How you perceive threat determines your behavior

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue OCT, 2013, Pages

  Fernandes Jr , Orlando ^a   Portugal, Liana C L ^a   Alves, Rita C S ^a   Campagnoli, Rafaela R ^a   Mocaiber, Izabela ^b   David, Isabel P A ^a   Erthal, Fatima C S ^b   Volchan, Eliane ^b   De Oliveir, Leticia ^a   Pereira, Mirtes G ^a  

^a FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Attention; Behavior; Defensive responses; Emotion; Reaction time; Threat stimuli

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRIME; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MOTIVATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOTRAUMA; RESPONSE TIME; STIMULUS RESPONSE; THREAT PERCEPTION;

EID: 84886398026     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00632     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Anderson, A. K., and Phelps, E. A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411, 305-309. doi: 10.1038/35077083
2. Azevedo, T. M., Volchan, E., Imbiriba, L. A., Rodrigues, E. C., Oliveira, J. M., Oliveira, L. F., et al. (2005). A freezing-like posture to pictures of mutilation. Psychophysiology 42, 255-260. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986. 2005.00287.x
3. Baumgartner, T., Willi, M., and Jancke, L. (2007). Modulation of corticospinal activity by strong emotions evoked by pictures and classical music: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroreport 18, 261-265. doi: 10.1097/WNR. 0b013e328012272e
4. Blanchard, R. J., and Blanchard, D. (1989). Attack and defense in rodents as ethoexperimental models for the study of emotion. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 13, 3-14. doi: 10.1016/0278- 5846(89)90105-x
5. Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., and Blanchard, D. C. (1986). Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. J. Comp. Psychol. 101-107. doi: 10.1037/07357036.100.2.101
6. Blanchard, D. C., Hynd, A. L., Minke, K. A., Minemoto, T., and Blanchard, R. J. (2001). Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 761-770. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801300doi: 10.1016/s0149- 7634(01)00056-2
7. Bolles, R. C. (1970). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychol. Rev. 77, 32-48. doi: 10.1037/h0028589
8. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuth- bert, B. N., and Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion 1, 276-298. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
9. Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., and Lang, P. J. (1996). Picture media and emotion: effects of a sustained affective context. Psychophysiology, 662-670. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961788doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02362.x
10. Bradley, M. M., Hamby, S., Low, A., and Lang, P. J. (2007). Brain potentials in perception: picture complexity and emotional arousal. Psychophysiology 44, 364-373. doi: 10. 1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00520.x
11. Bradley, M. M., and Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 25, 49-59. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962581 doi: 10.1016/ 0005-7916(94)90063-9
12. Buodo, G., Sarlo, M., and Palomba, D. (2002). Attentional resources measured by reaction times highlight differences within pleasant and unpleasant, high arousing stimuli. Motiv. Emot. 26, 123-138. doi: 10. 1023/A:1019886501965
13. Butler, T., Pan, H., Tuescher, O., Engelien, A., Goldstein, M., Epstein, J., et al. (2007). Human fear- related motor neurocircuitry. Neuroscience 150, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2007.09.048
14. Carlson, J. M., Fee, A. L., and Reinke, K. S. (2009). Backward masked snakes and guns modulate spatial attention. Evol. Psychol. 7, 534-544.
15. Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., and Lang, P. J. (1996). Probing picture perception: activation and emotion. Psychophysiology 33, 103-111. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8851238doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996. tb02114.x
16. Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression ofthe Emotions in Man and Animals, ed J. Murray (London).
