Perception of average value in multiclass scatterplots

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 2316-2325

  Gleicher, Michael ^a   Correll, Michael ^a   Nothelfer, Christine ^b   Franconeri, Steven ^b  

^a University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

information visualization; perceptual study; Psychophysics

Indexed keywords

AVERAGE VALUES; COMPLEX TASK; CRITICAL AGGREGATION; INFORMATION VISUALIZATION; PERCEPTUAL STUDY; PSYCHOPHYSICS; SCATTER PLOTS; VISUAL SYSTEMS;

INFORMATION SYSTEMS;

ENCODING (SYMBOLS);

ARTICLE; COMPUTER GRAPHICS; COMPUTER INTERFACE; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISION; PROCEDURES;

COMPUTER GRAPHICS; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84886559481     PISSN: 10772626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.183     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. G. A. Alvarez and A. Oliva. The representation of simple ensemble visual features outside the focus of attention. Psychological Science, 19(4):392-398, 2008.
2. G. A. Alvarez and A. Oliva. Spatial ensemble statistics are efficient codes that can be represented with reduced attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(18):7345-50, May 2009.
3. D. Ariely. Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12(2):157-162, 2001. (Pubitemid 33653525)
4. S. Baldassi, N. Megna, and D. C. Burr. Visual clutter causes highmagnitude errors. PLoS biology, 4(3):e56, 2006.
5. A. V. Belopolsky, L. Zwaan, J. Theeuwes, and A. F. Kramer. The size of an attentional window modulates attentional capture by color singletons. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 14(5):934-8, Oct. 2007.
6. M. Buhrmester, T. Kwang, and S. D. Gosling. Amazon's mechanical turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1):3-5, 2011.
7. D. V. Buonomano and M. M. Merzenich. Cortical plasticity: from synapses to maps. Annual review of neuroscience, 21:149-86, Jan. 1998. (Pubitemid 28150662)
8. T. C. Callaghan. Dimensional interaction of hue and brightness in preattentive field segregation. Perception & psychophysics, 36(1):25-34, July 1984.
9. T. C. Callaghan. Interference and dominance in texture segregation: hue, geometric form, and line orientation. Perception & psychophysics, 46(4):299-311, Oct. 1989.
10. S. C. Chong and A. Treisman. Statistical processing: computing the average size in perceptual groups. Vision research, 45(7):891-900, Mar. 2005. (Pubitemid 40092151)
11. H. Choo, B. R. Levinthal, and S. L. Franconeri. Average orientation is more accessible through object boundaries than surface features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(3):585, 2012.
12. R. E. Christ. Review and Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 17(6):542-570, Dec. 1975.
13. W. S. Cleveland and W. S. Cleveland. A color-caused optical illusion on a statistical graph. The American Statistician, 37(2):101-105, 1983.
14. M. Correll, D. Albers, S. Franconeri, and M. Gleicher. Comparing averages in time series data. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2012), pages 1095-1104. ACM, 2012.
15. M. Correll, E. Alexander, and M. Gleicher. Quantity estimation in visualizations of tagged text. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2013), pages 2697-2706. ACM, 2013.
16. I. S. Dhillon, D. S. Modha, and W. Spangler. Class visualization of highdimensional data with applications. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 41(1):59-90, Nov. 2002. (Pubitemid 35358595)
17. M. E. Doherty, R. B. Anderson, A. M. Angott, and D. S. Klopfer. The perception of scatterplots. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 69(7):1261-1272, 2007.
18. M. D'Zmura. Color in visual search. Vision research, 31(6):951-966, 1991.
19. H. E. Egeth, C. J. Leonard, and A. B. Leber. Why salience is not enough: reflections on top-down selection in vision. Acta psychologica, 135(2):130-2; discussion 133-9, Oct. 2010.
20. J. T. Enns and R. A. Rensink. Influence of scene-based properties on visual search. Science, 247(4943):721-3, Feb. 1990.
21. G. Fouriezos, S. Rubenfeld, and G. Capstick. Visual statistical decisions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 70(3):456-464, 2008.
22. S. Franconeri, D. Bemis, and G. Alvarez. Number estimation relies on a set of segmented objects. Cognition, 113(1):1-13, 2009.
23. S. L. Franconeri. The nature and status of visual resources. In D. Reisberg, editor, Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology, chapter 10. Oxford University Press, 2013.
24. S. L. Franconeri, G. A. Alvarez, and P. Cavanagh. Flexible cognitive resources: competitive content maps for attention and memory. Trends in cognitive sciences, 2013.
25. S. L. Franconeri, J. M. Scimeca, J. C. Roth, S. A. Helseth, and L. E. Kahn. Flexible visual processing of spatial relationships. Cognition, 122(2):210-27, Feb. 2012.
26. J. Haberman and D. Whitney. Rapid extraction of mean emotion and gender from sets of faces. Current Biology, 17(17):R751-R753, 2007. (Pubitemid 47333144)
27. J. Halberda, S. F. Sires, and L. Feigenson. Multiple spatially overlapping sets can be enumerated in parallel. Psychological science, 17(7):572-6, July 2006. (Pubitemid 43992619)
