A Food Handler-Associated, Foodborne Norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012-Outbreak Following a Wedding Dinner, Austria, October 2012

Food and Environmental Virology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 220-225

  Maritschnik, Sabine ^a,b   Kanitz, Elisabeth Eva ^a   Simons, Erica ^a   Höhne, Marina ^c   Neumann, Heidelinde ^d   Allerberger, Franz ^a   Schmid, Daniela ^a   Lederer, Ingeborg ^a  

^a AUSTRIAN AGENCY FOR HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY   (Austria)

^b EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ECDC   (Sweden)

^c ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^d Public Health Authority Salzburg   (Austria)

Author keywords

Gender specific risk; Hygiene violations; Novel norovirus GII.4 variant; Outbreak investigation

Indexed keywords

RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AUSTRIA; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DIARRHEA; FECES ANALYSIS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HAND WASHING; HUMAN; MALE; NOROVIRUS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; STAFF; VOMITING; WORKER;

BASIDIOMYCOTA; NOROVIRUS;

EID: 84887407803     PISSN: 18670334     EISSN: 18670342     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9127-z     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Arias, C., Sala, M. R., Dominguez, A., Torner, N., Ruiz, L., Martinez, A., et al. (2010). Epidemiological and clinical features of norovirus gastroenteritis in outbreaks: a population-based study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 16(1), 39-44.
2. Askovic, B., & Kirchengast, S. (2012). Gender differences in nutritional behavior and weight status during early and late adolescence. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 69(3), 289-304.
3. Barrabeig, I., Rovira, A., Buesa, J., Bartolome, R., Pinto, R., Prellezo, H., et al. (2010). Foodborne norovirus outbreak: The role of an asymptomatic food handler. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10, 269. doi: 10. 1186/1471-2334-10-269.
4. Bennett, S., MacLean, A., Miller, R. S., Aitken, C., & Gunson, R. N. (2013). Increased norovirus activity in Scotland in 2012 is associated with the emergence of a new norovirus GII. 4 variant. Euro Surveill, 18(2).
5. Bernard, H., Hohne, M., Niendorf, S., Altmann, D., & Stark, K. (2013). Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001-2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance. Epidemiology and Infection, 21, 1-12. doi: 10. 1017/S0950268813000435.
6. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2013). Emergence of new norovirus strain GII. 4 Sydney-United States, 2012. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(3), 55.
7. Desai, R., Hembree, C. D., Handel, A., Matthews, J. E., Dickey, B. W., McDonald, S., et al. (2012). Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: A systematic literature review. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(2), 189-193.
8. Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2011). Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. (Practice guideline). MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 60(RR-03), 1-15.
9. Fankhauser, R. L., Monroe, S. S., Noel, J. S., Humphrey, C. D., Bresee, J. S., Parashar, U. D., et al. (2002). Epidemiologic and molecular trends of "Norwalk-like viruses" associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186(1), 1-7.
10. Fekete, C., Weyers, S., Moebus, S., Dragano, N., Jöckel, K. H., Erbel, R., et al. (2012). Age-specific gender differences in nutrition: Results from a population-based study. Journal of Health Behavior and Public Health, 2(1), 10-20.
11. Felsenstein, J. (1989). PHYLIP-Phylogeny Interference Package (Version 3. 2). Cladistics, 5, 164-166.
12. Fonager, J., Hindbaek, L., & Fischer, T. (2013). Rapid emergence and antigenic diversification of the norovirus 2012 Sydney variant in Denmark, October to December, 2012. Euro Surveilliance, 18(9).
13. Health Protection Agency (HPA). Update on seasonal norovirus activity. London: HPA, 18 December 2012. http://www. hpa. org. uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1317137436431. Accessed 28 May 2013.