17. de Oliveira, L. A. S., Imbiriba, L. A., Russo, M. M., Nogueira-Campos, A. A., Rodrigues Ede, C., Pereira, M. G., et al. (2012). Preparing to grasp emotionally laden stimuli. PloS One 7:e45235. doi: 10. 1371/journal.pone.0045235
18. Dimberg, U. (1986). Facial expressions as excitatory and inhibitory stimuli for conditioned autonomic responses. Biol. Psychol. 22, 37-57. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3697457doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(86)90019-0
19. Dimberg, U., and Ohman, A. (1983). The effects of directional facial cues on electrodermal conditioning to facial stimuli. Psychophysiology 20, 160-167. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6844515doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03282.x
20. Erthal, F. S., de Oliveira, L., Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Machado- Pinheiro, W., Volchan, E., et al. Load-dependent modulation of affective picture processing. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 5, 388-395. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16541809doi: 10.3758/cabn.5.4.388
21. Fanselow, M. S. (1991). "The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety" in The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter, eds A. Depaulis and R. Brandler (New York: Plenum Press), 151-173.
22. Fanselow, M. S. (1994). Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psy- chon. Bull. Rev. 1, 429-438. doi: 10. 3758/bf03210947
23. Fiszman, A., Cabizuca, M., Lanfredi, C., and Figueira, I. (2005). The cross- cultural adaptation to Portuguese of the Trauma historyquestionnaire to identify traumatic experiences. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 27, 63-66. doi: 10. 1590/s1516-44462005000100014
24. Flykt, A., Esteves, F., and Ohman, A. (2007). Skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli: phylogenetic/ontogenetic factors versus direction of threat? Biol. Psychol. 74, 328-336. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.004
25. Green, B. L. (1996). Psychometric Review of Trauma History Questionnaire (Self-Report), ed B. H. Stamm (Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press), 366-388.
26. Grezes, J., Philip, L., Chadwick, M., Dezecache, G., Soussignan, R., and Conty, L. (2013). Self-relevance appraisal influences facial reactions to emotional bodyexpressions. PloS One 8:e55885. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0055885
27. Hajcak, G., Molnar, C., George, M. S., Bolger, K., Koola, J., and Nahas, Z. Emotion facilitates action: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study of motor cortex excitability duringpicture viewing. Psychophysiology 44, 91-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1469- 8986.2006.00487.x
28. Hamm, A. O., Cuthbert, B. N., Glo- bisch, J., and Vaitl, D. (1997). Fear and the startle reflex: blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal and mutilation fearful subjects. Psychophysiology, 97-107. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9009813doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02420.x
29. Hartikainen, K. M., Ogawa, K. H., and Knight, R. T. (2000). Transient interference of right hemispheric function due to automatic emotional processing. Neuropsychologia 38, 1576-1580. doi: 10.1016/s0028- 3932(00)00072-5
30. Hindi Attar, C., and Muller, M. M. (2012). Selective attention to task- irrelevant emotional distractors is unaffected by the perceptual load associated with a foreground task. PloS One 7:e37186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037186
31. Hugdahl, K., and Johnsen, B. H. (1989). Preparedness and electrodermal fear-conditioning: ontogenetic vs phylogenetic explanations. Behav. Res. Ther. 27, 269-278. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2730508 doi: 10. 1016/0005-7967(89)90046-6
32. Ishai, A., Pessoa, L., Bikle, P. C., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2004). Repetition suppression offaces is modulated by emotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 9827-9832. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0403559101
33. Kalin, N. H. (1993). The neurobiology offear. Sci. Am. 268, 94-101.
34. Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Ihssen, N., Heim, S., Vila, J., Guerra, P., et al. (2010). Defensive engagement and perceptual enhancement. Neuropsy- chologia 48, 3580-3584. doi: 10. 1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08. 007
35. Klorman, R., Weissberg, R. P., and Wiesenfeld, A. R. (1977). Individual differences in fear and autonomic reactions to affective stimulation. Psychophysiology 14, 45-51. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/834802doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986. 1977.tb01154.x
36. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., and Cuth- bert, B. N. (1997). "Motivated attention: affect, activation and action," in Attention and Orienting: Sensory and MotivationalProcesses, eds P. J. Lang, R. F. Simons and M. T. Bal- aban (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erl- baum Associates), 97-135.
37. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., and Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual. Technical Report A-6. Gainesville, FL: University ofFlorida.
