The changing epidemiology of the global paediatric HIV epidemic: Keeping track of perinatally HIV-infected adolescents

Journal of the International AIDS Society

Volumn 16, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Sohn, Annette H ^a   Hazra, Rohan ^b  

^a TREAT Asia/amfAR The Foundation for AIDS Research   (Thailand)

^b EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent; HIV; Outcomes; Perinatal; Surveillance

Indexed keywords

STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULTHOOD; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ASIA; CENTRAL AMERICA; EUROPE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIPODYSTROPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; ADOLESCENT; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; OUTCOMES; PERINATAL; SURVEILLANCE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

ADOLESCENT; HIV; OUTCOMES; PERINATAL; SURVEILLANCE;

ADOLESCENT; EPIDEMICS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84887295030     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17582652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.16.1.18555     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Brady MT, Oleske JM, Williams PL, Elgie C, Mofenson LM, Dankner WM, et al. Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(1):86-94.
2. Ferrand RA, Corbett EL, Wood R, Hargrove J, Ndhlovu CE, Cowan FM, et al. AIDS among older children and adolescents in Southern Africa: projecting the time course and magnitude of the epidemic. AIDS. 2009;23(15):2039-46.
3. Foster C, Judd A, Tookey P, Tudor-Williams G, Dunn D, Shingadia D, et al. Young people in the United Kingdom and Ireland with perinatally acquired HIV: the pediatric legacy for adult services. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(3):159-66.
4. Vijayan T, Benin AL, Wagner K, Romano S, Andiman WA. We never thought this would happen: transitioning care of adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection from pediatrics to internal medicine. AIDS Care. 2009;21(10):1222-9.
5. Santos Cruz ML, Freimanis Hance L, Korelitz J, Aguilar A, Byrne J, Serchuck LK, et al. Characteristics of HIV infected adolescents in Latin America: results from the NISDI pediatric study. J Trop Pediatr. 2011;57(3):165-72.
6. Chokephaibulkit K, Kariminia A, Oberdorfer P, Nallusamy R, Bunupuradah T, Hansudewechakul R, et al. For the TREAT Asia pediatric HIV observational database. Characteristics of perinatally HIV-Infected adolescents in Asia: the TREAT Asia pediatric HIV observational database. 4th International Workshop on HIV Pediatrics, July 20-21, 2012, Washington, DC. Abstract P-12.
7. Souza E, Santos N, Valentini S, Silva G, Falbo A. Long-termfollow-up outcomes of perinatally HIV-infected adolescents: infection control but school failure. J Trop Pediatr. 2010;56(6):421-6.
8. WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal Access, 2011 progress report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
9. Fogel JM, Mwatha A, Richardson P, Brown ER, Chipato T, Alexandre M, et al. Impact of maternal and infant antiretroviral drug regimens on drug resistance in HIV-Infected breastfeeding infants, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013. 32(4):e164-9.
10. Hunt GM, Coovadia A, Abrams EJ, Sherman G, Meyers T, Morris L, et al. HIV-1drug resistance at antiretroviral treatment initiation in children previously exposed to single-dose nevirapine. AIDS. 2011;25(12):1461-9.
11. de Mulder M, Yebra G, Navas A, de José MI, Gurbindo MD, González-Tomé MI, et al. High drug resistance prevalence among vertically HIV-infected patients transferred from pediatric care to adult units in Spain. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52155.
12. Hansudewechakul R, Sirisanthana V, Kurniati N, Puthanakit T, Lumbiganon P, Saphonn V, et al. Antiretroviral therapy outcomes of HIV-infected children in the TREAT Asia pediatric HIV observational database. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(4):503-9.
13. Castro H, Judd A, Gibb DM, Butler K, Lodwick RK, van Sighem A, et al. Risk of triple-class virological failure in children with HIV: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1580-7.
14. Wong FL, Hsu AJ, Pham PA, Siberry GK, Hutton N, Agwu AL. Antiretroviral treatment strategies in highly treatment experienced perinatally HIV-infected youth. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(12):1279-83.
