Compassion Focused Group Therapy for Recovery after Psychosis

CBT for Schizophrenia: Evidence-Based Interventions and Future Directions

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 235-266

  Braehler, Christine ^a   Harper, Janice ^b   Gilbert, Paul ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b NHS GREATER GLASGOW AND CLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DERBY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Compassion focused therapy (CFT); Emotional recovery; Group therapy; Mindfulness; Recovery

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886976461     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118330029.ch12     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Bach, P. and Hayes, S.C.(2002) The use of acceptance and commitment therapy to prevent the rehospitalization of psychotic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1129-1139.
2. Barnett, H. and Lapsley, H.(2006) Journeys of despair, journeys of hope: Young people talk about severe mental distress, mental health services and recovery. New Zealand Mental Health Commission Research Report.
3. Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L. et al.(2003) Self-esteem in schizophrenia: Relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 92-99.
4. Bateman, A. and Fonagy, P.(2007) Mentalization-based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide: Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Bebbington, P.E., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T. et al.(2004) Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: Evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(3), 220-226.
6. Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. and van Ijzendoorn, M.H.(2007)For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 300-304.
7. Berry, K., Barrowclough, C. and Wearden, A.(2008)Attachment theory: A framework for understanding symptoms and interpersonal relationships in psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(12), 1275-1282.
8. Bhugra, D., Leff, J., Mallett, R. et al.(1997)Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in whites, Afro-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychological Medicine, 27, 791-798.
9. Birchwood, M.(2003) Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(5), 373-375.
10. Birchwood, M., Iqbal, Z., Chadwick, P. et al.(2000a)Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis: I. Ontogeny of post-psychotic depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 516-528.
11. Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Trower, P. et al.(2000)The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine, 30(2), 337-344.
12. Birchwood, M., Trower, P., Brunet, K. et al.(2006)Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: A study in first episode psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(5), 1025-1037.
13. Braehler, C., Gumley, A.I., Harper, J. et al. (in press) Exploring change processes in Compassion Focused Therapy in Psychosis: results of a feasibility randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.
14. Braehler, C. and Schwannauer, M.(2011)Recovering an emerging self: Exploring reflective function in recovery from adolescent-onset psychosis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(1), 48-67.
15. Chadwick, P., Hughes, S., Russell, D. et al.(2009)Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: A replication and randomized feasibility trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37(4), 403-412.
16. Chadwick, P., Newman-Taylor, K. and Abba, N.(2005) Mindfulness Groups for people with psychosis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33(3), 351-359.
17. Cozolino, L.(2007) The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Brain. New York: Norton.
18. Depue, R.A. and Morrone-Strupinsky, J.V.(2005) A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313-395.
19. Dozier, M.(1990)Attachment organization and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 2(1), 47-60.
20. Fonagy, P., Bateman, A. and Bateman, A.(2011)The widening scope of mentalizing: A discussion. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(1), 98-110.
21. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. et al.(2002)Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of the Self. London: Karnac Books.
22. Frame, L. and Morrison, A.P.(2001) Causes of posttraumatic stress disorder in psychotic patients. Archives General Psychiatry, 58, 305-306.
23. Freeman, D. and Garety, P.A.(2003)Connecting neurosis and psychosis: the direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(8), 923-947.
24. García-Cabeza, I. and González de Chávez, M.(2009)Therapeutic factors and insight in group therapy for outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Psychosis, 1(2), 134-144.
25. Garfield, S.(1995) Unbearable Affect: A Guide to the Psychotherapy of Psychosis. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons.
26. Gaudiano, B.A. and Herbert, J.D.(2006)Acute treatment of inpatients with psychotic symptoms using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Pilot results. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(3), 415-437.
27. Gilbert, P.(1989) Human Nature and Suffering: New York: Guilford.
28. Gilbert, P.(1993) Defence and safety: Their function in social behaviour and psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 131-153.
29. Gilbert, P.(2000)Social mentalities: Internal 'social'conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert (ed.) Genes on the Couch: Explorations in Evolutionary Psychotherapy (pp. 118-150): Hove, UK: Brenner-Routledge.
30. Gilbert, P.(2005) Compassion: Conceptualizations, Research, and Use in Psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge.
