
    • (1998) Genetic structure and local adaptation in natural insect populations , pp. 325-340
    • Gandon, S.1    Ebert, D.2    Olivieri, I.3    Michalakis, Y.4
  • 33
    • 0035856919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imperfect vaccines and the evolution of pathogen virulence
    • Gandon, S., M. J. Mackinnon, S. Nee, and A. F. Read. 2001. Imperfect vaccines and the evolution of pathogen virulence. Nature 414:751-756.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 751-756
    • Gandon, S.1    Mackinnon, M.J.2    Nee, S.3    Read, A.F.4
  • 34
  • 35
    • 0036090345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and hostparasite coevolution: Interactions between migration, mutation, population size and generation time
    • Gandon, S., and Y. Michalakis. 2002. Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and hostparasite coevolution: interactions between migration, mutation, population size and generation time. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15:451-462.
    • (2002) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.15 , pp. 451-462
    • Gandon, S.1    Michalakis, Y.2
  • 36
    • 34248171921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synthesis of experimental work on parasite local adaptation
    • Greischar, M. A., and B. Koskella. 2007. A synthesis of experimental work on parasite local adaptation. Ecology Letters 10:418-434.
    • (2007) Ecology Letters , vol.10 , pp. 418-434
    • Greischar, M.A.1    Koskella, B.2
  • 37
    • 0034703321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mate selection and the evolution of highly polymorphic self/nonself recognition genes
    • Grosberg, R. K., and M. W. Hart. 2000. Mate selection and the evolution of highly polymorphic self/nonself recognition genes. Science 289:2111-2114.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 2111-2114
    • Grosberg, R.K.1    Hart, M.W.2
  • 38
    • 0000794036 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of nature and nurture
    • Haldane, J. B. S. 1946. The interaction of nature and nurture. Annals of Eugenics 13:197-205.
    • (1946) Annals of Eugenics , vol.13 , pp. 197-205
    • Haldane, J.B.S.1
  • 39
    • 40349092689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of factors affecting local adaptation between interacting species
    • Hoeksema, J. D., and S. E. Forde. 2008. A meta-analysis of factors affecting local adaptation between interacting species. American Naturalist 171:275-290.
    • (2008) American Naturalist , vol.171 , pp. 275-290
    • Hoeksema, J.D.1    Forde, S.E.2
  • 40
    • 0031778414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of local adaptation of a protozoan parasite to its bumblebee host
    • Imhoof, B., and P. Schmid-Hempel. 1998. Patterns of local adaptation of a protozoan parasite to its bumblebee host. Oikos 82:59-65.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.82 , pp. 59-65
    • Imhoof, B.1    Schmid-Hempel, P.2
  • 42
    • 0032965635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local maladaptation in the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum to its host plant Silene latifolia: Evidence from a cross-inoculation experiment
    • Kaltz, O., S. Gandon, Y. Michalakis, and J. A. Shykoff. 1999. Local maladaptation in the anther-smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum to its host plant Silene latifolia: evidence from a cross-inoculation experiment. Evolution 53:395-407.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 395-407
    • Kaltz, O.1    Gandon, S.2    Michalakis, Y.3    Shykoff, J.A.4
  • 43
    • 0031742438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation in host-parasite systems
    • Kaltz, O., and J. A. Shykoff. 1998. Local adaptation in host-parasite systems. Heredity 81:361-370.
    • (1998) Heredity , vol.81 , pp. 361-370
    • Kaltz, O.1    Shykoff, J.A.2
  • 44
    • 9944247694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptual issues in local adaptation
    • Kawecki, T. J., and D. Ebert. 2004. Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecology Letters 7:1225-1241.
    • (2004) Ecology Letters , vol.7 , pp. 1225-1241
    • Kawecki, T.J.1    Ebert, D.2
  • 45
    • 70349572966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of eastern North American autumnal migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) on continuously breeding resident monarch populations in southern Florida
    • Knight, A., and L. P. Brower. 2009. The influence of eastern North American autumnal migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) on continuously breeding resident monarch populations in southern Florida. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35:816-823.
    • (2009) Journal of Chemical Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 816-823
    • Knight, A.1    Brower, L.P.2
  • 46
    • 0033800942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation of a holoparasitic plant, Cuscuta europaea: Variation among populations
    • Koskela, T., V. Salonen, and P. Mutikainen. 2000. Local adaptation of a holoparasitic plant, Cuscuta europaea: variation among populations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13:749-755.
