메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 129-145

Female Meiotic Drive in Monkeyflowers: Insight into the Population Genetics of Selfish Centromeres

Author keywords

Alternative alleles, transmission probability; Centromere, cost and kinetochore; Centromere associated drive; Chromosomal structural divergence; Chromosome, nonrandom segregation; Monkeyflowers, female meiotic drive; Non Mendelian transmission; Plants, and species barriers; Selfish centromere model; Selfish centromeres, population genetics

Indexed keywords


EID: 84886505766     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118525715.ch10     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (6)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 77749292909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nuclear component of a cytonuclear hybrid incompatibility in Mimulus maps to a cluster of pentatricopeptide repeat genes
    • Barr, C.M., and Fishman, L. (2010). The nuclear component of a cytonuclear hybrid incompatibility in Mimulus maps to a cluster of pentatricopeptide repeat genes. Genetics 184, 455-465.
    • (2010) Genetics , vol.184 , pp. 455-465
    • Barr, C.M.1    Fishman, L.2
  • 2
    • 0042710694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marcus Rhoades, preferential segregation and meiotic drive
    • Birchler, J.A., Dawe, R.K., and Doebley, J.F. (2003). Marcus Rhoades, preferential segregation and meiotic drive. Genetics 164, 835-841.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.164 , pp. 835-841
    • Birchler, J.A.1    Dawe, R.K.2    Doebley, J.F.3
  • 4
    • 84857396036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scrambling eggs: meiotic drive and the evolution of female recombination rates
    • Brandvain, Y., and Coop, G. (2012). Scrambling eggs: meiotic drive and the evolution of female recombination rates. Genetics 190, 709-723.
    • (2012) Genetics , vol.190 , pp. 709-723
    • Brandvain, Y.1    Coop, G.2
  • 6
    • 33750026996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genes in Conflict
    • Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Burt, A., and Trivers, R. (2008). Genes in Conflict. Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA.
    • (2008)
    • Burt, A.1    Trivers, R.2
  • 9
    • 4143071290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of the histone fold domain in centromeric histones
    • Cooper, J.L., and Henikoff, S. (2004). Adaptive evolution of the histone fold domain in centromeric histones. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21, 1712-1718.
    • (2004) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.21 , pp. 1712-1718
    • Cooper, J.L.1    Henikoff, S.2
  • 10
    • 3042750437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speciation
    • Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
    • Coyne, J. A., and Orr, H. A. (2004). Speciation. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
    • (2004)
    • Coyne, J.A.1    Orr, H.A.2
  • 11
    • 0026178923 scopus 로고
    • Why is Mendelian segregation so exact?
    • Crow, J.F. (1991). Why is Mendelian segregation so exact? Bioessays 13, 305-312.
    • (1991) Bioessays , vol.13 , pp. 305-312
    • Crow, J.F.1
  • 12
    • 0036707810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distortion of female meiotic segregation and reduced male fertility in human Robertsonian translocations: consistent with the centromere model of co-evolving centromere DNA-centromeric histone (CEN-PA)
    • Daniel, A. (2002). Distortion of female meiotic segregation and reduced male fertility in human Robertsonian translocations: consistent with the centromere model of co-evolving centromere DNA-centromeric histone (CEN-PA). American Journal of Medical Genetics 111, 450-452.
    • (2002) American Journal of Medical Genetics , vol.111 , pp. 450-452
    • Daniel, A.1
  • 13
    • 33751216131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centromeres put epigenetics in the driver's seat
    • Dawe, R.K., and Henikoff, S. (2006). Centromeres put epigenetics in the driver's seat. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 31, 662-669.
    • (2006) Trends in Biochemical Sciences , vol.31 , pp. 662-669
    • Dawe, R.K.1    Henikoff, S.2
  • 14
    • 0003792794 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and the Origin of Species
    • Columbia University Press, New York
    • Dobzhansky, T. (1937). Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
    • (1937)
    • Dobzhansky, T.1
  • 15
    • 77957929036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal speciation revisited: rearranging theory with pieces of evidence
    • Faria, R., and Navarro, A. (2010). Chromosomal speciation revisited: rearranging theory with pieces of evidence. Trends in Ecology& Evolution 25, 660-669.
