Measuring visual clutter

Journal of Vision

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages

  Rosenholtz, Ruth ^a   Li, Yuanzhen ^a   Nakano, Lisa ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clutter; Feature Congestion; Set size; Subband Entropy; Visual search

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COLOR VISION; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; ENTROPY; HUMAN; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; VISION;

ATTENTION; COLOR PERCEPTION; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; ENTROPY; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 34548133551     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/7.2.17     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alvarez, G. A., & Cavanagh, P. (2004). The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects. Psychological Science, 15, 106-111.
2. Dynamic Logic. (2001). Beyond the click: Insights from marketing effectiveness research.
3. Bergen, J. R., & Landy, M. S. (1991). Computational modeling of visual texture segregation. In M. S. Landy & J. A. Movshon (Eds.), Computational models of visual processing (pp. 253-271). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436.
5. Bravo, M. J., & Farid, H. (2004). Search for a category target in clutter. Perception, 33, 643-652.
6. Burt, P., & Adelson, E. H. (1983). The Laplacian pyramid as a compact image code. IEEE Transactions on Communication, COM-31, 532-540.
7. Callaghan, T. C. (1989) Interference and dominance in texture segregation: Hue, geometric form, and line orientation. Perception & Psychophysics, 46, 299-311.
8. C.I.E. (1978). CIE Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Colour-difference Equations, and Psychometric Colour Terms (supp. no. 2). Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE.
9. Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433-458.
10. Eckstein, M. P., Thomas, J. P., Palmer, J., & Shimozaki, S. S. (2000). A signal detection model predicts the effects of set size in visual search accuracy for feature, conjunction, triple conjunction, and disjunction displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 425-451.
11. Frank, A. U., & Timpf, S. (1994). Multiple representations for cartographic objects in a multi-scale tree - An intelligent graphical zoom. Computers & Graphics, 18, 823-829.
12. Itti, L., Koch, C., & Niebur, E. (1998). A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20, 1254-1259.
13. Legge, G. E., & Foley, J. M. (1980). Contrast masking in human vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 70, 1458-1471.
14. Mack, M. L., & Oliva, A. (2004). Computational estimation of visual complexity. Paper presented at the 12th Annual Object, Perception, Attention, and Memory Conference. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
15. Malik, J., & Perona, P. (1990). Preattentive texture discrimination with early vision mechanisms. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and image science, 7, 923-932.
16. Miller, G. A. (1994). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. 1956. Psychological Review, 101, 343-352.
17. Nickerson, J. V. (1994). Visual programming. PhD dissertation, New York University, New York.
18. Nothdurft, H. C. (1993) The role of features in preattentive vision: Comparison of orientation, motion, and color cues. Vision Research, 33, 1937-1958.
19. Oliva, A., Mack, M. L., Shrestha, M., & Peeper, A. (2004). Identifying the perceptual dimensions of visual complexity of scenes. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Meeting. Chicago.
20. Olshausen, B. A., & Field, D. J. (1996). Natural image statistics and efficient coding. Network, 7, 333-339.
21. Palmer, J. (1994). Set-size effects in visual search: The effect of attention is independent of the stimulus for simple tasks, Vision Research, 34, 1703-1721.
22. Palmer, J., Ames, C. T., & Lindsey, D. T. (1993). Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 108-130.
23. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442.
24. Phillips, R. J., & Noyes, L. (1982). An investigation of visual clutter in the topographic base of a geological map. Cartographic Journal, 19, 122-132.
25. Robbins, H., & Monro, S. (1951). A stochastic approximation method. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22, 400-407.
26. Rosenholtz, R. (1999). A simple saliency model predicts a number of motion popout phenomena. Vision Research, 39, 3157-3163.
27. Rosenholtz, R. (2000). Significantly different textures: A computational model of pre-attentive texture segmentation. In D. Vernon (FA), Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 197-211). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
28. Rosenholtz, R. (2001a). Search asymmetries? What search asymmetries? Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 476-489.
29. Rosenholtz, R. (2001b). Visual search for orientation among heterogeneous distractors: Experimental results and implications for signal-detection theory models of search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 985-999.
30. Rosenholtz, R., & Jin, Z. (2005). A computational form of the Statistical Saliency Model for visual search [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 5(8):777, 777a, http://journalofvision.org/5/8/777/, doi:10.1167/5.8.777.
31. Rosenholtz, R., Li, Y., Mansfield, J., & Jin, Z. (2005). Feature congestion, a measure of display clutter. SIGCHI (pp. 761-770). Portland, Oregon.
32. Rosenholtz, R., Nagy, A. L., & Bell, N. R. (2004). The effect of background color on asymmetries in color search. Journal of Vision, 4(3):9, 224-240, http://journalofvision.org/4/3/9/, doi:10.1167/ 4.3.9.
33. Simoncelli, E. P., & Freeman, W. T. (1995, October) The steerable pyramid: A flexible architecture for multiscale derivative computation. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Washington, DC.
34. Springer, C. J. (1987). Retrieval of information from complex alphanumeric displays: Screen formatting variables' effects on target identification time. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 375-382). Honolulu, Hawaii: Elsevier Science.
35. Stuart, J. A., & Burian, H. M. (1962). A study of separation difficulty: Its relationship to visual acuity in normal and amblyopic eyes. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 53, 471-477.
36. Torralba, A., Oliva, A., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006). Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: The role of global features in object search. Psychological Review, 113, 766-786.
37. Treisman, A. (1982). Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 194-214.
38. Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136.
39. Treutwein, B. (1995). Adaptive psychophysical procedures. Vision Research, 35, 2503-2522.
40. Tufte, E. R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
41. Van Wert, M. J., Horowitz, T. S., Place, S. S., & Wolfe, J. M. (2006). Errors in low prevalence visual search: Easy to produce, hard to cure [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 6(6):444, 444a, http://journal-ofvision.org/6/6/444/, doi: 10.1167/6.6.444.
42. Watson, A. B. (2000). Visual detection of spatial contrast patterns: Evaluation of five simple models. Optics Express, 6, 12-33.
43. Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 202-238.
44. Wolfe, J. M. (1998). Visual search. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 13-73). London: University College London Press.
45. Wolfe, J. M., Oliva, A., Horowitz, T. S., Butcher, S., & Bompas, A. (2002). Segmentation of objects from backgrounds in visual search tasks. Vision Research, 42, 2985-3004.
46. Woodruff, A., Landay, J., & Stonebraker, M. (1998). Constant information density in zoomable interfaces. In Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces (pp. 57-65). L'Aquila, Italy.