    • (2000) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.13 , pp. 749-755
    • Koskela, T.1    Salonen, V.2    Mutikainen, P.3
  • 47
    • 79952996756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local biotic environment shapes the spatial scale of bacteriophage adaptation to bacteria
    • Koskella, B., J. N. Thompson, G. M. Preston, and A. Buckling. 2011. Local biotic environment shapes the spatial scale of bacteriophage adaptation to bacteria. American Naturalist 177:440-451.
    • (2011) American Naturalist , vol.177 , pp. 440-451
    • Koskella, B.1    Thompson, J.N.2    Preston, G.M.3    Buckling, A.4
  • 48
    • 22144453591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial scale of local adaptation in a plant-pathogen metapopulation
    • Laine, A.-L. 2005. Spatial scale of local adaptation in a plant-pathogen metapopulation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:930-938.
    • (2005) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.18 , pp. 930-938
    • Laine, A.-L.1
  • 49
    • 40349098778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-mediated patterns of local adaptation in a natural plant-pathogen metapopulation
    • Laine, A.-L. 2008. Temperature-mediated patterns of local adaptation in a natural plant-pathogen metapopulation. Ecology Letters 11:327-337.
    • (2008) Ecology Letters , vol.11 , pp. 327-337
    • Laine, A.-L.1
  • 50
    • 29544446574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coevolutionary interactions between host and parasite genotypes
    • Lambrechts, L., S. Fellous, and J. C. Koella. 2006. Coevolutionary interactions between host and parasite genotypes. Trends in Parasitology 22:12-16.
    • (2006) Trends in Parasitology , vol.22 , pp. 12-16
    • Lambrechts, L.1    Fellous, S.2    Koella, J.C.3
  • 54
    • 0000432785 scopus 로고
    • Selection for intermediate rates of increase in parasite-host systems
    • Levin, S., and D. Pimentel. 1981. Selection for intermediate rates of increase in parasite-host systems. American Naturalist 117:308-315.
    • (1981) American Naturalist , vol.117 , pp. 308-315
    • Levin, S.1    Pimentel, D.2
  • 55
    • 0024939095 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation by a parasitic trematode to local populations of its snail host
    • Lively, C. M. 1989. Adaptation by a parasitic trematode to local populations of its snail host. Evolution 43:1663-1671.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1663-1671
    • Lively, C.M.1
  • 56
    • 0032968601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration, virulence, and the geographic mosaic of adaptation by parasites
    • Lively, C. M. 1999. Migration, virulence, and the geographic mosaic of adaptation by parasites. American Naturalist 153(suppl.):S34-S47.
    • (1999) American Naturalist , vol.153 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Lively, C.M.1
  • 57
    • 0034621858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes
    • Lively, C. M., and M. F. Dybdahl. 2000. Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes. Nature 405:679-681.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 679-681
    • Lively, C.M.1    Dybdahl, M.F.2
  • 59
    • 0030613995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the defense strategies of plants: Are resistance and tolerance mutually exclusive?
    • Mauricio, R., M. D. Rausher, and D. S. Burdick. 1997. Variation in the defense strategies of plants: are resistance and tolerance mutually exclusive? Ecology 78:1301-1311.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1301-1311
    • Mauricio, R.1    Rausher, M.D.2    Burdick, D.S.3
  • 60
    • 0003073848 scopus 로고
    • Parasite host coevolution
    • in D.J. Futuyama and M. Slatkin, eds, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
    • May, R. M., and R. M. Anderson. 1983. Parasite host coevolution. Pages 186-206 in D. J. Futuyama and M. Slatkin, eds. Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
    • (1983) Coevolution , pp. 186-206
    • May, R.M.1    Anderson, R.M.2
  • 62
    • 84985164600 scopus 로고
    • Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp n., a neogregarine pathogen of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer
    • McLaughlin, R. E., and J. Myers. 1970. Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a neogregarine pathogen of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer. Journal of Protozoology 17:300-305.
    • (1970) Journal of Protozoology , vol.17 , pp. 300-305
    • McLaughlin, R.E.1    Myers, J.2
  • 63
    • 84857538593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease tolerance as a defense strategy
    • Medzhitov, R., D. S. Schneider, and M. P. Soares. 2012. Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science 335:936-941.