    • (2010) Trends in Ecology& Evolution , vol.25 , pp. 660-669
    • Faria, R.1    Navarro, A.2
  • 17
    • 0035694732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic map in the Mimulus guttatus species complex reveals transmission ratio distortion due to heterospecific interactions
    • Fishman, L., Kelly, A.J., Morgan, E., and Willis, J.H. (2001). A genetic map in the Mimulus guttatus species complex reveals transmission ratio distortion due to heterospecific interactions. Genetics 159, 1701-1716.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 1701-1716
    • Fishman, L.1    Kelly, A.J.2    Morgan, E.3    Willis, J.H.4
  • 18
    • 1842833989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minor quantitative trait loci underlie floral traits associated with mating system divergence in Mimulus
    • Fishman, L., Kelly, A.J., and Willis, J.H. (2002). Minor quantitative trait loci underlie floral traits associated with mating system divergence in Mimulus. Evolution 56, 2138-2155.
    • (2002) Evolution , vol.56 , pp. 2138-2155
    • Fishman, L.1    Kelly, A.J.2    Willis, J.H.3
  • 19
    • 57349107993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centromere-associated female meiotic drive entails male fitness costs in monkeyflowers
    • Fishman, L., and Saunders, A. (2008). Centromere-associated female meiotic drive entails male fitness costs in monkeyflowers. Science 322, 1559-1562.
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 1559-1562
    • Fishman, L.1    Saunders, A.2
  • 20
    • 0035543308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities contributing to the sterility of hybrids between Mimulus guttatus and M
    • Fishman, L., and Willis, J.H. (2001). Evidence for Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities contributing to the sterility of hybrids between Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus. Evolution 55, 1932-1942.
    • (2001) nasutus. Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 1932-1942
    • Fishman, L.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 21
    • 13744257635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel meiotic drive locus almost completely distorts segregation in Mimulus (monkeyflower)
    • Fishman, L., and Willis, J.H. (2005). A novel meiotic drive locus almost completely distorts segregation in Mimulus (monkeyflower). hybrids. Genetics 169, 347-353.
    • (2005) hybrids. Genetics , vol.169 , pp. 347-353
    • Fishman, L.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 22
    • 33748199639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cytonuclear incompatibility causes anther sterility in Mimulus hybrids
    • Fishman, L., and Willis, J.H. (2006). A cytonuclear incompatibility causes anther sterility in Mimulus hybrids. Evolution 60, 1372-1381.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 1372-1381
    • Fishman, L.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 23
    • 0000753280 scopus 로고
    • Divergence of meiotic drive-suppression systems as an explanation for sex biased hybrid sterility and inviability
    • Frank, S.A. (1991). Divergence of meiotic drive-suppression systems as an explanation for sex biased hybrid sterility and inviability. Evolution 45, 262-267.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 262-267
    • Frank, S.A.1
  • 24
    • 77957591586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Games in tetrads: segregation, recombination, and meiotic drive
    • Haig, D. (2010). Games in tetrads: segregation, recombination, and meiotic drive. The American Naturalist 176, 404-413.
    • (2010) The American Naturalist , vol.176 , pp. 404-413
    • Haig, D.1
  • 25
    • 20444416017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission ratio distortion in intraspecific hybrids of Mimulus guttatus : implications for genomic divergence
    • Hall, M.C., and Willis, J.H. (2005). Transmission ratio distortion in intraspecific hybrids of Mimulus guttatus : implications for genomic divergence. Genetics 170, 375-386.
    • (2005) Genetics , vol.170 , pp. 375-386
    • Hall, M.C.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 27
    • 0035839066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The centromere paradox: stable inheritance with rapidly evolving DNA
    • Henikoff, S., Ahmad, K., and Malik, H.S. (2001). The centromere paradox: stable inheritance with rapidly evolving DNA. Science 293, 1098-1102.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1098-1102
    • Henikoff, S.1    Ahmad, K.2    Malik, H.S.3
  • 28
    • 0037118065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selfish drivers
    • Henikoff, S., and Malik, H.S. (2002). Selfish drivers. Nature 417, 227.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 227
    • Henikoff, S.1    Malik, H.S.2
  • 29
    • 70450265539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lineage-specific adaptive evolution of the centromeric protein CENH3 in diploid and allotetraploid Oryza species
    • Hirsch, C.D., Wu, Y., Yan, H., and Jiang, J. (2009). Lineage-specific adaptive evolution of the centromeric protein CENH3 in diploid and allotetraploid Oryza species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26, 2877-2885.
