메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 157-176

Identification of Black Carbon in the Earth System

Author keywords

Atmospheric sciences; Black carbon (BC); Earth system; Fire; Global warming; Oceanic system sciences; Terrestrial system sciences

Indexed keywords


EID: 84886342439     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118529539.ch9     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (9)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 79955963685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogenic carbon soluble fraction is larger and more aromatic in aged charcoal than in fresh charcoal
    • doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.027
    • Abiven, S., Hengartner, P., Schneider, M.P.W., Singh, N. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2011) Pyrogenic carbon soluble fraction is larger and more aromatic in aged charcoal than in fresh charcoal. Soil Biology and Biochemistry doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.027.
    • (2011) Soil Biology and Biochemistry
    • Abiven, S.1    Hengartner, P.2    Schneider, M.P.W.3    Singh, N.4    Schmidt, M.W.I.5
  • 2
    • 33746600650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols
    • Andreae, M.O. & Gelencsér, A. (2006) Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6: 3131-48.
    • (2006) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , vol.6 , pp. 3131-3148
    • Andreae, M.O.1    Gelencsér, A.2
  • 3
    • 34248523439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil organic carbon and black carbon storage and dynamics under different fire regimes in temperate mixed-grass savanna
    • doi: 10.1029/2005GB002670
    • Ansley, R.J., Boutton, T.W. & Skjemstad, J.O. (2006) Soil organic carbon and black carbon storage and dynamics under different fire regimes in temperate mixed-grass savanna. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20: GB3006; doi: 10.1029/2005GB002670.
    • (2006) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.20
    • Ansley, R.J.1    Boutton, T.W.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3
  • 4
    • 59849083184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydropyrolysis as a new tool for radio-carbon pretreatment and the quantification of black carbon
    • Ascough, P.L., Bird, M.I., Brock, F., et al. (2009) Hydropyrolysis as a new tool for radio-carbon pretreatment and the quantification of black carbon. Quaternary Geochronology 4: 140-7.
    • (2009) Quaternary Geochronology , vol.4 , pp. 140-147
    • Ascough, P.L.1    Bird, M.I.2    Brock, F.3
  • 5
    • 9644263969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cycling and composition of organic matter in terrestrial and marine ecosystems
    • Baldock, J.A., Masiello, C.A., Gelinas, Y. & Hedges, J.I. (2004) Cycling and composition of organic matter in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Marine Chemistry 92: 39-64.
    • (2004) Marine Chemistry , vol.92 , pp. 39-64
    • Baldock, J.A.1    Masiello, C.A.2    Gelinas, Y.3    Hedges, J.I.4
  • 6
    • 83955163006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review
    • doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.005
    • Bird, M.I. & Ascough, P.L. (2012) Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review. Organic Geochemistry 42: 1529-39; doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.005.
    • (2012) Organic Geochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 1529-1539
    • Bird, M.I.1    Ascough, P.L.2
  • 7
    • 0031437522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments
    • Bird, M.I. & Gröcke, D.R. (1997) Determination of the abundance and carbon isotope composition of elemental carbon in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61: 3413-23.
    • (1997) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.61 , pp. 3413-3423
    • Bird, M.I.1    Gröcke, D.R.2
  • 8
    • 85041138775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion
    • doi: 10.1029/2003JD003697
    • Bond, T.C., Streets, D.G., Yarber, K.F., Nelson, S.M., Woo, J.-H. & Klimont, Z. (2004) A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D14203; doi: 10.1029/2003JD003697.
    • (2004) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.109
    • Bond, T.C.1    Streets, D.G.2    Yarber, K.F.3    Nelson, S.M.4    Woo, J.-H.5    Klimont, Z.6
  • 10
    • 22144478337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy
    • Brodowski, S., Amelung, W., Haumaier, L., Abetz, C. & Zech, W. (2005b) Morphological and chemical properties of black carbon in physical soil fractions as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Geoderma 128: 116-29.
    • (2005) Geoderma , vol.128 , pp. 116-129
    • Brodowski, S.1    Amelung, W.2    Haumaier, L.3    Abetz, C.4    Zech, W.5
  • 11
    • 53249113121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid assessment of black carbon in soil organic matter using mid-infrared spectroscopy
    • Bornemann, L., Welp, G., Brodowski, S., Rodionov, A. & Amelung, W. (2008) Rapid assessment of black carbon in soil organic matter using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Organic Geochemistry 39: 1537-44.
