636,120 Ways to Have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Perspectives on Psychological Science

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 651-662

  Galatzer Levy, Isaac R ^a   Bryant, Richard A ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

combinatorics; diagnosis; DSM 5; heterogeneity; latent growth mixture modeling; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887159561     PISSN: 17456916     EISSN: 17456924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1745691613504115     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author; 1980:.
2. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author; 1987:.
3. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author; 1994:.
4. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author; 2013:.
5. Asmundson G. J.,Frombach I.,McQuaid J.,Pedrelli P.,Lenox R.,Stein M. B.Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2000;38:203-214.
6. Berntsen D.,Johannessen K. B.,Thomsen Y. D.,Bertelsen M.,Hoyle R. H.,Rubin D. C.Peace and war trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms before, during, and after military deployment in Afghanistan.Psychological Science. 2012;23:1557-1565.
7. Bisson J. I.Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder systematic review and meta-analysis.British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;190:97-104.
8. Bolger N.Coping as a personality process: A prospective study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;59:525-537.
9. Bolger N.,Foster M.,Vinokur A. D.,Ng R.Close relationships and adjustments to a life crisis: The case of breast cancer.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70:283-294.
10. Bonanno G. A.,Galea S.,Bucciarelli A.,Vlahov D.Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural].Psychological Science. 2006;17:181-186.
11. Bonanno G. A.,Kennedy P.,Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Lude P.,Elfström M. L.Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury.Rehabilitation Psychology. 2012;57:236-247.
12. Bonanno G. A.,Mancini A. D.,Horton J. L.,Powell T. M.,Leardmann C. A.,Boyko E. J.Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed U.S. military service members: Prospective cohort study.British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 2012;200:317-323.
13. Bradley R.,Greene J.,Russ E.,Dutra L.,Westen D.A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:214-227.
14. Breslau N.,Davis G. C.,Andreski P.,Peterson E.Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults.Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:216-222.
15. Breslau N.,Reboussin B. A.,Anthony J. C.,Storr C. L.The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class analysis in 2 community samples.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:1343-1351.
16. Brewin C. R.,Andrews B.,Valentine J. D.Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000;68:748-766.
17. Buckley T. C.,Blanchard E. B.,Hickling E. J.A confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998;36:1091-1099.
18. Health status of Vietnam veterans: Psychosocial characteristics.Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988;259:2701-2707.
19. Cohen J.The cost of dichotomization.Applied Psychological Measurement. 1983;7:249-253.
20. Cox B. J.,Clara I. P.,Enns M. W.Posttraumatic stress disorder and the structure of common mental disorders.Depression and Anxiety. 2002;15:168-171.
21. DeCoster J.,Iselin A.-M. R.,Gallucci M.A conceptual and empirical examination of justifications for dichotomization.Psychological Methods. 2009;14:349-366.
22. de Jongh A.,Olff M.,van Hoolwerff H.,Aartman I. H. A.,Broekman B.,Lindauer R.,Boer F.Anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms following wisdom tooth removal.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2008;46:1305-1310.
23. deRoon-Cassini T. A.Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: A latent growth mixture model analysis.Rehabilitation Psychology. 2010;55:1-11.
24. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Bonanno G. A.Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults.Social Science & Medicine. 2012;74:1987-1994.
25. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Bonanno G. A.Heterogeneous patterns of stress over the four years of college: Associations with anxious attachment and ego-resiliency.Journal of Personality. 2013;81:476-486.
26. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Bonanno G. A.,Mancini A. D.From marianthal to latent growth mixture modeling: A return to the exploration of individual differences in response to unemployment.Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. 2010;3:116-125.
27. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Brown A. D.,Henn-Haase C.,Metzler T. J.,Neylan T. C.,Marmar C. R.Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers.Emotion. 2013;13:545-553.
28. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Burton C. L.,Bonanno G. A.Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2012;31:542-567.
29. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Galatzer-Levy R. M.The revolution in psychiatric diagnosis: Problems at the foundations.Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2007;50:161-180.
30. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Madan A.,Neylan T. C.,Henn-Haase C.,Marmar C. R.Peritraumatic and trait dissociation differentiate police officers with resilient versus symptomatic trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2011;24:557-565.