    • (2009) Molecular Biology and Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 2877-2885
    • Hirsch, C.D.1    Wu, Y.2    Yan, H.3    Jiang, J.4
  • 30
    • 0025944136 scopus 로고
    • Causes of sex ratio bias may account for unisexual sterility in hybrids: a new explanation for Haldane's rule and related phenomena
    • Hurst, L.D., and Pomiankowski, A. (1991). Causes of sex ratio bias may account for unisexual sterility in hybrids: a new explanation for Haldane's rule and related phenomena. Genetics, 128, 841-858.
    • (1991) Genetics , vol.128 , pp. 841-858
    • Hurst, L.D.1    Pomiankowski, A.2
  • 31
    • 77953913491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid incompatibility genes: remnants of a genomic battlefield?
    • Johnson, N.A. (2010). Hybrid incompatibility genes: remnants of a genomic battlefield? Trends in Genetics 26, 317-325.
    • (2010) Trends in Genetics , vol.26 , pp. 317-325
    • Johnson, N.A.1
  • 32
    • 0031437950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for epigenetic effects on centromere identity and function
    • Karpen, G.K., and Allshire, R.C. (1997). The case for epigenetic effects on centromere identity and function. Trends in Genetics 13, 489-496.
    • (1997) Trends in Genetics , vol.13 , pp. 489-496
    • Karpen, G.K.1    Allshire, R.C.2
  • 34
    • 0043210667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deleterious mutations and the genetic variance of male fitness components in Mimulus guttatus
    • Kelly, J.K. (2003). Deleterious mutations and the genetic variance of male fitness components in Mimulus guttatus. Genetics 164, 1071-1085.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.164 , pp. 1071-1085
    • Kelly, J.K.1
  • 35
    • 83455176958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions among flower-size QTL of Mimulus guttatus are abundant but highly variable in nature
    • Kelly, J.K., and Mojica, J.P. (2011). Interactions among flower-size QTL of Mimulus guttatus are abundant but highly variable in nature. Genetics 189, 1461-1471.
    • (2011) Genetics , vol.189 , pp. 1461-1471
    • Kelly, J.K.1    Mojica, J.P.2
  • 36
    • 17044457422 scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal rearrangements, speciation and the theoretical approach
    • King, M. (1987). Chromosomal rearrangements, speciation and the theoretical approach. Heredity 59, 1-6.
    • (1987) Heredity , vol.59 , pp. 1-6
    • King, M.1
  • 37
    • 34248199962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hemicentric inversion in the maize line knobless Tama flint created two sites of centromeric elements and moved the kinetochore-forming region
    • Lamb, J.C., Meyer, J.M., and Birchler, J.A. (2007). A hemicentric inversion in the maize line knobless Tama flint created two sites of centromeric elements and moved the kinetochore-forming region. Chromosoma 116, 237-247.
    • (2007) Chromosoma , vol.116 , pp. 237-247
    • Lamb, J.C.1    Meyer, J.M.2    Birchler, J.A.3
  • 39
    • 67650923089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics analysis of standing variation for floral morphology and fitness components in a natural population of Mimulus guttatus (common monkeyflower)
    • Ph.D. diss., Duke University, Durham, NC
    • Lee, Y. (2009). Genetics analysis of standing variation for floral morphology and fitness components in a natural population of Mimulus guttatus (common monkeyflower). Ph.D. diss., Duke University, Durham, NC.
    • (2009)
    • Lee, Y.1
  • 40
    • 77957898021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation, and reproductive isolation
    • Lowry, D.B., and Willis, J.H. (2010). A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation, and reproductive isolation. PLoS Biol 8, e1000500.
    • (2010) PLoS Biol , vol.8
    • Lowry, D.B.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 41
    • 14944344936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mimulus finds centromeres in the driver's seat
    • Malik, H.S. (2005). Mimulus finds centromeres in the driver's seat. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 151-154.
