Connecting neurosis and psychosis: The direct influence of emotion on delusions and hallucinations

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 41, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 923-947

  Freeman, Daniel ^a   Garety, Philippa A ^a,b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognitive; Delusion; Emotion; Hallucination; Neurosis; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ANGER; ANXIETY; DELUSION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; HALLUCINATION; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; JEALOUS DELUSION; NEUROSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

EID: 0042766180     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00104-3     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Allen T.E., Bertrand A. Hyperventilation leading to hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry. 125:1968;632-637.
2. Amador X.F., David A.S. Insight and psychosis. 1998;Oxford University Press, New York.
3. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed: 1994;American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
4. Argyle N. Panic attacks in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 157:1990;430-433.
5. Babkoff H., Sing H.C., Thorne D.R., Genser S.G., Hegge F.W. Perceptual distortions and hallucinations reported during the course of sleep deprivation. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 68:1989;787-798.
6. Baker C.A., Morrison A.P. Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: attributional biases and metacognition. Psychological Medicine. 28:1998;1199-1208.
7. Bartels S.J., Drake R.E., Wallach M.A., Freeman D.H. Characteristic hostility in schizophrenia outpatients. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 17:1991;163-171.
8. Barrowclough, C., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2002). Self-esteem, symptomatology and family attitudes in schizophrenia. Presentation to the Psychosis Interest Group, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.
9. Bebbington P.E., Wilkins S., Jones P., Forester A., Murray R.M., Toone B., Lewis S. Life events and psychosis: results from the Camberwell Collaborative Psychosis Study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 162:1993;72-79.
10. Beer M.D. The dichotomies: psychosis/neurosis and functional/organic: a historical perspective. History of Psychiatry. 7:1996;231-255.
11. Bentall R.P. Cognitive biases and abnormal beliefs: towards a model of persecutory delusions. David A.S., Cutting J. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. 1994;337-360 LEA, London.
12. Bentall R.P. The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin. 107:1990;82-95.
13. Bentall R.P., Kaney S. Content specific processing and persecutory delusions: an investigation using the emotional Stroop test. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 62:1989;355-364.
14. Bentall R.P., Kaney S., Bowen-Jones K. Persecutory delusions and recall of threat-related, depression-related, and neutral words. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 19:1995;445-457.
15. Bentall R.P., Kinderman P., Kaney S. The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 32:1994;331-341.
16. Bhugra D., Hilwig M., Hossein B., Marceaux H., Neehal J., Leff J.P., Mallet R., Der G. Incidence rate and one year follow-up of first contact schziophrenia in Trinidad. British Journal of Psychiatry. 169:1996;587-592.
17. Bhugra D., Leff J., Mallett R., Der G., Corridan B., Rudge S. Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in Whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychological Medicine. 27:1997;791-798.
18. Birchwood M., Chadwick P. The omnipotence of voices: testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychological Medicine. 27:1997;1345-1353.
19. Birchwood M., Iqbal Z., Chadwick P., Trower P. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis I: ontogeny of post-psychotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry. 177:2000;516-521.
20. Birchwood M., Macmillan F., Smith J. Early intervention. Birchwood M., Tarrier N. Innovations in the psychological management of schizophrenia. 1992;115-145 Wiley, Chichester.
21. Black D.W., Nasrallah A. Hallucinations and delusions in 1,715 patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Psychopathology. 22:1989;28-34.
22. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias . English translation: E. Zinkin:1950;International Universitites Press, New York.
23. Bowins B., Shugar G. Delusions and self-esteem. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 43:1998;154-158.
24. Butler R.W., Braff D.L. Delusions: a review and integration. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 17:1991;633-647.
25. Chadwick P.D.J., Birchwood M.J. The omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry. 164:1994;190-201.
26. Chapman J. The early symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 112:1966;225-251.
27. Claridge G.S. 'The schizophrenias as nervous types' revisited'. British Journal of Psychiatry. 151:1987;735-743.
28. Clark D.M. A cognitive model of panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 24:1986;461-470.
29. Clark D.M., Fairburn C.G. Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. 1997;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
30. Close H., Garety P.A. Cognitive assessment of voices: further developments in understanding the emotional impact of voices. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 37:1998;173-188.