    • (2008) Organic Geochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 1537-1544
    • Bornemann, L.1    Welp, G.2    Brodowski, S.3    Rodionov, A.4    Amelung, W.5
  • 12
    • 15244339678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycarboxylic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China
    • Chen, Y., Sheng, G., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Mai, B. & Fu, J. (2005) Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycarboxylic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 1861-7.
    • (2005) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.39 , pp. 1861-1867
    • Chen, Y.1    Sheng, G.2    Bi, X.3    Feng, Y.4    Mai, B.5    Fu, J.6
  • 13
    • 0027609438 scopus 로고
    • The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S air quality studies
    • Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Pritchett, L.C., Pierson, W.R., Frazier, C.A. & Purcell, R.G. (1993) The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmospheric Environment Part A 27: 1185-201.
    • (1993) Atmospheric Environment Part A , vol.27 , pp. 1185-1201
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Pritchett, L.C.3    Pierson, W.R.4    Frazier, C.A.5    Purcell, R.G.6
  • 14
    • 0025626194 scopus 로고
    • Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
    • Crutzen, P.J. & Andreae, M.O. (1990) Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 250: 1669-78.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1669-1678
    • Crutzen, P.J.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 16
    • 42049116113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter
    • Dittmar, T. (2008) The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 39: 396-407.
    • (2008) Organic Geochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 396-407
    • Dittmar, T.1
  • 17
    • 65349171536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A heat-induced molecular signature in marine dissolved organic matter
    • Dittmar, T. & Paeng, J. (2009) A heat-induced molecular signature in marine dissolved organic matter. Nature Geoscience 2: 175-9.
    • (2009) Nature Geoscience , vol.2 , pp. 175-179
    • Dittmar, T.1    Paeng, J.2
  • 18
    • 9644280983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on the importance of black carbon in the global carbon cycle
    • Druffel, E.R.M. (2004) Comments on the importance of black carbon in the global carbon cycle. Marine Chemistry 92: 197-200.
    • (2004) Marine Chemistry , vol.92 , pp. 197-200
    • Druffel, E.R.M.1
  • 19
    • 33748848309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance
    • doi: 10.1029/2005GB002629
    • Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z. & Gustafsson, Ö. (2006) Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20: GB2009; doi: 10.1029/2005GB002629.
    • (2006) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.20
    • Elmquist, M.1    Cornelissen, G.2    Kukulska, Z.3    Gustafsson, Ö.4
  • 21
    • 42149099933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites-geochemical and environmental implications
    • Fabbri, D., Marynowski, L., Fabianska, M.J., Zaton, M. & Simoneit, B.R.T. (2008) Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites-geochemical and environmental implications. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 2957-63.
    • (2008) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.42 , pp. 2957-2963
    • Fabbri, D.1    Marynowski, L.2    Fabianska, M.J.3    Zaton, M.4    Simoneit, B.R.T.5
  • 22
    • 33748799431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
    • Forbes, M.S., Raison, R.J. & Skjemstad, J.O. (2006) Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 370: 190-206.
    • (2006) Science of the Total Environment , vol.370 , pp. 190-206
    • Forbes, M.S.1    Raison, R.J.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3
  • 23
    • 0034332534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using levoglucosan as a molecular marker for the long-range transport of biomass combustion aerosols
    • Fraser, M.P. & Lakshmanan, K. (2000) Using levoglucosan as a molecular marker for the long-range transport of biomass combustion aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology 34: 4560-64.
    • (2000) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.34 , pp. 4560-4564
    • Fraser, M.P.1    Lakshmanan, K.2
  • 24
    • 0035448750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improved thermal oxidation method for the quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils
    • Gelinas, Y., Prentice, K.M., Baldock, J.A., & Hedges, J.I. (2001) An improved thermal oxidation method for the quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 3519-25.
    • (2001) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.35 , pp. 3519-3525
    • Gelinas, Y.1    Prentice, K.M.2    Baldock, J.A.3    Hedges, J.I.4
  • 25
    • 41549097847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evidence for condensed aromatics from non-pyrogenic sources in soils-implications for current methods for quantifying soil black carbon