    • (2005) Trends in Ecology & Evolution , vol.20 , pp. 151-154
    • Malik, H.S.1
  • 42
    • 33747186395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic conflicts during meiosis and the evolutionary origins of centromere complexity
    • Malik, H.S., and Bayes, J.J. (2006). Genetic conflicts during meiosis and the evolutionary origins of centromere complexity. Biochemical Society Transactions 34, 569-573.
    • (2006) Biochemical Society Transactions , vol.34 , pp. 569-573
    • Malik, H.S.1    Bayes, J.J.2
  • 43
    • 0035103847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of Cid, a centromere-specific histone in Drosophila
    • Malik, H.S., and Henikoff, S. (2001). Adaptive evolution of Cid, a centromere-specific histone in Drosophila. Genetics 157, 1293-1298.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.157 , pp. 1293-1298
    • Malik, H.S.1    Henikoff, S.2
  • 47
    • 0031832355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male sterility and meiotic drive associated with sex chromosome rearrangements in Drosophila
    • McKee, B.D., Wilhelm, K., Merrill, C., and Ren, X. (1998). Male sterility and meiotic drive associated with sex chromosome rearrangements in Drosophila. Genetics 149, 143-155.
    • (1998) Genetics , vol.149 , pp. 143-155
    • McKee, B.D.1    Wilhelm, K.2    Merrill, C.3    Ren, X.4
  • 48
    • 77956920367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viability selection prior to trait expression is an essential component of natural selection
    • Mojica, J.P., and Kelly, J.K. (2010). Viability selection prior to trait expression is an essential component of natural selection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 277, 2945-2950.
    • (2010) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B , vol.277 , pp. 2945-2950
    • Mojica, J.P.1    Kelly, J.K.2
  • 51
    • 0035675040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female meiosis drives karyotypic evolution in mammals
    • Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F., and Sapienza, C. (2001a). Female meiosis drives karyotypic evolution in mammals. Genetics 159, 1179-1189.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 1179-1189
    • Pardo-Manuel De Villena, F.1    Sapienza, C.2
  • 52
    • 0035021901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonrandom segregation during meiosis: the unfairness of females
    • Pardo-Manuel de Villena, F., and Sapienza, C. (2001b). Nonrandom segregation during meiosis: the unfairness of females. Mammalian Genome 12, 331-339.
    • (2001) Mammalian Genome , vol.12 , pp. 331-339
    • Pardo-Manuel De Villena, F.1    Sapienza, C.2
  • 53
    • 77249093924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation
    • Presgraves, D.C. (2010). The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation. Nature Genetics 11, 175-180.
    • (2010) Nature Genetics , vol.11 , pp. 175-180
    • Presgraves, D.C.1
  • 54
    • 0003414284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants
    • Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg
    • Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • (2000)
    • Raghavan, V.1
  • 55
    • 77950233349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination
    • Ravi, M., and Chan, S.W.L. (2010). Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination. Nature 464, 615-U180.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464
    • Ravi, M.1    Chan, S.W.L.2
  • 56
    • 34548139429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant speciation
    • Rieseberg, L.H., and Willis, J.H. (2007). Plant speciation. Science 317, 910-914.
    • (2007) Science , vol.317 , pp. 910-914
    • Rieseberg, L.H.1    Willis, J.H.2
  • 57
    • 0000347912 scopus 로고
    • Meiotic drive as an evolutionary force
    • Sandler, L., and Novitski, E. (1957). Meiotic drive as an evolutionary force. The American Naturalist 91, 105-110.
    • (1957) The American Naturalist , vol.91 , pp. 105-110
    • Sandler, L.1    Novitski, E.2
  • 59
    • 67650932038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of chromosomal polymorphisms to the G-matrix of Mimulus guttatus
    • Scoville, A., Lee, Y.W., Willis, J.H., and Kelly, J.K. (2009). Contribution of chromosomal polymorphisms to the G-matrix of Mimulus guttatus. The New Phytologist 183, 803-815.
    • (2009) The New Phytologist , vol.183 , pp. 803-815
    • Scoville, A.1    Lee, Y.W.2    Willis, J.H.3    Kelly, J.K.4
  • 60
    • 0031767665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable dicentric X chromosomes with two functional centromeres
    • Sullivan, B.A., and Willard, H.F. (1998). Stable dicentric X chromosomes with two functional centromeres. Nature Genetics 20, 227-228.