38. Lang, P. J., Davis, M., and Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J. Affect. Disord. 61, 137-159. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11163418doi:10.1016/s0165- 0327(00)00343-8
39. Luz, M. P., Mendlowicz, M., Marques- Portella, C., Gleiser, S., Berger, W., Neylan, T. C., et al. (2011). PTSD criterion A1 events: a literature- based categorization. J. Trauma Stress 24, 243-251. doi: 10.1002/jts.20633
40. MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., and Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 95, 15-20. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3700842doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.95. 1.15
41. Marks, I.(1987).Fears,PhobiasandRituals: Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Menezes, C., Pereira, M. G., and Bizarro, L. (2012). Sitting and silent meditation as a strategy to study emotion regulation. Psychol. Neu- rosci. 5, 27-36. doi: 10.3922/j.psns. 2012.1.05
43. Mobbs, D., Petrovic, P., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., et al. (2007). When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science 317, 1079-1083. doi: 10.1126/science.1144298
44. Mobbs, D., Yu, R., Rowe, J. B., Eich, FeldmanHall, O., and Dal-Gleish, T. (2010). Neural activity associated with monitoring the oscillating threat value of a tarantula. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 20582-20586. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 1009076107
45. Mocaiber, I., Perakakis, P., Pereira, M. G., Pinheiro, W. M., Volchan, E., de Oliveira, L., et al. (2011). Stimulus appraisal modulates cardiac reactivity to briefly presented mutilation pictures. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 81,299-304. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho. 2011.07.014
46. Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, S., Machado-Pinheiro, W., David, A., Cagy, M., et al. (2010). Fact or fiction? An event-related potential study of implicit emotion regulation. Neurosci. Lett. 476, 84-88. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.008
47. Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F., Figueira, I., Pinheiro, W., Cagy, M., et al. (2009). Regulation of negative emotions in high trait anxious individuals: an ERP study. Psychol. Neurosci. 2,211-217. doi: 10.3922/j. psns.2009.2.014
48. Mocaiber, I., Sanchez, T. A., Pereira, M. Erthal, F. S., Joffily, M., Araujo, B., et al. (2011). Antecedent descriptions change brain reactivity to emotional stimuli: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of an extrinsic and incidental reappraisal strategy. Neuroscience 193, 241-248. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2011.07.003
49. Ochsner, K. N., and Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 242-249. doi: 10. 1016/j.tics.2005.03.010
50. Ohman, A., Lundqvist, D., and Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: a threat advantage with schematic stimuli. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 80, 381-396. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11300573doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381
51. Okon-Singer, H., Alyagon, U., Kofman, O., Tzelgov, J., and Henik, A. (2011). Fear-related pictures deteriorate the performance of university students with high fear of snakes or spiders. Stress 14, 185-193. doi: 10. 3109/10253890.2010.527401
52. Oliveri, M., Babiloni, C., Filippi, M. M., Caltagirone, C., Babiloni, F., Cicinelli, P., et al. (2003). Influence of the supplementary motor area on primary motor cortex excitability during movements triggered by neutral or emotionally unpleasant visual cues. Exp. Brain Res. 149, 214-221. doi: 10.1007/s00221-002- 1346-8
53. Oliveira, L. A. S., Oliveira, L., Joffily, M., Pereira-Junior, P. P., Lang, P. J., Pereira, M. G., et al. (2009). Autonomic reactions to mutilation pictures: positive affect facilitates safety signal processing. Psychophysiology 46, 870-873. doi: 10.1111/j.1469- 8986.2009.00812.x
54. Oliveira, L., Mocaiber, I., David, I. A., Erthal, F., Volchan, E., and Pereira, M. G. (2013). Emotion and attention interaction: a tradeoff between stimuli relevance, motivation and individual differences. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:364. doi: 10. 3389/fnhum.2013.00364