31. Galatzer-Levy I. R.,Mazursky H.,Mancini A. D.,Bonanno G. A.What we don't expect when expecting: Evidence for heterogeneity in subjective well-being in response to parenthood.Journal of Family Psychology. 2011;25:384-392.
32. Gersons B. P.,Carlier I. V.Post-traumatic stress disorder: The history of a recent concept.British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:742-748.
33. Gödel K.North Chemsford, MA: Courier Dover; 1992:.
34. Helzer J. E.,Robins L. N.,McEvoy L.Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey.The New England Journal of Medicine. 1987;317:1630-1634.
35. InselT. (2013). Transforming diagnosis. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml.
36. Insel T.,Cuthbert B.,Garvey M.,Heinssen R.,Pine D. S.,Quinn K.,. Wang P.Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;167:748-751.
37. Karl A.,Schaefer M.,Malta L. S.,Dörfel D.,Rohleder N.,Werner A.A meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in PTSD.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2006;30:1004-1031.
38. King D. W.,Leskin G. A.,King L. A.,Weathers F. W.Confirmatory factor analysis of the clinician-administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder.Psychological Assessment. 1998;10:90-96.
39. Kraemer H. C.DSM categories and dimensions in clinical and research contexts.International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2007;16:S8-S15.
40. Kulka R. A.,Schlenger W. E.,Fairbank J. A.,Hough R. L.,Jordan B. K.,Marmar C. R.,Weiss D. S.Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of the findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel; 1990:.
41. Larsson G.Dimensional analysis of the Impact of Event Scale using structural equation modeling.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005;13:193-204.
42. LeDoux J.Rethinking the emotional brain.Neuron. 2012;73:653-676.
43. Lees-Haley P. R.,Price J. R.,Williams C. W.,Betz B. P.Use of the Impact of Events Scale in the assessment of emotional distress and PTSD may produce misleading results.Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology. 2001;2:45-52.
44. MacCallum R. C.,Zhang S.,Preacher K. J.,Rucker D. D.On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables.Psychological Methods. 2002;7:19-40.
45. Mancini A. D.,Bonanno G. A.,Clark A. E.Stepping off the hedonic treadmill: Latent class analyses of individual differences in response to major life events. 2009;:.
46. Marshall R. D.,Olfson M.,Hellman F.,Blanco C.,Guardino M.,Struening E. L.Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD.American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1467-1473.
47. McFarlane A. C.The aetiology of post-traumatic stress disorders following a natural disaster.British Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;152:116-121.
48. McNally R. J.Can we fix PTSD in DSM-V?.Depression and Anxiety. 2009;26:597-600.
49. Muthen B.Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture Modeling with latent trajectory classes.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000;24:882-891.
50. Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. Muthen B., ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2004:.
51. Olde E.,van der Hart O.,Kleber R. J.,van Son M. J. M.Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: A review.Clinical Psychology Review. 2006;26:1-16.
52. Ozer E. J.,Best S. R.,Lipsey T. L.,Weiss D. S.Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2003;129:52-73.
53. Palmieri P. A.,Fitzgerald L. F.Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005;18:657-666.
54. Phillips R.,LeDoux J.Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.Behavioral Neuroscience. 1992;106:274-285.
55. Sherman J. J.Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998;11:413-435.
56. Shevlin M.,Elklit A.The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Different models or different populations?.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2012;121:610-615.
57. Simms L. J.,Watson D.,Doebbeling B. N.Confirmatory factor analyses of posttraumatic stress symptoms in deployed and nondeployed veterans of the Gulf War.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002;111:637-647.
58. Spitzer R. L.,Endicott J.,Robins E.Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and.DSM-III. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1975;132:1187-1192.
59. Spitzer R. L.,Endicott J.,Robins E.Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability.Archives of General Psychiatry. 1978;35:773-782.
60. Steenkamp M. M.,Nickerson A.,Maguen S.,Dickstein B. D.,Nash W. P.,Litz B. T.Latent classes of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam veterans.Behavior Modification. 2012;36:857-874.
61. Stein M. B.,Walker J. R.,Hazen A. L.,Forde D. R.Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey.American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:1114-1119.
62. Taylor S.,Kuch K.,Koch W. J.,Crockett D. J.,Passey G.The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998;107:154-160.
63. Twenge J. M.,Campbell W. K.,Foster C. A.Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review.Journal of Marriage and Family. 2004;65:574-583.
64. Wilson J. P.The historical evolution of PTSD diagnostic criteria: From Freud to DSM-IV.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994;7:681-698.
65. Wilson M.DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: A history.American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:399-410.
66. Wolf E. J.,Miller M. W.,Reardon A. F.,Ryabchenko K. A.,Castillo D.,Freund R.A latent class analysis of dissociation and PTSD: Evidence for a dissociative subtype.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2012;69:698-705.