Source contributions of lead in residential floor dust and within-home variability of dust lead loading

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 470-471, Issue , 2014, Pages 768-779

  Lucas, Jean Paul ^a,b   Bellanger, Lise ^c   Le Strat, Yann ^d   Le Tertre, Alain ^d   Glorennec, Philippe ^e,f   Le Bot, Barbara ^e,f   Etchevers, Anne ^f   Mandin, Corinne ^a   Sébille, Véronique ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ GUSTAVE EIFFEL   (France)

^b Universite de Nantes   (France)

^c Universite de Nantes   (France)

^d InVS   (France)

^e EHESP SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

Author keywords

Exposure; House dust; Lead; Multilevel modeling

Indexed keywords

DUST; FLOORS; HOUSING; LEAD; PAINTING; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

DUST CONTAMINATION; EXPOSURE; GENERAL POPULATION; HOUSE DUST; LEAD-BASED PAINTS; MULTILEVEL MODEL; MULTIPLE IMPUTATION; SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS;

LOADING;

LEAD; PAINT;

DUST; FLOOR; LEAD; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLLUTANT SOURCE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE;

ARTICLE; BUILDING; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL PARAMETERS; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FRANCE; HEALTH SURVEY; HOME ENVIRONMENT; HOUSE DUST; HOUSEHOLD; PLAY; POLLUTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESIDENTIAL HOME; SMOKING; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOIL CHEMISTRY;

EXPOSURE; HOUSE DUST; LEAD; MULTILEVEL MODELING;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HOUSING; HUMANS; LEAD;