14. Huhulescu, S., Kiss, R., Brettlecker, M., Cerny, R. J., Hess, C., Wewalka, G., et al. (2009). Etiology of acute gastroenteritis in three sentinel general practices, Austria 2007. Infection, 37(2), 103-108.
15. Lederer, I., & Springer, B. (2010). Noroviren-Jahresbericht 2009 der Nationalen Referenzzentrale. Newsletter. http://www. bmgf. gv. at/home/Schwerpunkte/Krankheiten/Newsletter_Public_Health/Archiv_2011/_Noroviren_Jahresbericht_2010_der_Nationalen_Referenzzentrale_. Accessed 28 May 2013.
16. Lederer, I., & Springer, B. (2011). Noroviren-Jahresbericht 2010 der Nationalen Referenzzentrale. Newsletter. http://www. bmgf. gv. at/cms/home/attachments/8/9/7/CH1305/CMS1299590313499/jb_noroviren_2010. pdf. Accessed 28 May 2013.
17. Lederer, I., & Springer, B. (2012). Noroviren-Jahresbericht 2011 der Nationalen Referenzzentrale. Newsletter. http://www. bmg. gv. at/cms/home/attachments/4/0/7/CH1338/CMS1339606686860/noroviren_jb_2011_neu_iii_11062012. pdf. Accessed 28 May 2013.
18. Li, J., Predmore, A., Divers, E., & Lou, F. (2012). New interventions against human norovirus: Progress, opportunities, and challenges. Annual Review of Food Science Technology, 3, 331-352.
19. Marshall, J. A., & Bruggink, L. D. (2011). The dynamics of norovirus outbreak epidemics: Recent insights. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(4), 1141-1149.
20. Marshall, J. A., Dimitriadis, A., & Wright, P. J. (2005). Molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia in 2001. Journal of Medical Virology, 75(2), 321-331.
21. Maunula, L., Klemola, P., Kauppinen, A., Söderberg, K., Nguyen, T., Pitkänen, T., et al. (2009). Enteric viruses in a large waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Finland. Food and Environmental Virology, 1(1), 31-36.
22. Nicolay, N., McDermott, R., Kelly, M., Gorby, M., Prendergast, T., Tuite, G., et al. (2011). Potential role of asymptomatic kitchen food handlers during a food-borne outbreak of norovirus infection, Dublin, Ireland, March 2009. Euro Surveilliance, 16(30).
23. Oh, D. Y., Gaedicke, G., & Schreier, E. (2003). Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: prevalence and molecular diversity. Journal of Medical Virology, 71(1), 82-93.
24. Ozawa, K., Oka, T., Takeda, N., & Hansman, G. S. (2007). Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45(12), 3996-4005.
25. Pichler, J., Ziegler, J., Aldrian, U., Allerberger, F. (2014). Evaluating levels of knowledge on food safety among food handlers from restaurants and various catering businesses in Vienna, Austria 2011/2012. Food Control, 35(1), 33-40.
26. Schmid, D., Kuo, H. W., Hell, M., Kasper, S., Lederer, I., Mikula, C., et al. (2011). Foodborne gastroenteritis outbreak in an Austrian healthcare facility caused by asymptomatic, norovirus-excreting kitchen staff. Journal of Hospital Infection, 77(3), 237-241.
27. Schmid, D., Stuger, H. P., Lederer, I., Pichler, A. M., Kainz-Arnfelser, G., Schreier, E., et al. (2007). A foodborne norovirus outbreak due to manually prepared salad, Austria 2006. Infection, 35(4), 232-239.
28. Siebenga, J. J., Vennema, H., Renckens, B., de Bruin, E., van der Veer, B., Siezen, R. J., et al. (1995). Epochal evolution of GGII. 4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006. Journal of Virology, 81(18), 9932-9941.
29. Springer, B. (2009). Noroviren-Jahresbericht 2008 der Nationalen Referenzzentrale. Newsletter, http://www. bmgf. gv. at/home/Schwerpunkte/Krankheiten/Newsletter_Public_Health/Archiv_2010/Noroviren_Jahresbericht_2009_der_Nationalen_Referenzzentrale. Accessed 28 May 2013.
30. Teunis, P. F., Moe, C. L., Liu, P., Miller, S. E., Lindesmith, L., Baric, R. S., et al. (2008). Norwalk virus: How infectious is it? Journal of Medical Virology, 80(8), 1468-1476.
31. Thornley, C. N., Hewitt, J., Perumal, L., VAN Gessel, S. M., Wong, J., David, S. A., et al. (2013). Multiple outbreaks of a novel norovirus GII. 4 linked to an infected post-symptomatic food handler. Epidemiology and Infection, 141(8), 1585-1597. doi: 10. 1017/S0950268813000095.
32. van Beek, J., Ambert-Balay, K., Botteldoorn, N., Eden, J. S., Fonager, J., Hewitt, J., et al. (2013). Indications for worldwide increased norovirus activity associated with emergence of a new variant of genotype II. 4, late 2012. Euro Surveillance, 18(1), 8-9.