Peace and War: Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Before, During, and After Military Deployment in Afghanistan

Psychological Science

Volumn 23, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1557-1565

  Berntsen, Dorthe ^a   Johannessen, Kim B ^a   Thomsen, Yvonne D ^b   Bertelsen, Mette ^c   Hoyle, Rick H ^d   Rubin, David C ^a,d  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b Royal Danish Defense College   (Denmark)

^c Veteran Center   (Denmark)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

child abuse; individual differences; posttraumatic stress disorder; war

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871183481     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: 14679280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457389     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author; 2000:.
2. Andrews B.,Brewin C. R.,Stewart L.,Philpott R.,Heidenberg J.Comparison of immediate-onset and delayed-onset posttraumatic stress disorder in military veterans.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2009;118:767-777.
3. Beck A. T.,Steer R. A.,Brown G. K.Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. 1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corp.San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corp.; 1996:.
4. Beckham J. C.,Feldman M. E.,Kirby A. C.Atrocities exposure in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to combat exposure, symptom severity, guilt, and interpersonal violence.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998;11:777-785.
5. Blanchard E. B.,Jones-Alezander J.,Buckley T. C.,Forneris C. A.Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL).Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996;34:669-673.
6. Bonanno G. A.,Mancini A. D.,Horton J. L.,Powell T. M.,Leardmann C. A.,Boyko E. J.Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US service members: Prospective cohort study.The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;200:317-323.
7. Bonanno G. A.,Westphal M.,Mancini A. D.Resilience to loss and potential trauma.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2011;7:511-535.
8. Bremner J. D.,Southwick S. M.,Johnson D. R.,Yehuda R.,Charney D. S.Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:235-239.
9. Breslau N.,Peterson E. L.,Schultz L. R.A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008;65:431-437.
10. Brewin C. R.,Andrews B.,Valentine J. D.Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000;68:748-766.
11. Costa P. T.,McCrae R. R.Supplement to the NEO Personality Inventory/NEO Five Factor Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1989:.
12. Dickstein B. D.,Suvak M.,Litz B. T.,Adler A. B.Heterogeneity in the course of posttraumatic stress disorder: Trajectories of symptomatology.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2010;23:331-339.
13. Engelhard I. M.,van den Hout M. A.,Weerts J.,Arntz A.,Hox J. J.,McNally R. J.Deployment-related stress and trauma in Dutch soldiers returning from Iraq: Prospective study.British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;191:140-145.
14. Fear N. T.,Jones M.,Murphy D.,Hull L.,Iversen A. C.,Coker B., Wessely S.What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of UK armed forces? A cohort study.The Lancet. 2010;375:1783-1797.
15. Fridthjof R.Pedersen J. M.Armadillo. Denmark: Fridthjof Film; 2010:.
16. Graham J. W.Adding missing-data-relevant variables to FIML-based structural equation models.Structural Equation Modeling. 2003;10:80-100.
17. Gray M. J.,Bolton E. E.,Litz B. T.A longitudinal analysis of PTSD symptom course: Delayed-onset PTSD in Somalia peacekeepers.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2004;72:909-913.
18. Hoge C. W.,Castro C. A.,Messer S. C.,McGurk D.,Cotting D. I.,Koffman R. L.Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care.New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:13-22.
19. Horowitz M. J.Stress response syndromes. 1986). Stress response syndromes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Jason Aronson.New York, NY: Jason Aronson; 1986:.
20. Hughes J. H.,Cameron F.,Eldridge R.,Devon M.,Wessely S.,Greenberg N.Going to war does not have to hurt: Preliminary findings from the British deployment to Iraq.The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;186:536-537.
21. Iversen A. C.,Fear N. T.,Simonoff E.,Hull L.,Horn O.,Greenberg N., Wessely S.Influence of childhood adversity on health.British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;191:506-511.
22. Keane T.,Fairbank J.,Caddell J.,Zimering R.,Taylor K.,Mora C.Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure.Psychological Assessment. 1989;1:53-55.
23. Koenen K. C.,Moffit T. E.,Poulton R.,Martin J.,Caspi A.Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort.Psychological Medicine. 2007;37:181-192.
24. Kreuter F.,Muthén B.Advances in latent variable mixture models. Hancock G. R.Samuelsen K. M., ed. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing; 2007:53-75.
25. Kubany E. S.,Haynes S. N.,Leisen M. B.,Owens J. A.,Kaplan A. S.,Watson S. B.,Burns K.Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.Psychological Assessment. 2000;12:210-224.
26. Magruder K.,Yeager D. E.The prevalence of PTSD across war eras and the effects of deployment on PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychiatric Annals. 2009;39:778-788.
27. McNally R. J.Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder.Annual Review of Psychology. 2003;54:229-252.
28. Muthén B.,Muthén L.Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes.Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 2000;24:882-891.
29. Nagin D. S.,Land K. C.Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: Specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed Poisson model.Criminology. 1993;31:327-362.
30. Neuer F.,Schauer M.,Karunakara U.,Klaschik C.,Robert C.,Elbert T.Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees.BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:34.
31. Ozer E. J.,Best S. R.,Lipsey T. L.,Weiss D. S.Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2003;129:52-73.
32. Polusny M. A.,Erbes C. R.,Murdoch M.,Arbisi P. A.,Thuras P.,Rath M. B.Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq.Psychological Medicine. 2011;41:687-699.
33. Rona R. J.,Hooper R.,Jones M.,Iversen A. C.,Hull L.,Murphy D., Wessely S.The contribution of prior psychological symptoms and combat exposure to post Iraq deployment mental health in the UK military.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2009;22:11-19.
34. Rubin D. C.,Berntsen D.,Bohni K. M.A memory based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis.Psychological Review. 2008;115:985-1011.
35. Smith T. C.,Ryan M. A. K.,Wingard D. L.,Slymen D. J.,Sallis J. F.,Kritz-Silverstein D.New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: Prospective population based US military cohort study.British Medical Journal. 2008;336:366-371.
36. Smith T. C.,Wingard D. L.,Ryan A. K.,Kritz-Silverstein D.,Slymen D. J.,Sallis J. F.Prior assault and posttraumatic stress disorder after combat deployment.Epidemiology. 2008;19:505-512.
37. Statistics Denmark. (2011). Statistikbanken [Statbank]. Retrieved from http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1400.
38. Vasterling J. J.,Proctor S. P.,Friedman M. J.,Hoge C. W.,Heeren T.,King L. A.,King D. W.PTSD symptom increases in Iraq-deployed soldiers: Comparison with nondeployed soldiers and associations with baseline symptoms, deployment experiences, and postdeployment stress.Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2010;23:41-51.