EID: 84887002546     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.028     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. ACCLPP Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention 2012, US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, Atlanta, GA, [Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/final_document_030712.pdf (accessed 1 Oct. 2013)].
2. AFNOR Soil quality - pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis. NF ISO 11464 2006, Association Française de Normalisation, La Plaine Saint-Denis, [December].
3. AFNOR Lead diagnosis - protocol for establishing the risk of exposure to lead. NF X 46-030 2008, Association Française de Normalisation, La Plaine Saint-Denis, [April].
4. AFNOR Lead diagnosis - chemical analysis of paints for determining the acido-soluble fraction of lead. NF X 46-031 2008, Association Française de Normalisation, La Plaine Saint-Denis, [April].
5. AFNOR Lead diagnosis - methodology for measuring lead in floor dust. NF X 46-032 2008, Association Française de Normalisation, La Plaine Saint-Denis, [April].
6. ASTM Standard practice for collection of settled dust samples using wipe sampling methods for subsequent lead determination. ASTM E 1728-03 2003, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
7. Beauchemin S., MacLean L.C.W., Rasmussen P.E. Lead speciation in indoor dust: a case study to assess old paint contribution in a Canadian urban house. Environ Geochem Health 2011, 33:343-352.
8. Bretin P. Guide d'investigation environnementale des cas de saturnisme de l'enfant. Guide méthodologique 2006, InVS/DSE, Saint-Maurice.
9. Canfield R.L., Henderson C.R., Cory-Slechta D.A., Cox C., Jusko T.A., Lanphear B.P. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10μg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1517-1526.
10. Caravanos J., Weiss A.L., Jaeger R.J. An exterior and interior leaded dust deposition survey in New York City: results of a 2-year study. Environ Res 2006, 100:159-164.
11. Carle A. Fitting multilevel models in complex survey data with design weights: recommendations. BMC Med Res Methodol 2009, 9:49.
12. CDC Interpreting and managing blood lead levels <10 μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead. Rep. 56 (RR-8) 2007, 1-16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [Report No.: Rep. 56 (RR-8)].
13. CDC Response to advisory committee on childhood lead poisoning prevention recommendations in low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention 2012, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, [Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/CDC_Response_Lead_Exposure_Recs.pdf (accessed 1 Oct. 2013)].
14. Clark S., Menrath W., Chen M., Succop P., Bornschein R., Galke W., et al. The influence of exterior dust and soil lead on interior dust lead levels in housing that had undergone lead-based paint hazard control. J Occup Environ Hyg 2004, 1:273-282.
15. Clark S., Galke W., Succop P., Grote J., McLaine P., Wilson J., et al. Effects of HUD-supported lead hazard control interventions in housing on children's blood lead. Environ Res 2011, 111:301-311.
16. Cook M., Chappell W.R., Hoffman R.E., Mangione E.J. Assessment of blood lead levels in children living in a historic mining and smelting community. Am J Epidemiol 1993, 137:447-455.
17. Davies B.E., Elwood P.C., Gallacher J., Ginnever R.C. The relationships between heavy metals in garden soils and house dusts in an old lead mining area of North Wales, Great Britain. Environ Pollut Ser B Chem Phys 1985, 9:255-266.
18. Davies D.J.A., Watt J.M., Thornton I. Lead levels in Birmingham dusts and soils. Sci Total Environ 1987, 67:177-185.
19. Dixon S.L., Wilson J.W., Clark C.S., Galke W.A., Succop P.A., Chen M. Effectiveness of lead-hazard control interventions on dust lead loadings: findings from the evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant program. Environ Res 2005, 98:303-314.
20. Dixon S.L., Wilson J.W., Clark C.S., Galke W.A., Succop P.A., Chen M. The influence of common area lead hazards and lead hazard control on dust lead loadings in multiunit buildings. J Occup Environ Hyg 2005, 2:659-666.
21. Dixon S., Wilson J., Kawecki C., Green R., Phoenix J., Galke W., et al. Selecting a lead hazard control strategy based on dust lead loading and housing condition: I. Methods and results. J Occup Environ Hyg 2008, 5:530-539.
22. Dixon S.L., Jacobs D.E., Wilson J.W., Akoto J.Y., Nevin R., Scott Clark C. Window replacement and residential lead paint hazard control 12years later. Environ Res 2012, 113:14-20.
23. Etchevers A., Lecoffre C., Le Tertre A., Le Strat Y., Groupe Investigateurs S-I, De Launay C., et al. Blood lead level in children in France, 2008-2009 2010, BEHweb.
24. Falq G., Zeghnoun A., Pascal M., Vernay M., Le Strat Y., Garnier R., et al. Blood lead levels in the adult population living in France the French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS 2006-2007). Environ Int 2011, 37:565-571.
25. Farfel M.R., Orlova A.O., Lees P.S.J., Rohde C., Ashley P.J., Chisolm J.J. A study of urban housing demolitions as sources of lead in ambient dust: demolition practices and exterior dust fall. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:1228-1234.