55. Pereira, M. G., de Oliveira, L., Erthal, S., Joffily, M., Mocaiber, I. F., Volchan, E., et al. (2010). Emotion affects action: midcingulate cortex as a pivotal node of interaction between negative emotion and motor signals. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 10, 94-106. doi: 10. 3758/cabn.10.1.94
56. Pereira, M. G., Volchan, E., de Souza, G. L., Oliveira, L., Campagnoli, R. R., Pinheiro, W. M., et al. (2006). Sustained and transient modulation of performance induced by emotional picture viewing. Emotion 6, 622-634. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6. 4.622
57. Pereira, M. G., Volchan, E., Oliveira, L., Machado-Pinheiro, W., Rodrigues, J. A., Nepomuceno, F. V. P., et al. (2004). Behavioral modulation by mutilation pictures in women. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 37, 353-362. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15060703doi:10.1590/s0100- 879x2004000300011
58. Pessoa, L. (2005). To what extent are emotional visual stimuli processed without attention and awareness? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 188-196. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.002
59. Pessoa, L. (2010). Attention and emotion. Scholarpedia 5:6314. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.6314
60. Pessoa, L., Kastner, S., and Ungerlei- der, L. G. (2002). Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli. Cogn. Brain Res. 15, 31-45. doi: 10.1016/s0926- 6410(02)00214-8
61. Pessoa, L., Padmala, S., and Morland, T. (2005). Fate of unattended fearful faces in the amygdala is determined by both attentional resources and cognitive modulation. Neuroimage 28, 249-255. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroimage.2005.05.048
62. Pichon, S., de Gelder, B., and Grezes, J. (2012). Threat prompts defensive brain responses independently of attentional control. Cereb. Cortex 22, 274-285. doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhr060
63. Pourtois, G., Schwartz, S., Seghier, M. L., Lazeyras, F., and Vuilleumier, P. Neural systems for orienting attention to the location of threat signals: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 31, 920-933. doi: 10. 1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.034
64. Purkis, H. M., Lester, K. J., and Field, A. P. (2011). But what about the Empress of Racnoss? The allocation of attention to spiders and doctor who in a visual search task is predicted by fear and expertise. Emotion 11, 1484-1488. doi: 10. 1037/a0024415
65. Ratner, S. C. (1967). Comparative aspects of hypnosis in Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, ed J. E. Gordon (New York: Macmillan), 550-587.
66. Souza, G. G. L., Mendona-de-Souza, A. C. F., Barros, E. M., Coutinho, E. F. S., Oliveira, L., Mendlowicz, M. V., et al. (2007). Resilience and vagal tone predict cardiac recovery from acute social stress. Stress 10, 368-374. doi: 10. 1080/10253890701419886
67. Souza, G. G. L., Pereira, M. G., Vila, J., Oliveira, L., and Volchan, (2012). Affiliative stimuli as primers to prosocial predispositions. Span. J. Psychol. 15, 237-243. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22379713doi:10.5209/rev_SJGP.2012.v15.n1.37315
68. Stout, D., Shackman, A., and Larson, C. (2013). Failure to filter: anxious individuals show inefficient gating of threat from working memory. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:58. doi: 10. 3389/fnhum.2013.00058
69. Tipples, J., and Sharma, D. (2000). Orienting to exogenous cues and attentional bias to affective pictures reflect separate processes. Br. J. Psychol. 91, 87-97. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10717773doi:10.1348/000712600161691
70. Volchan, E., Souza, G. G. L., Franklin, C. M., Norte, C. E., Rocha-Rego, V., Oliveira, J. M., et al. (2011). Is there tonic immobility in humans? Biological evidence from victims of traumatic stress. Biol. Psychol. 88, 13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho. 2011.06.002
71. Wendt, J., Lotze, M., Weike, A. I., Hosten, N., and Hamm, A. O. Brain activation and defensive response mobilization during sustained exposure to phobia-related and other affective pictures in spider phobia. Psychophysiology 45, 205-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007. 00620.x
72. Yates, A., Ashwin, C., and Fox, E. (2010). Does emotion processing require attention? The effects of fear conditioning and perceptual load. Emotion 10, 822-830. doi: 10. 1037/a0020325