28. L. G. H. Hardy, G. Rand, and M. C. Rittler. Tests for detection and analysis of color blindness: I. an evaluation of the ishihara test. Archives of Ophthalmology, 34(4):295, 1945.
29. S. Haroz and D. Whitney. How Capacity Limits of Attention Influence Information Visualization Effectiveness. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12):2402-2410, 2012.
30. M. Harrower and C. Brewer. Colorbrewer. org: an online tool for selecting colour schemes for maps. Cartographic Journal, The, 40(1):27-37, 2003. (Pubitemid 36901477)
31. C. G. Healey, K. S. Booth, and J. T. Enns. High-speed visual estimation using preattentive processing. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3(2):107-135, June 1996.
32. J. Heer and M. Bostock. Crowdsourcing graphical perception: using mechanical turk to assess visualization design. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2010), pages 203-212. ACM, 2010.
33. L. Huang and H. Pashler. A boolean map theory of visual attention. Psychological review, 114(3):599, 2007.
34. L. Itti and C. Koch. Computational modeling of visual attention. Nature reviews neuroscience, 2(3):194-203, 2001.
35. R. Kosara and C. Ziemkiewicz. Do mechanical turks dream of square pie charts? In Proceedings of the 3rd BELIV'10 Workshop: BEyond time and errors: novel evaLuation methods for Information Visualization, pages 63-70. ACM, 2010.
36. A. Lagae and P. Dutŕe. A comparison of methods for generating poisson disk distributions. In Computer Graphics Forum, volume 27, pages 114-129. Wiley Online Library, 2008. (Pubitemid 351598980)
37. B. R. Levinthal and S. L. Franconeri. Common-fate grouping as feature selection. Psychological science, 22(9):1132-1137, 2011.
38. J. Li, J.-B. Martens, and J. J. van Wijk. A model of symbol size discrimination in scatterplots. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2010), pages 2553-2562. ACM, 2010.
39. J. Li, J. J. van Wijk, and J.-B. Martens. A model of symbol lightness discrimination in sparse scatterplots. 2010 IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), pages 105-112, Mar. 2010.
40. A. P. Marchant, D. J. Simons, and J. W. de Fockert. Ensemble representations: Effects of set size and item heterogeneity on average size perception. Acta psychologica, 142(2):245-50, Feb. 2013.
41. D. Melcher and E. Kowler. Shapes, surfaces and saccades. Vision Research, 39(17):2929-2946, Aug. 1999.
42. D. P. Mitchell. Spectrally optimal sampling for distribution ray tracing. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 25(4):157-164, July 1991.
43. G. Paolacci, J. Chandler, and P. Ipeirotis. Running experiments on amazon mechanical turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5):411-419, 2010.
44. R. A. Rensink. The Dynamic Representation of Scenes. Visual Cognition, 7(1):17-42, 2000. (Pubitemid 30353619)
45. R. A. Rensink and G. Baldridge. The perception of correlation in scatterplots. In Computer Graphics Forum, volume 29, pages 1203-1210. Wiley Online Library, 2010.
46. R. Rosenholtz, Y. Li, and L. Nakano. Measuring visual clutter. Journal of Vision, 7(2), 2007.
47. J. Ross, L. Irani, M. Silberman, A. Zaldivar, and B. Tomlinson. Who are the crowdworkers?: shifting demographics in mechanical turk. In Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '10), pages 2863-2872. ACM, 2010.
48. J. C. Roth and S. L. Franconeri. Asymmetric coding of categorical spatial relations in both language and vision. Frontiers in psychology, 3:464, Jan. 2012.
49. M. S̀aenz, G. T. Burâcas, and G. M. Boynton. Global feature-based attention for motion and color. Vision Research, 43(6):629-637, Mar. 2003. (Pubitemid 36246473)
50. M. Sedlmair, A. Tatu, T. Munzner, and M. Tory. A Taxonomy of Visual Cluster Separation Factors. Computer Graphics Forum, 31(3pt4):1335-1344, June 2012.
51. J. T. Serences and G. M. Boynton. Feature-based attentional modulations in the absence of direct visual stimulation. Neuron, 55(2):301-312, 2007. (Pubitemid 47048905)
52. M. Sips, B. Neubert, J. P. Lewis, and P. Hanrahan. Selecting good views of high-dimensional data using class consistency. Computer Graphics Forum, 28(3):831-838, June 2009.
53. W. Tedford Jr, S. Bergquist, and W. Flynn. The size-color illusion. The Journal of General Psychology, 97(1):145-149, 1977.
54. A. Treisman. Preattentive processing in vision. Computer vision, graphics, and image processing, 31:156-177, 1985.
55. A. Treisman. The binding problem. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6(2):171-178, Apr. 1996. (Pubitemid 26168475)
56. A. Treisman and S. Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological review, 95(1):15-48, Jan. 1988.
57. A. M. Treisman and G. Gelade. A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive psychology, 12(1):97-136, Jan. 1980.
58. S. Van der Stigchel, A. V. Belopolsky, J. C. Peters, J. G. Wijnen, M. Meeter, and J. Theeuwes. The limits of top-down control of visual attention. Acta psychologica, 132(3):201-12, Nov. 2009.
59. C. Ware. Information Visualization: Perception for Design. Morgan Kaufmann, 2013.