31. Corcoran R., Mercer G., Frith C.D. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 17:1995;5-13.
32. Cornblatt B.A., Lenzenweger M.F., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The continuous performance test, identical pairs version. II. Contrasting attnetional profiles in schizophrenic and depressed patients. Psychiatry Research. 29:1989;65-85.
33. Coryell W., Tsuang M.T. Primary unipolar depression and the prognostic importance of delusions. Archives of General Psychiatry. 39:1982;1181-1184.
34. Cosoff S.J., Hafner R.J. The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorer and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 32:1998;67-72.
35. Cullari S. Levels of anger in psychiatric inpatients and normal subjects. Psychological Reports. 75:1994;1163-1168.
36. Cummings J.L. Psychosis in neurologic disease: neurobiology and pathogenesis. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology. 5:1992;126-131.
37. Cutting J. The phenomenology of acute organic psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 151:1987;324-332.
38. David A.S., Cutting J.C. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia-introduction and overview. David A.S., Cutting J.C. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. 1994;1-11 Erlbaum, Hove.
39. Dickerson F.B. Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for schizophrenia: a review of recent empirical studies. Schizophrenia Research. 43:2000;71-90.
40. Docherty J.P., Van Kammen D.P., Siris S.G., Marder S.R. Stages of onset of schizophrenic psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 135:1978;420-426.
41. Drury V., Birchwood M., Cochrane R., MacMillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. I. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry. 169:1996;593-601.
42. Fear C., Sharp H., Healy D. Cognitive processes in delusional disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 168:1996;1-8.
43. Fleminger S., Burns A. The delusional misidentification syndromes in patients with and without evidence of organic cerebral disorder: a structured review of case reports. Biological Psychiatry. 33:1993;22-32.
44. Flint A.J. Delusions in dementia: a review. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 3:1991;121-130.
45. Foulds G.A., Bedford A. Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine. 5:1975;181-193.
46. Frith C.D. The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. 1992;LEA, Hove.
47. Freeman D., Garety P.A. Cognitive therapy for an individual with a long-standing persecutory delusion: incorporating emotional processes into a multi-factorial perspective on delusional beliefs. Morrison A.P. A casebook of cognitive therapy for psychosis. 2002;173-196 Brunner Routledge, Hove.
48. Freeman D., Garety P.A. Comments on the content of persecutory delusions: does the definition need clarification? British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 39:2000;407-414.
49. Freeman D., Garety P.A. Worry, worry processes and dimensions of delusions: an exploratory investigation of a role for anxiety processes in the maintenance of delusional distress. Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapy. 27:1999;47-62.
50. Freeman D., Garety P.A., Kuipers E. Persecutory delusions: developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotional distress. Psychological Medicine. 31:2001;1293-1306.
51. Freeman, D., Garety, P.A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. & Bebbington, P.E. (in press). A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.
52. Freeman D., Garety P.A., Phillips M.L. An examination of hypervigilance for external threat in individuals with generalised anxiety disorder and individuals with persecutory delusions using visual scan paths. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 53A:2000;549-567.
53. Freeman D., Garety P., Fowler D., Kuipers E., Dunn G., Bebbington P., Hadley C. The London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis IV: self-esteem & persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 37:1998;415-430.
54. Garety P.A., Freeman D. Cognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 38:1999;113-154.
55. Garety P.A., Hemsley D.R. Delusions: investigations into the psychology of delusional reasoning. 1994;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
56. Garety P.A., Hemsley D.R., Wessely S. Reasoning in deluded schizophrenic and paranoid patients: biases in performance on a probabilistic inference task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder. 179:1991;194-201.
57. Garety P.A., Kuipers E., Fowler D., Freeman D., Bebbington P.E. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine. 31:2001;189-195.
58. Goldberg D., Benjamin S., Creed F. Psychiatry in medical practice. 2nd ed: 1994;Routledge, London.
59. Gould R.A., Mueser K.T., Bolton E., Mays V., Goff D. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophrenia Research. 48:2001;335-342.
60. Grassian S. Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry. 140:1983;1450-1454.
61. Gray J.A., Feldon J., Rawlins J.P.N., Hemsley D.R., Smith A.D. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioural and Brain Sciences. 14:1991;1-20.