26. Farfel M.R., Orlova A.O., Lees P.S.J., Rohde C., Ashley P.J., Julian Chisolm J. A study of urban housing demolition as a source of lead in ambient dust on sidewalks, streets, and alleys. Environ Res 2005, 99:204-213.
27. Farley D. Dangers of lead still linger 1998, 16-21. Us Food Drug Adm.
28. Fergusson J.E., Forbes E.A., Schroeder R.J., Ryan D.E. The elemental composition and sources of house dust and street dust. Sci Total Environ 1986, 50:217-221.
29. Gaitens J.M., Dixon S.L., Jacobs D.E., Nagaraja J., Strauss W., Wilson J.W., et al. Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999-2004: I. Housing and demographic factors. Environ Health Perspect 2009, 117:461-467.
30. Geofabrik European Open Street Map Available at:. http://freegeographytools.com/2008/european-open-street-map-osm-data-in-shapefile-format.
31. Gibson J.L. A plea for painted railings and painted walls of rooms as the source of lead poisoning amongst Queensland children. 1904. Public Health Rep 2005, 120:301-304.
32. Harrell F.E. Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis 2001, Springer, New York.
33. Hozhabri S., White F., Rahbar M.H., Agboatwalla M., Luby S. Elevated blood lead levels among children living in a fishing community, Karachi, Pakistan. Arch Environ Health 2004, 59:37-41.
34. Hunt A., Johnson D.L., Griffith D.A. Mass transfer of soil indoors by track-in on footwear. Sci Total Environ 2006, 370:360-371.
35. Hunt A., Johnson D.L., Griffith D.A., Zitoon S. Citywide distribution of lead and other element in soils and indoor dusts in Syracuse, NY. Appl Geochem 2012, 27:985-994.
36. INSERM Plomb dans l'environnement: quels risques pour la santé? Les éditions Inserm 1999, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris.
37. Jiang Q., Succop P.A. A study of the specification of the log-log and log-additive models for the relationship between blood lead and environmental lead. J Agric Biol Environ Stat 1996, 1:426-434.
38. Kim J.K., Michael Brick J., Fuller W.A., Kalton G. On the bias of the multiple-imputation variance estimator in survey sampling. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol 2006, 68:509-521.
39. Kramer M.H. R2 statistics for mixed models. Presented at the 17th Annual Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. Manhattan, KS 2005, 148-160.
40. Laidlaw M.A.S., Filippelli G.M. Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children: a review and new directions. Appl Geochem 2008, 23:2021-2039.
41. Laidlaw M.A.S., Mielke H.W., Filippelli G.M., Johnson D.L., Gonzales C.R. Seasonality and children's blood lead levels: developing a predictive model using climatic variables and blood lead data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York, and New Orleans, Louisiana (USA). Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:793-800.
42. Lanphear B.P., Roghmann K.J. Pathways of lead exposure in urban children. Environ Res 1997, 74:67-73.
43. Lanphear B.P., Weitzman M., Winter N., Eberly S., Yakir B., Tanner M., et al. Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 1996, 86:1416-1421.
44. Lanphear B.P., Matte T., Rogers J., Clickner R., Dietz B., Bornschein R., et al. The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children's blood lead levels: a pooled analysis of 12 epidemiologic studies. Environ Res 1998, 79:51-68.
45. Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., Ho M., Howard C.R., Eberly S., Knauf K., et al. Environmental lead exposure during early childhood. J Pediatr 2002, 140:40-47.
46. Lanphear B.P., Succop P., Roda S., Henningsen G. The effect of soil abatement on blood lead levels in children living near a former smelting and milling operation. Public Health Rep 2003, 118:83-91.
47. Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., Khoury J., Yolton K., Baghurst P., Bellinger D.C., et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:894-899.
48. Laxen D.P.H., Lindsay F., Raab G.M., Hunter R., Fell G.S., Fulton M. The variability of lead in dusts within the homes of young children. Environ Geochem Health 1988, 10:3-9.
49. Layton D.W., Beamer P.I. Migration of contaminated soil and airborne particulates to indoor dust. Environ Sci Technol 2009, 43:8199-8205.
50. Le Bot B., Arcelin C., Briand E., Glorennec P. Sequential digestion for measuring leachable and total lead in the same sample of dust or paint chips by ICP-MS. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2011, 46:63-69.
51. Lubin J.H., Colt J.S., Camann D., Davis S., Cerhan J.R., Severson R.K., et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of measurement data in the presence of detection limits. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112:1691-1696.
52. Lucas J.-P. Historique de la règlementation relative à l'emploi de la céruse et des dérivés du plomb dans la peinture en France. Environ Risques Santé 2011, 10:316-322.
53. Lucas J.-P., Le Bot B., Glorennec P., Etchevers A., Bretin P., Douay F., et al. Lead contamination in French children's homes and environment. Environ Res 2012, 116:58-65.
54. Lucas J.-P., Sébille V., Le Tertre A., Le Strat Y., Bellanger L. Multilevel modelling of survey data: impact of the 2-level weights used in the pseudolikelihood. J Appl Stat 2013, [in press]. 10.1080/02664763.2013.847404.
55. MEEDDTL Soils pollution BASOL 2011, Department of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing, [Available at: http://basol.environnement.gouv.fr/].