    • (2012) Science , vol.335 , pp. 936-941
    • Medzhitov, R.1    Schneider, D.S.2    Soares, M.P.3
  • 64
    • 33747077510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of parasites in response to tolerance in their hosts: The good, the bad, and apparent commensalism
    • Miller, M. R., A. White, and M. Boots. 2006. The evolution of parasites in response to tolerance in their hosts: the good, the bad, and apparent commensalism. Evolution 60:945-956.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 945-956
    • Miller, M.R.1    White, A.2    Boots, M.3
  • 65
    • 24644491815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system
    • Morgan, A. D., S. Gandon, and A. Buckling. 2005. The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system. Nature 437:253-256.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 253-256
    • Morgan, A.D.1    Gandon, S.2    Buckling, A.3
  • 66
    • 0034060880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local adaptation, resistance, and virulence in a hemiparasitic plant-host plant interaction
    • Mutikainen, P., V. Salonen, S. Puustinen, and T. Koskela. 2000. Local adaptation, resistance, and virulence in a hemiparasitic plant-host plant interaction. Evolution 54:433-440.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 433-440
    • Mutikainen, P.1    Salonen, V.2    Puustinen, S.3    Koskela, T.4
  • 67
    • 84887556330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schèon, K. Martens, and P. van Dijk, eds. Lost sex: the evolutionary biology of parthenogenesis. Springer, Berlin
    • Neiman, M., and B. Koskella. 2009. Sex and the Red Queen in I. Schèon, K. Martens, and P. van Dijk, eds. Lost sex: the evolutionary biology of parthenogenesis. Springer, Berlin.
    • (2009) Sex and the Red Queen in I
    • Neiman, M.1    Koskella, B.2
  • 68
    • 70449373235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasitism and constitutive defence costs to host life-history traits in a parasitoid-host interaction
    • Niogret, J., S. M. Sait, and P. Rohani. 2009. Parasitism and constitutive defence costs to host life-history traits in a parasitoid-host interaction. Ecological Entomology 34:763-771.
    • (2009) Ecological Entomology , vol.34 , pp. 763-771
    • Niogret, J.1    Sait, S.M.2    Rohani, P.3
  • 69
    • 42549119629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving beyond the commongarden and transplant designs: Insight into the causes of local adaptation in species interactions
    • Nuismer, S. L., and S. Gandon. 2008. Moving beyond the commongarden and transplant designs: insight into the causes of local adaptation in species interactions. American Naturalist 171:658-668.
    • (2008) American Naturalist , vol.171 , pp. 658-668
    • Nuismer, S.L.1    Gandon, S.2
  • 70
    • 0032844591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite local maladaptation in the Canarian lizard Gallotia galloti (Reptilia: Lacertigae) parasitized by haemogregarian blood parasite
    • Oppliger, A., R. Vernet, and M. Baez. 1999. Parasite local maladaptation in the Canarian lizard Gallotia galloti (Reptilia: Lacertigae) parasitized by haemogregarian blood parasite. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12:951-955.
    • (1999) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.12 , pp. 951-955
    • Oppliger, A.1    Vernet, R.2    Baez, M.3
  • 72
    • 33747066404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographical variation in infectivity and susceptibility in the host-parasite system Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata: No evidence for local adaptation
    • Prugnolle, F., T. De Meeûs, J. P. Pointier, P. Durand, A. Rognon, and A. Théron. 2006. Geographical variation in infectivity and susceptibility in the host-parasite system Schistosoma mansoni/Biomphalaria glabrata: no evidence for local adaptation. Parasitology 133:313-319.
    • (2006) Parasitology , vol.133 , pp. 313-319
    • Prugnolle, F.1    De Meeûs, T.2    Pointier, J.P.3    Durand, P.4    Rognon, A.5    Théron, A.6
  • 74
    • 38449094810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disentangling genetic variation for resistance and tolerance to infectious diseases in animals
    • Råberg, L., D. Sim, and A. F. Read. 2007. Disentangling genetic variation for resistance and tolerance to infectious diseases in animals. Science 318:812-814.
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 812-814
    • Råberg, L.1    Sim, D.2    Read, A.F.3
  • 75
    • 0028326175 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of virulence
    • Read, A. F. 1994. The evolution of virulence. Trends in Microbiology 2:73-76.