62. Grimby A. Bereavement among elderly people: grief reactions, post-bereavement hallucinations and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. 87:1993;72-80.
63. Honig A., Romme M.A.J., Ensink B.J., Escher S.D.M.A.C., Pennings M.H.A., Devries M.W. Auditory hallucinations: a comparison between patients and nonpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 186:1998;646-651.
64. Hare E. The history of 'nervous disorders' from 1600 to 1840, and a comparison with modern views. British Journal of Psychiatry. 159:1991;37-45.
65. Harrison G., Owens D., Holton A., Neilson D., Boot D. A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychological Medicine. 18:1988;643-657.
66. Hemsley D.R. An experimental psychological model for schizophrenia. Hafner H., Gattaz W.F., Janzarik W. Search for the causes of schizophrenia. 1987;Heidelberg, Springer.
67. Hemsley D.R. A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia. Behaviour Research & Therapy. 31:1993;633-645.
68. Hickling F., Rodgers-Johnson P. The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. British Journal of Psychiatry. 167:1995;193-196.
69. House A., Bostock J., Cooper J. Depressive syndromes in the year following onset of a first schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Psychiatry. 151:1987;773-779.
70. Jakes I.C., Hemsley D.R. The characteristics of obsessive-compulsive experience. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 3:1996;93-102.
71. Jaspers K. General psychopathology . trans. J. Hoening & M. Hamilton:1963;Manchester University Press, Manchester.
72. Johnson J., Horwath E., Weissman M.M. The validity of major depression with psychotic features based on a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry. 48:1991;1075-1081.
73. Jones, C., Cormac, I., Mota, J., Campbell, C. (1999). Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford, England: Update Software.
74. Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 344:1994;1398-1402.
75. Junginger J., Barker S., Coe D. Mood theme and bizarreness of delusions in schizophrenia and mood psychosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 101:1992;287-292.
76. Kaney S., Bentall R.P. Persecutory delusions and attributional style. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 62:1989;191-198.
77. Kaney S., Wolfenden M., Dewey M.E., Bentall R.P. Persecutory delusions and the recall of threatening propositions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 31:1992;85-87.
78. Koreen A.R., Siris S.G., Chakos M., Alvir J., Mayerhoff D., Lieberman J. Depression in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 150:1993;1643-1648.
79. Krabbendam L., Janssen I., Bijl R.V., Vollebergh W.A.M., van Os J. Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37:2002;1-6.
80. Kugelmass S., Faber N., Ingraham L.J., Frenkel E., Nathan M., Mirsky A.F., Shakhar G.B. Reanalysis of SCOR and anxiety measures in the Israeli High-Risk Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 21:1995;205-217.
81. Kuipers E., Fowler D., Garety P.A., Chisholm D., Freeman D., Dunn G., Bebbington P.E., Hadley C. The London-East Anglia Randomised Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis III: Follow-up and economic evaluation at 18 months. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 173:1998;61-68.
82. Leff J.P. Perceptual phenomena and personality in sensory deprivation. British Journal of Psychiatry. 114:1968;1499-1508.
83. Leff J., Tress K., Edwards B. The clinical course of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1:1988;25-30.
84. Leudar I., McNally T.D., Glinski A. What voices can do with words: pragmatics of verbal hallucinations. Psychological Medicine. 27:1997;885-898.
85. Maher B.A. Delusional thinking and perceptual disorder. Journal of Individual Psychology. 30:1974;98-113.
86. Malmberg A., Lewis G., David A., Allebeck P. Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 172:1998;308-313.
87. Manschreck T.C., Petri M. The paranoid syndrome. The Lancet. 2:1978;251-253.
88. Martin J.A., Penn D.L. Brief report: social cognition and subclinical paranoid ideation. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 40:2001;261-265.
89. Moorey H., Soni S.D. Anxiety symptoms in stable chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Mental Health. 3:1994;257-262.
90. Morrison A.P. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Tarrier N., Wells A., Haddock G. Treating complex cases: the cognitive behavioural therapy approach. 1998;195-216 Wiley, Chichester.
91. Morrison A.P., Haddock G. Self-focused attention in schizophrenic patients with and without auditory hallucinations and normal subjects: a comparative study. Personality and Individual Difference. 23:1997;937-941.