15. Ruel TD, Kamya MR, Li P, Pasutti W, Charlebois ED, Liegler T, et al. Early virologic failure and the development of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV-infected Ugandan children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(1):44-50.
16. Davies MA, Boulle A, Eley B, Moultrie H, Technau K, Rabie H, et al. Accuracy of immunological criteria for identifying virological failure in children on antiretroviral therapy-the IeDEA Southern Africa Collaboration. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16(11):1367-71.
17. Westley BP, DeLong AK, Tray CS, Sophearin D, Dufort EM, Nerrienet E, et al. Prediction of treatment failure using 2010 World Health Organization guidelines is associated with high misclassification rates and drug resistance among HIV-infected Cambodian children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(3):432-40.
18. Davies MA, Boulle A, Technau K, Eley B, Moultrie H, Rabie H, et al. The role of targeted viral load testing in diagnosing virological failure in children on antiretroviral therapy with immunological failure. Trop Med Int Health. 2012 Sep 14.
19. Babiker A, Castro nee Green H, Compagnucci A, Fiscus S, Giaquinto C, Gibb DM, et al. First-line antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and switch at higher versus low viral load in HIV-infected children: an open-label, randomised phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(4):273-83.
20. Malee K, Williams P, Montepiedra G, McCabe M, Nichols S, Sirois PA, et al. Medication adherence in children and adolescents with HIV infection: associations with behavioral impairment. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011;25(3):191-200.
21. Vreeman RC, Nyandiko WM, Ayaya SO, Walumbe EG, Marrero DG, Inui TS. Factors sustaining pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(12):1716-29.
22. Ding H, Wilson CM, Modjarrad K, McGwin G Jr., Tang J, Vermund SH. Predictors of suboptimal virologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents: analyses of the reaching for excellence in adolescent care and health (REACH) project. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(12):1100-5.
23. UNICEF. Children and AIDS, fifth stocktaking report. Geneva: UNICEF; 2010.
24. UNAIDS. Together we will end AIDS. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2012.
25. Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, Dabis F. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2004;364(9441):1236-43.
26. Stover J, Walker N, Grassly NC, Marston M. Projecting the demographic impact of AIDS and the number of people in need of treatment: updates to the Spectrum projection package. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82(Suppl 3):iii45-50.
27. Zijenah LS, Moulton LH, Iliff P, Nathoo K, Munjoma MW, Mutasa K, et al. Timing of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and infant mortality in the first 6 months of life in Harare, Zimbabwe. AIDS. 2004;18(2):273-80.
28. Gray GE. Adolescent HIV-cause for concern in Southern Africa. PLoS Med. 2010;7(2):e1000227.
29. WHO. Rapid advice: antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
30. WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children: towards universal access: recommendations for a public health approach - 2010 revision. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
31. Piloya T, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Kekitiinwa A, Kamya MR. Lipodystrophy among HIV-infected children and adolescents on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: a cross sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15(2):17427.
32. Palmer M, Chersich M, Moultrie H, Kuhn L, Fairlie L, Meyers T. Frequency of stavudine substitution due to toxicity in children receiving antiretroviral treatment in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS. 2012 Nov 19.
33. Arpadi S, Shiau S, Strehlau R, Martens L, Patel F, Coovadia A, et al. Metabolic abnormalities and body composition of HIV-infected children on Lopinavir or Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(4):258-64.
34. van Ramshorst M, Struthers H, McIntyre JA, Peters RPH. Clinical screening shows high prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in children taking antiretroviral therapy in rural South Africa. 19th International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC:2012, Abstract MOAB0205.
35. Tukei VJ, Asiimwe A, Maganda A, Atugonza R, Sebuliba I, Bakeera-Kitaka S, et al. Safety and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children and adolescents in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(3):274-80.
36. Govender R, Eley B, Walker K, Petersen R, Wilmshurst JM. Neurologic and neurobehavioral sequelae in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(11):1355-64.