    • (1994) Trends in Microbiology , vol.2 , pp. 73-76
    • Read, A.F.1
  • 76
    • 0000003853 scopus 로고
    • The impact of predation on life history evolution in Trinidadian huppies (Poecilia reticulata)
    • Reznick, D. N., and J. A. Endler. 1982. The impact of predation on life history evolution in Trinidadian huppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution 36:160-177.
    • (1982) Evolution , vol.36 , pp. 160-177
    • Reznick, D.N.1    Endler, J.A.2
  • 77
    • 0035707945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: What empirical studies reveal about the conditions that promote adaptive evolution
    • Reznick, D. N., and C. K. Ghalambor. 2001. The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: what empirical studies reveal about the conditions that promote adaptive evolution. Genetica 112-113:183-198.
    • (2001) Genetica , vol.112-113 , pp. 183-198
    • Reznick, D.N.1    Ghalambor, C.K.2
  • 78
    • 0030617889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilla reticulata)
    • Reznick, D. N., F. H. Shaw, F. H. Rodd, and R. G. Shaw. 1997. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilla reticulata). Science 275:1934-1937.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1934-1937
    • Reznick, D.N.1    Shaw, F.H.2    Rodd, F.H.3    Shaw, R.G.4
  • 79
    • 78149316935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental variation in resistance and tolerance in a multi-host-parasite system
    • Rohr, J. R., T. R. Raffel, and C. A. Hall. 2010. Developmental variation in resistance and tolerance in a multi-host-parasite system. Functional Ecology 24:1110-1121.
    • (2010) Functional Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 1110-1121
    • Rohr, J.R.1    Raffel, T.R.2    Hall, C.A.3
  • 80
    • 0034111488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance
    • Roy, B. A., and J. W. Kirchner. 2000. Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance. Evolution 54:51-63.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 51-63
    • Roy, B.A.1    Kirchner, J.W.2
  • 81
    • 84954358205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two ways to survive infection: What resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases
    • Schneider, D. S., and J. S. Ayres. 2008. Two ways to survive infection: what resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases. Nature Reviews Immunology 25:18-28.
    • (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology , vol.25 , pp. 18-28
    • Schneider, D.S.1    Ayres, J.S.2
  • 82
    • 0034435565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining tolerance as a norm of reaction
    • Simms, E. L. 2000. Defining tolerance as a norm of reaction. Evolutionary Ecology 14:563-570.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 563-570
    • Simms, E.L.1
  • 85
    • 84887534972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data from: Patterns of host-parasite adaptation in three populations of monarch butterflies infected with a naturally occurring protozoan disease: Virulence, resistance, and tolerance
    • Sternberg, E. D., H. Li, R. Wang, and C. Gowler. 2013. Data from: Patterns of host-parasite adaptation in three populations of monarch butterflies infected with a naturally occurring protozoan disease: virulence, resistance, and tolerance. American Naturalist, Dryad Digital Repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vb8r7.
    • (2013) American Naturalist, Dryad Digital Repository
    • Sternberg, E.D.1    Li, H.2    Wang, R.3    Gowler, C.4
  • 86
    • 77950617570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance and tolerance in animal enemy-victim coevolution
    • Svensson, E. I., and L. Råberg. 2010. Resistance and tolerance in animal enemy-victim coevolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25:267-274.
    • (2010) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 267-274
    • Svensson, E.I.1    Råberg, L.2
  • 87
    • 0034436054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of tolerance to herbivore damage: What do we know?
    • Tiffin, P. 2000. Mechanisms of tolerance to herbivore damage: what do we know? Evolutionary Ecology 14:523-536.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 523-536
    • Tiffin, P.1
  • 88
    • 0343597782 scopus 로고
    • A study of the peninsular Florida populations of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p plexippus: Danaidae)
    • Urquhart, F. A., and N. R. Urquhart. 1976. A study of the peninsular Florida populations of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus: Danaidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 30:73-87.
    • (1976) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society , vol.30 , pp. 73-87
    • Urquhart, F.A.1    Urquhart, N.R.2
  • 89
    • 79953002941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological, evolutionary, and coevolutionary implications of context-dependent parasitism
    • Vale, P. F., A. J. Wilson, A. Best, M. Boots, and T. J. Little. 2011. Epidemiological, evolutionary, and coevolutionary implications of context-dependent parasitism. American Naturalist 177:510-521.
    • (2011) American Naturalist , vol.177 , pp. 510-521
    • Vale, P.F.1    Wilson, A.J.2    Best, A.3    Boots, M.4    Little, T.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.