31. Gilbert, P.(2009) The Compassionate Mind. London: Constable & Robinson.
32. Gilbert, P.(2010a) Compassion-focused Therapy: Distinctive Features(CBT Distinctive Features). London: Routledge.
33. Gilbert, P.(2010b)An introduction to compassion focused therapy in cognitive behavior therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(2), 97-112.
34. Gilbert, P. and Andrews, B.(1998) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. Gilbert, P., Birchwood, M., Gilbert, J. et al.(2001)An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1117-1127.
36. Gilbert, P. and Procter, S.(2006) Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353-379.
37. Green, M.J. and Phillips, M.L.(2004)Social threat perception and the evolution of paranoia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28(3), 333-342.
38. Grepmair, L., Mitterlehner, F., Loew, T. et al.(2007) Promoting mindfulness in psychotherapists in training influences the treatment results of their patients: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 332-338.
39. Gumley, A., Braehler, C., Laithwaite, H. et al.(2010)A compassion focussed model of recovery after psychosis. International Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 3(2), 186-201.
40. Gumley, A., O'Grady, M., Power, K. et al.(2004)Negative beliefs about self and illness: a comparison of individuals with psychosis with or without comorbid social anxiety disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(11-12), 960-964.
41. Gumley, A. and Park, C.(2010)Relapse prevention and early psychosis. In P. French, D. Shiers, M. Reed et al. (ed.) Promoting Recovery in Early Psychosis: A Practice Manual (pp. 157-167). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
42. Gumley, A. and Schwannauer, M.(2006)Staying Well After Psychosis: A Cognitive Interpersonal Approach to Recovery and Relapse Prevention. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
43. Harrison, G., Hopper, K., Craig, T. et al.(2001)Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15-and 25-year international follow-up study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(6), 506-517.
44. Iqbal, Z., Birchwood, M., Chadwick, P. et al.(2000)Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis. 2. Testing the validity of a social ranking model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 522-528.
45. Johnson, D.P., Penn, D.L., Fredrickson, B.L. et al.(2011)A pilot study of lovingkindness meditation for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 129(2), 137-140.
46. Kanas, N.(1996) Group Therapy for Schizophrenic Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
47. Karatzias, T., Gumley, A., Power, K. et al.(2007)Illness appraisals and self-esteem as correlates of anxiety and affective comorbid disorders in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 371-375.
48. Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q. et al.(2005)Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(49), 11489-11493.
49. Laithwaite, H., O'Hanlon, M., Collins et al.(2009) Recovery After Psychosis (RAP): A compassion focused programme for individuals residing in high security settings. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37(5), 511-526.
50. Langer, Á.I., Cangas, A.J., Salcedo, E. et al.(2011) Applying mindfulness therapy in a group of psychotic individuals: A controlled study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, FirstView, 1-5.
51. Lincoln, T.M., Mehl, S., Ziegler, M. et al.(2010)Is fear of others linked to an uncertain sense of self? The relevance of self-worth, interpersonal self-concepts and dysfunctional beliefs to paranoia. Behavior Therapy, 41(2), 187-197.
52. Linehan, M.(1993) Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guildford Press.
53. Liotti, G. and Gilbert, P.(2011)Mentalizing, motivationand social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(1), 9-25.
54. Liotti, G. and Gumley, A. I.(2009) An attachment perspective on schizophrenia: Disorganized attachment, dissociative processes and compromised mentalisation. In M.D.A. Moskowitz and I. Schaefer (eds) Dissociation and Psychosis: Converging Perspectives on a Complex Relationship. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
55. Longe, O., Maratos, F.A., Gilbert, P. et al.(2010)Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. Neuroimage, 15(49 (2)), 1849-1856.
56. Lowens, I.(2010) Compassion Focused Therapy for People with Bipolar Disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(2), 172-185.
57. Lysaker, P.H., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G. et al.(2005) Metacognition amidst narratives of self and illness in schizophrenia: associations with neurocognition, symptoms, insight and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(1), 64-71.
58. Lysaker, P.H., Dimaggio, G., Buck, K.D. et al.(2007)Metacognition within narratives of schizophrenia: Associations with multiple domains of neurocognition. Schizophrenia Research, 93(1-3), 278-287.