37. Cournil A, Mercier-Deheuvels S, Dupuy AM, Cristol JP, Anaky MF, Rouet F, et al. Evolution of lipid levels in HIV-infected children treated or not with HAART in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58(1):43-9.
38. Strehlau R, Coovadia A, Abrams EJ, Martens L, Arpadi S, Meyers T, et al. Lipid profiles in young HIV-infected children initiating and changing antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(4):369-76.
39. IeDEA Pediatric Working Group. A survey of paediatric HIV programmatic and clinical management practices in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa-the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA). J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(1):17998.
40. Laughton B, Cornell M, Grove D, Kidd M, Springer PE, Dobbels E, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. AIDS. 2012;26(13):1685-90.
41. Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Babiker AG, Steyn J, Madhi SA, et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2233-44.
42. Lowick S, Sawry S, Meyers T. Neurodevelopmental delay among HIV-infected preschool children receiving antiretroviral therapy and healthy preschool children in Soweto, South Africa. Psychol Health Med. 2012;17(5):599-10.
43. Ruel TD, Boivin MJ, Boal HE, Bangirana P, Charlebois E, Havlir DV, et al. Neurocognitive and motor deficits in HIV-infected Ugandan children with high CD4 cell counts. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(7):1001-9.
44. Kamau JW, Kuria W, Mathai M, Atwoli L, Kangethe R. Psychiatric morbidity among HIV-infected children and adolescents in a resource-poor Kenyan urban community. AIDS Care. 2012;24(7):836-42.
45. McConnell MS, Chasombat S, Siangphoe U, Yuktanont P, Lolekha R, Pattarapayoon N, et al. National program scale-up and patient outcomes in a pediatric antiretroviral treatment program, Thailand, 2000-2007. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(4):423-9.
46. Zhao Y, Sun X, He Y, Tang Z, Peng G, Liu A, et al. Progress of the national pediatric free antiretroviral therapy program in China, AIDS Care. 2010;22(10):1182-8.
47. Kariminia A, Chokephaibulkit K, Pang J, Lumbiganon P, Hansudewechakul R, Amin J, et al. Cohort profile: the TREAT Asia pediatric HIV observational database. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(1):15-24.
48. Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Lee B, Mangklabruks A, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Lipodystrophy and metabolic changes in HIV-infected children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(8):1247-54.
49. Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Haematological changes after switching from stavudine to zidovudine in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2008;9(5):317-21.
50. Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Taejaroenkul S, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Recovery from lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children after substitution of stavudine with zidovudine in a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(4):384-8.
51. Sawawiboon N, Wittawatmongkol O, Phongsamart W, Prasitsuebsai W, Lapphra K, Chokephaibulkit K. Lipodystrophy and reversal of facial lipoatrophy in perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents after discontinuation of stavudine. Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23(7):497-501.
52. Kanjanavanit S, Puthanakit T, Vibol U, Kosalaraksa P, Hansudewechakul R, Ngampiyasakul C, et al. High prevalence of lipid abnormalities among antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected Asian children with mild-to-moderate immunosuppression. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(8):1351-5.
53. Bunupuradah T, Puthanakit T, Fahey P, Kariminia A, Yusoff NK, Khanh TH, et al. Second-line protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy after failing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens in Asian HIV-infected children. Antivir Ther. 2013 Jan 7.
54. Puthanakit T, Saksawad R, Bunupuradah T, Wittawatmongkol O, Chuanjaroen T, Ubolyam S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of low bone mineral density among perinatally HIV-infected Thai adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(4):477-83.
55. Dimeglio LA,Wang J, Siberry GK, Miller TL, Geffner ME, Hazra R, et al. Bone mineral density in children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection. AIDS. 2013;27(2):211-20.
56. Puthanakit T, Ananworanich J, Vonthanak S, Kosalaraksa P, Hansudewechakul R, van der Lugt J, et al. Cognitive function and neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected children older than 1 year of age randomized to early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy: the PREDICT neurodevelopmental study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jan 2.