56. MEEDDTL, BRGM Inventory of historic industrial sites and service activities BASIAS 2011, Department of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing, [Available at: http://basias.brgm.fr/].
57. MEEDDTL, INERIS French registry of polluting emissions. BDREP Available at:. http://www.irep.ecologie.gouv.fr/IREP/index.php.
58. Mielke H.W., Laidlaw M.A.S., Gonzales C. Lead (Pb) legacy from vehicle traffic in eight California urbanized areas: continuing influence of lead dust on children's health. Sci Total Environ 2010, 408:3965-3975.
59. Mielke H.W., Laidlaw M.A.S., Gonzales C.R. Estimation of leaded (Pb) gasoline's continuing material and health impacts on 90 US urbanized areas. Environ Int 2011, 37:248-257.
60. Oulhote Y., Le Tertre A., Etchevers A., Le Bot B., Lucas J.-P., Mandin C., et al. Implications of different residential lead standards on children's blood lead levels in France: predictions based on a national cross-sectional survey. J Hyg Environ Health 2013, 216:743-750.
61. Pfeffermann D., Skinner C.J., Holmes D.J., Goldstein H., Rasbash J. Weighting for unequal selection probabilities in multilevel models. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol 1998, 60:23-40.
62. Rabe-Hesketh S., Skrondal A. Multilevel modelling of complex survey data. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2006, 169:805-827.
63. Rabe-Hesketh S., Skrondal A., Zheng X. 10 - multilevel structural equation modeling. Handb. Latent Var. Relat. Models 2007, 209-227. North-Holland, Amsterdam. S.-Y. Lee (Ed.).
64. Rabinowitz M., Leviton A., Bellinger D. Home refinishing, lead paint, and infant blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 1985, 75:403-404.
65. Rabito F.A., Iqbal S., Shorter C.F., Osman P., Philips P.E., Langlois E., et al. The association between demolition activity and children's blood lead levels. Environ Res 2007, 103:345-351.
66. Reissman D.B., Matte T.D., Gurnitz K.L., Kaufmann R.B., Leighton J. Is home renovation or repair a risk factor for exposure to lead among children residing in New York City?. J Urban Health 2002, 79:502-511.
67. Reiter J.P., Raghunathan T.E., Kinney S.K. The importance of modeling the sampling design in multiple imputation for missing data. Surv Methodol 2006, 32:143-149.
68. Rosner B.A. Fundamentals of biostatistics 2006, Cengage Learning, Boston, MA.
69. Rust S.W., Burgoon D.A., Lanphear B.P., Eberly S. Log-additive versus log-linear analysis of lead-contaminated house dust and children's blood-lead levels. Environ Res 1997, 72:173-184.
70. Sanborn M.D., Abelsohn A., Campbell M., Weir E. Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure. Can Med Assoc J 2002, 166:1287-1292.
71. Schapiro E., Bretin P. Sources inhabituelles d'intoxication par le plomb chez l'enfant et la femme enceinte 2006, InVS/DSE, Saint-Maurice.
72. Sheets R.W., Kyger J.R., Biagioni R.N., Probst S., Boyer R., Barke K. Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentrations at Springfield, Missouri, USA. Sci Total Environ 2001, 271:79-85.
73. StataCorp Stata base reference manual release 12 2011, Stata Press, College Station, TX.
74. Sterling D.A., Johnson D.L., Murgueytio A.M., Evans R.G. Source contribution of lead in house dust from a lead mining waste superfund site. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 1998, 8:359-373.
75. Sterne J.A.C., White I.R., Carlin J.B., Spratt M., Royston P., Kenward M.G., et al. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009, 338:b2393.
76. Sturges W.T., Harrison R.M. An assessment of the contribution from paint flakes to the lead content of some street and household dusts. Sci Total Environ 1985, 44:225-234.
77. Succop P., Bornschein R., Brown K., Tseng C.Y. An empirical comparison of lead exposure pathway models. Environ Health Perspect 1998, 106:1577-1583.
78. Thornton I., Davies D.J., Watt J.M., Quinn M.J. Lead exposure in young children from dust and soil in the United Kingdom. Environ Health Perspect 1990, 89:55-60.
79. Tong S.T.Y., Lam K.C. Home sweet home? A case study of household dust contamination in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 2000, 256:115-123.
80. U.S.EPA Lead exposure associated with renovation and remodelling activities - final summary report. EPA 747-S-00-001 2000, [January].
81. U.S.HUD Guidelines for the evaluation and control of lead-based paint hazards in housing. Chapter 5: risk assessment 1995, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
82. U.S.HUD An evaluation of residual lead dust following lead abatement clean-up and clearance activities. Final report 2003, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
83. Van Buuren S., Boshuizen H.C., Knook D.L. Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis. Stat Med 1999, 18:681-694.
84. White I.R., Royston P., Wood A.M. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med 2011, 30:377-399.
85. Wilson J., Dixon S., Galke W., McLaine P. An investigation of dust lead sampling locations and children's blood lead levels. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2007, 17:2-12.
86. Yiin L.M., Rhoads G.G., Lioy P.J. Seasonal influences on childhood lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108:177-182.
87. Yiin L.-M., Lioy P.J., Rhoads G.G. Impact of home carpets on childhood lead intervention study. Environ Res 2003, 92:161-165.