92. Nayani T.H., David A.S. The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine. 26:1996;177-189.
93. Norman R.M., Malla A.K. Dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 21:1991;897-903.
94. Norman R.M., Malla A.K. Correlations over time between dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 35:1994;34-38.
95. Norman R.M.G., Malla A.K., Cortese L., Diaz F. Aspects of dysphoria and symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 28:1998;1433-1441.
96. Penn D.L., Corrigan P.W., Bentall R.P., Racenstein J.M., Newman L. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin. 121:1997;114-132.
97. Peters E.R., Joseph S.A., Garety P.A. The measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: introducing the PDI (Peters et al Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin. 25:1999;553-576.
98. Power P., Dalgleish T. Cognition and emotion: from order to disorder. 1997;Psychology Press, Hove.
99. Read J., Argyle N. Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder among adult psychiatric inpatients with a history of child abuse. Psychiatric Services. 50:1999;1467-1472.
100. Rector N.A., Beck A.T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: an empirical review. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 189:2001;278-287.
101. Romme M.A., Escher A.D. Hearing voices. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 15:1989;209-216.
102. Roth M. Neurosis, psychosis and the concept of disease in psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. 39:1963;128-145.
103. Selten J.P., Veen N., Feller W., Blom J.D., Schols D., Camoenie W., Oolders J., van der Velden M., Hoek H.W., Rivero V.M., van der Graaf Y., Kahn R. Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to The Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry. 178:2001;367-372.
104. Sensky T., Turkington D., Kingdon D., Scott J.L., Scott J., Siddle R., O'Carroll M., Barnes T.R.E. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 57:2000;165-172.
105. Serretti A., Lattuada E., Zanardi R., Franchini L., Smeraldi E. Patterns of symptom improvement during antidepressant treatment of delusional depression. Psychiatry Research. 94:2000;185-190.
106. Sharpley M.S., Hutchinson G., Murray R.M., McKenzie K. Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England: review of current hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry. 178:2001;S60-S68.
107. Siegel R.K. Hostage hallucinations: visual imagery induced by isolation and life-threatening stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172:1984;264-272.
108. Siris S.G. Depression and schizophrenia. Hirsch S.R., Weinberger D.R. Schizophrenia. 1995;128-145 Blackwell, Oxford.
109. Slade P.D. The effects of systematic desensitisation on auditory hallucinations. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 10:1972;85-91.
110. Slade P.D. The psychological investigation and treatment of auditory hallucinations: A second case report. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 46:1973;293-296.
111. Slade P.D. Towards a theory of auditory hallucinations: outline of an hypothetical four-factor model. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 15:1976;415-423.
112. Smári J., Stefánsson S., Thorgilsson H. Paranoia, self-consciousness and social cognition in schizophrenics. Cognitive Therapy & Research. 18:1994;387-399.
113. Spielberger C.D., Jacobs G., Russel S., Crane R.S. Assessment of anger: the State-Trait Anger Scale. Butcher J.N., Spielberger C.D. Advances in personality assessment. 2:1983;159-187 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
114. Strauss J.S. Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Archives of General Psychiatry. 21:1969;581-586.
115. Tarrier N., Yusupoff L., Kinney C., McCarthy E., Gledhill A., Haddock G., Morris J. Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. British Medical Journal. 317:1998;303-307.
116. Tien A.Y., Eaton W.W. Psychopathologic precursors and sociodemographic risk factors for the schizophrenia syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry. 49:1992;37-46.
117. Trimble M.R. The schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology. 5:(103-10):1992;7.
118. Trower P., Chadwick P. Pathways to defense of the self: a theory of two types of paranoia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2:1995;263-278.
119. Turnbull G., Bebbington P. Anxiety and the schizophrenic process: clinical and epidemiological evidence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 36:2001;235-243.
120. Wells A., Matthews G. Attention and emotion: a clinical perspective. 1994;Erlbaum, Hove.
121. The international pilot study of schizophrenia. 1973;World Health Organisation, Geneva.
122. SCAN: schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. 1992;WHO, Geneva.
123. Winokur G., Scharfetter C., Angst J. The diagnostic value in assessing mood congruence in delusions and hallucinations and their relationship to the affective state. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 234:1985;299-302.
124. Yung A.R., McGorry P.D. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 22:1996;353-370.