57. Puthanakit T, Aurpibul L, Louthrenoo O, Tapanya P, Nadsasarn R, Insee-ard S, et al. Poor cognitive functioning of school-aged children in Thailand with perinatally acquired HIV infection taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24(3):141-6.
58. Prasitsuebsai W, Pang J, Hansudewechakul R, Razali K, Yusoff N, Fong S, et al. Risk behaviors and treatment adherence among HIV-infected adolescents in the TREAT Asia pediatric HIV observational database. 4th International Workshop on HIV Pediatrics, July 20-21, 2012,Washington, DC: Abstract P-18.
59. Whitmore S, Hughes D, Taylor A, Koenig L. Estimated numbers and demographic characteristics of persons living With perinatally acquired HIV infection, 37 States, United States, 2007. XVIII International AIDS Conference. Vienna, Austria 2010.
60. Kapogiannis BG, Soe MM, Nesheim SR, Abrams EJ, Carter RJ, Farley J, et al. Mortality trends in the US perinatal AIDS collaborative transmission study (1986-2004). Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(10):1024-34.
61. Agwu A, Althoff K, Rutstein R, Korthuis PT, Berry S, Gaur A, et al. Factors associated with falling out of care for older adolescents in the HIV research network. Abstract MOPE061. XIX International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC, 2012.
62. Hazra R, Siberry GK, Mofenson LM. Growing up with HIV: children, adolescents, and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Annual Rev Med. 2010;61:169-85.
63. Geffner ME, Patel K, Miller TL, Hazra R, Silio M, Van Dyke RB, et al. Factors associated with insulin resistance among children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV-1 in the pediatric HIV/AIDS cohort study. Horm Res Paediat. 2011;76(6):386-91.
64. Hazra R, Gafni RI, Maldarelli F, Balis FM, Tullio AN, DeCarlo E, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and an optimized background regimen of antiretroviral agents as salvage therapy for pediatric HIV infection. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):e846-54.
65. Jacobson DL, Lindsey JC, Gordon CM, Moye J, Hardin DS, Mulligan K, et al. Total body and spinal bone mineral density across tanner stage in perinatally HIV-infected and uninfected children and youth in PACTG1045. AIDS. 2010;24(5):687-96.
66. Purswani M, Patel K, Kopp JB, Seage GR 3rd, Chernoff MC, Hazra R, et al. Tenofovir treatment duration predicts proteinuria in a multi-ethnic United States cohort of children and adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 infection, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Dec 17.
67. Lipshultz SE, Williams PL, Wilkinson JD, Leister EC, Van Dyke RB, Shearer WT, et al. for the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS). Cardiac status of HIV-Infected children treated with long-term combination antiretroviral therapy: results from the adolescent master protocol of the NIH multicenter pediatric HIV/AIDS cohort study, JAMA Pediatr. 2013;22:1-8.
68. Patel K, Ming X, Williams PL, Robertson KR, Oleske JM, Seage GR 3rd Impact of HAART and CNS-penetrating antiretroviral regimens on HIV encephalopathy among perinatally infected children and adolescents. AIDS. 2009;23(14):1893-901.
69. Mellins CA, Brackis-Cott E, Leu CS, Elkington KS, Dolezal C, Wiznia A, et al. Rates and types of psychiatric disorders in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected youth and seroreverters. J Child Psychol Psyc Allied Disciplines. 2009;50(9):1131-8.
70. Mellins CA, Elkington KS, Leu CS, Santamaria EK, Dolezal C, Wiznia A, et al. Prevalence and change in psychiatric disorders among perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-exposed youth. AIDS Care. 2012;24(8):953-62.
71. Malee KM, Tassiopoulos K, Huo Y, Siberry G, Williams PL, Hazra R, et al. Mental health functioning among children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection and perinatal HIV exposure. AIDS Care. 2011;23(12):1533-44.
72. Gadow KD, Chernoff M, Williams PL, Brouwers P, Morse E, Heston J, et al. Co-occuring psychiatric symptoms in children perinatally infected with HIV and peer comparison sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010;31(2):116-28.