59. Lysaker, P.H., Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A. et al.(2010)Metacognition and schizophrenia: The capacity for self-reflectivity as a predictor for prospective assessments of work performance over six months. Schizophrenia Research, 122(1), 124-130.
60. Lysaker, P.H., Lancaster, R.S. and Lysaker, J.T.(2003) Narrative transformation as an outcome in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76(3), 285-299.
61. MacBeth, A., Gumley, A., Schwannauer, M. et al.(2011)Attachment states of mind, mentalization and their correlates in a first-episode psychosis sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(1), 42-57.
62. Mayhew, S. and Gilbert, P.(2008) Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, 113-138.
63. McGlashan, T.H.(1987) Recovery style from mental illness and long-term outcome. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(11), 681-685.
64. McGuire, P.K., Silversweig, D.A., Wright, I. et al.(1996)The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: Relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 148-159.
65. Morgan, C., Kirkbride, J., Leff, J. et al.(2007)Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: A case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 37(4), 495-503.
66. Morrison, A.P., Frame, L. and Larkin, W.(2003)Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 331-353.
67. Myin-Germeys, I. and van Os, J.(2007)Stress-reactivity in psychosis: Evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(4), 409-424.
68. Nairn, R.(1999)Diamond Mind. New York: Synapse Video Center.
69. Neff, K.D. and Vonk, R.(2009)Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 23-50.
70. Penn, D.L., Corrigan, P.W., Bentall, R.P. et al.(1997)Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 114-132.
71. Porges, S.W.(2007) The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 116-143.
72. Read, J. and Gumley, A.(2008)Can attachment theory help explain the relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis? Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis, 2(1), 1-35.
73. Read, J., van Os, J., Morrison, A.P. et al.(2005)Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(5), 330-350.
74. Rockcliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K. et al.(2008)A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 5, 132-139.
75. Rockliff, D., Karl, A., McEwan, K. et al.(2011)Effects of intranasal oxytocin on 'Compassion Focused Imagery'. Emotion, 11(6), 1388-1396.
76. Röhricht, F., Papadopoulos, N., Suzuki, I. et al.(2009) Ego-pathology, body experience and body psychotherapy in chronic schizophrenia. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 82(1), 19-30.
77. Rooke, O. and Birchwood, M.(1998)Loss, humiliation and entrapment as appraisals of schizophrenic illness: A prospective study of depressed and non-depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(3), 259-268.
78. Russell, T.A., Rubia, K., Bullmore, E.T. et al.(2000)Exploring the social brain in schizophrenia: Left prefrontal underactivation during mental state attribution. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(12), 2040-2042.
79. Schore, A.N.(1996) The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(1), 59-87.
80. Scottish Recovery Network(2008) www.scottishrecovery.net (accessed 29 June 2012).
81. Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G. and Teasdale, J.D.(2002)Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
82. Siegel, D.(2010) The Mindful Therapist: A Clinician's Guide to Mindsight and Neural Integration. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
83. Spinhoven, P. and van der Does, A.(1999) Thought suppression, dissociation and psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 877-886.
84. Tai, S. and Turkington, D.(2009)The Evolution of cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: Current practice and recent developments. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(5), 865-873.
85. Tait, L., Birchwood, M. and Trower, P.(2003)Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: insight, symptoms and recovery style. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 123-128.
86. Teasdale, J.D., Moore, R.G., Hayhurst, H. et al.(2002)Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275-287.
87. Thompson, K.N., McGorry, P.D. and Harrigan, S.M.(2003)Recovery style and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 62, 31-36.
88. Tyrrell, C. and Dozier, M.(1997)The role of attachment in therapeutic process and outcome for adults with serious psychiatric disorders. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of Society for Research in Child Development. Washington, DC.
89. Welford, M.(2010) A compassion focused approach to anxiety disorders. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(2), 124-140.
90. White, R.G. and Gumley, A.I.(2009)Post-psychotic PTSD: Associations with fear of recurrence and intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(11), 841-849.
91. Wykes, T., Steel, C., Everitt, B. et al.(2008)Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: Effect sizes, clinical models and methodological rigor. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(4), 523-537.
92. Yalom, I.D.(1983)Inpatient Group Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
93. Yalom, I.D.(1995)The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, 4th edn. New York: Basic Books.