    • (1998) Nature Genetics , vol.20 , pp. 227-228
    • Sullivan, B.A.1    Willard, H.F.2
  • 61
    • 33646169155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple genetic incompatibility causes hybrid male sterility in mimulus
    • Sweigart, A.L., Fishman, L., and Willis, J.H. (2006). A simple genetic incompatibility causes hybrid male sterility in mimulus. Genetics 172, 2465-2479.
    • (2006) Genetics , vol.172 , pp. 2465-2479
    • Sweigart, A.L.1    Fishman, L.2    Willis, J.H.3
  • 62
    • 33947225153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural variation for a hybrid incompatibility between two species of Mimulus
    • Sweigart, A.L., Mason, A.R., and Willis, J.H. (2007). Natural variation for a hybrid incompatibility between two species of Mimulus. Evolution 61, 141-151.
    • (2007) Evolution , vol.61 , pp. 141-151
    • Sweigart, A.L.1    Mason, A.R.2    Willis, J.H.3
  • 63
    • 27744470402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of centromere proteins in plants and animals
    • Talbert, P.B., Bryson, T.D., and Henikoff, S. (2004). Adaptive evolution of centromere proteins in plants and animals. Journal of Biology 3, 18.
    • (2004) Journal of Biology , vol.3 , pp. 18
    • Talbert, P.B.1    Bryson, T.D.2    Henikoff, S.3
  • 64
    • 0036016437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centromeric localization and adaptive evolution of an Arabidopsis histone H3 variant
    • Talbert, P.B., Masuelli, R., Tyagi, A.P., Comai, L., and Henikoff, S. (2002). Centromeric localization and adaptive evolution of an Arabidopsis histone H3 variant. Plant Cell 14, 1053-1066.
    • (2002) Plant Cell , vol.14 , pp. 1053-1066
    • Talbert, P.B.1    Masuelli, R.2    Tyagi, A.P.3    Comai, L.4    Henikoff, S.5
  • 65
    • 0037228473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common features of segregation distortion in plants and animals
    • Taylor, D.R., and Ingvarsson, P.K. (2003). Common features of segregation distortion in plants and animals. Genetics 117, 27-35.
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.117 , pp. 27-35
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Ingvarsson, P.K.2
  • 66
    • 0032711722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inbreeding load, average dominance and the mutation rate for mildly deleterious alleles in Mimulus guttatus
    • Willis, J.H. (1999). Inbreeding load, average dominance and the mutation rate for mildly deleterious alleles in Mimulus guttatus. Genetics 153, 1885-1898.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.153 , pp. 1885-1898
    • Willis, J.H.1
  • 67
    • 38549164078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies
    • Wu, C.A., Lowry, D.B., Cooley, A.M., Wright, K.M., Lee, Y.W., and Willis, J.H. (2008). Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies. Heredity 100, 220-230.
    • (2008) Heredity , vol.100 , pp. 220-230
    • Wu, C.A.1    Lowry, D.B.2    Cooley, A.M.3    Wright, K.M.4    Lee, Y.W.5    Willis, J.H.6
  • 69
    • 77957672443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centromere inactivation and epigenetic modifications of a plant chromosome with three functional centromeres
    • Zhang, W., Friebe, B., Gill, B.S., and Jiang, J. (2010). Centromere inactivation and epigenetic modifications of a plant chromosome with three functional centromeres. Chromosoma 119, 553-563.
    • (2010) Chromosoma , vol.119 , pp. 553-563
    • Zhang, W.1    Friebe, B.2    Gill, B.S.3    Jiang, J.4
  • 71
    • 0344289522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in rates of nondisjunction: associations of two naturally occurring polymorphisms in the chromokinesin nod with increased rates of nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Zwick, M.E., Salstrom, J.L., and Langley, C.H. (1999). Genetic variation in rates of nondisjunction: associations of two naturally occurring polymorphisms in the chromokinesin nod with increased rates of nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 152, 1605-1614.
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.152 , pp. 1605-1614
    • Zwick, M.E.1    Salstrom, J.L.2    Langley, C.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.