73. Mellins CA, Tassiopoulos K, Malee K, Moscicki AB, Patton D, Smith R, et al. Behavioral health risks in perinatally HIV-exposed youth: co-occurrence of sexual and drug use behavior, mental health problems, and nonadherence to antiretroviral treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011;25(7):413-22.
74. Tassiopoulos K, Moscicki AB, Mellins C, Kacanek D, Malee K, Allison S, et al. Sexual risk behavior among youth with perinatal HIV infection in the United States: predictors and implications for intervention development. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(2):283-90.
75. de Jose MI, Jimenez de Ory S, Espiau M, Fortuny C, Navarro ML, Soler-Palacín P, et al. A new tool for the paediatric HIV research: general data from the Cohort of the Spanish Paediatric HIV network (CoRISpe). BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:2.
76. European Paediatric Lipodystrophy Group. Antiretroviral therapy, fat redistribution and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected children in Europe. AIDS. 2004;18(10):1443-51.
77. Beregszaszi M, Dollfus C, Levine M, Faye A, Deghmoun S, Bellal N, et al. Longitudinal evaluation and risk factors of lipodystrophy and associated metabolic changes in HIV-infected children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;40(2):161-8.
78. Koekkoek S, de Sonneville LM,Wolfs TF, Licht R, Geelen SP. Neurocognitive function profile in HIV-infected school-age children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008;12(4):290-7.
79. Dollfus C, Le Chenadec J, Faye A, Blanche S, Briand N, Rouzioux C, et al. Long-term outcomes in adolescents perinatally infected with HIV-1 and followed up since birth in the French perinatal cohort (EPF/ANRS CO10). Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(2):214-24.
80. Michaud PA, Suris JC, Thomas R, Gnehm HE, Cheseaux JJ. Coping with an HIV infection. A multicenter qualitative survey on HIV positive adolescents' perceptions of their disease, therapeutic adherence and treatment. Swiss Med Wkly. 2010;140(17-18):247-53.
81. Sopena S, Evangeli M, Dodge J, Melvin D. Coping and psychological adjustment in adolescents with vertically acquired HIV. AIDS Care. 2010;22(10):1252-8.
82. Foster C. Mortality amongst HIV-infected young people following transition to adult care: an HIV Young Persons Network (HYPNet) audit. Abstract 06. 18th Annual Conference of the British HIV Association. Birmingham, UK; 2012.
83. Hazra R, Stoszek SK, Freimanis Hance L, Pinto J, Marques H, Peixoto M, et al. Cohort profile: NICHD International Site Development Initiative (NISDI): a prospective, observational study of HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children at clinical sites in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(5):1207-14.
84. Brewinski M, Megazzini K, Hance LF, Cruz MC, Pavia-Ruz N, Della Negra M, et al. Dyslipidemia in a cohort of HIV-infected Latin American children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Trop Pediatr. 2011;57(5):324-32.
85. Hazra R, Hance LF, Monteiro JP, Pavia Ruz N, Machado DM, Saavedra M, et al. Insulin resistance and glucose and lipid concentrations in a cohort of perinatally HIV-Infected Latin American children, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jan 28.
86. Alarcon JO, Freimanis-Hance L, Krauss M, Reyes MF, Cardoso CA, Mussi-Pinhata MM, et al. Opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in Latin America compared to a similar cohort in the United States. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28(3):282-8.
87. Siberry G, Cohen R, Harris D, Santos Cruz ML, Oliveira R, Peixoto MF, et al. Non-invasive estimate of liver fibrosis prevalence and risk factors in Latin American perinatally HIV-infected children. 3rd International Workshop on HIV Paediatrics. Rome, Italy, 2011. Abstract PP-11.
88. Schtscherbyna A, Pinheiro MF, Mendonca LM, Gouveia C, Luiz RR, Machado ES, et al. Factors associated with low bone mineral density in a Brazilian cohort of vertically HIV-infected adolescents. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(12):e872-8.
89. de Lima LR, da Silva RC, Giuliano Ide C, Sakuno T, Brincas SM, de Carvalho AP. Bone mass in children and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2013;89(1):91-9.