    • Glaser, B. & Knorr, K.-H. (2008) Isotopic evidence for condensed aromatics from non-pyrogenic sources in soils-implications for current methods for quantifying soil black carbon. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22: 935-42.
    • (2008) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry , vol.22 , pp. 935-942
    • Glaser, B.1    Knorr, K.-H.2
  • 26
    • 0032446924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers
    • Glaser, B., Haumaier, L., Guggenberger, G. & Zech, W. (1998) Black carbon in soils: the use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers. Organic Geochemistry 29: 811-19.
    • (1998) Organic Geochemistry , vol.29 , pp. 811-819
    • Glaser, B.1    Haumaier, L.2    Guggenberger, G.3    Zech, W.4
  • 27
    • 0036934355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-a review
    • Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. & Zech, W. (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35: 219-30.
    • (2002) Biology and Fertility of Soils , vol.35 , pp. 219-230
    • Glaser, B.1    Lehmann, J.2    Zech, W.3
  • 28
    • 20044391819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source apportionment of organic pollutants of a highway-traffic-influenced urban area in Bayreuth (Germany) using biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures
    • Glaser, B., Dreyer, A., Bock, M., Fiedler, S., Mehring, M. & Heitmann, T. (2005) Source apportionment of organic pollutants of a highway-traffic-influenced urban area in Bayreuth (Germany) using biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures. Environmental Science & Technology 39: 3911-17.
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 3911-3917
    • Glaser, B.1    Dreyer, A.2    Bock, M.3    Fiedler, S.4    Mehring, M.5    Heitmann, T.6
  • 29
    • 0003532314 scopus 로고
    • Black Carbon in the Environment: Properties and Distribution
    • John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
    • Goldberg, E.D. (1985) Black Carbon in the Environment: Properties and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
    • (1985)
    • Goldberg, E.D.1
  • 30
    • 0036089880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotopes in charcoal and soils in studies of paleovegetation and climate changes during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene in the southeast and centerwest regions of Brazil
    • Gouveia, S.E.M., Pessenda, L.C.R., Aravena, R., et al. (2002) Carbon isotopes in charcoal and soils in studies of paleovegetation and climate changes during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene in the southeast and centerwest regions of Brazil. Global and Planetary Changes 33: 95-106.
    • (2002) Global and Planetary Changes , vol.33 , pp. 95-106
    • Gouveia, S.E.M.1    Pessenda, L.C.R.2    Aravena, R.3
  • 32
    • 0035696274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments
    • Gustafsson, Ö., Bucheli, T.D., Kukulska, Z., et al. (2001) Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15: 881-90.
    • (2001) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.15 , pp. 881-890
    • Gustafsson, Ö.1    Bucheli, T.D.2    Kukulska, Z.3
  • 33
    • 33646789698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and characterisation of laboratory-charred grass straw (Oryza sativa) and chestnut wood (Castanea sativa) as reference materials for black carbon quantification
    • Hammes, K., Smernik, R.J., Skjemstad, J.O., Herzog, A., Vocht, U.F. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2006) Synthesis and characterisation of laboratory-charred grass straw (Oryza sativa) and chestnut wood (Castanea sativa) as reference materials for black carbon quantification. Organic Geochemistry 37: 1629-33.
    • (2006) Organic Geochemistry , vol.37 , pp. 1629-1633
    • Hammes, K.1    Smernik, R.J.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3    Herzog, A.4    Vocht, U.F.5    Schmidt, M.W.I.6
  • 34
    • 36749022108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere
    • doi: 10.1029/2006GB002914
    • Hammes, K., Schmidt, M.W.I., Smernik, R.J., et al. (2007) Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21: GB3016; doi: 10.1029/2006GB002914.
    • (2007) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.21
    • Hammes, K.1    Schmidt, M.W.I.2    Smernik, R.J.3
  • 35
    • 48049086519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation and evaluation of reference materials for black carbon analyses using elemental composition, colour, BET surface area and 13C NMR spectroscopy
    • Hammes, K., Skjemstad, J.O., Smernik, R. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2008) Characterisation and evaluation of reference materials for black carbon analyses using elemental composition, colour, BET surface area and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Applied Geochemistry 23: 2113-22.
    • (2008) Applied Geochemistry , vol.23 , pp. 2113-2122
    • Hammes, K.1    Skjemstad, J.O.2    Smernik, R.3    Schmidt, M.W.I.4
  • 36
    • 34548288551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments
    • Han, Y., Cao, Y., An Z., et al. (2007) Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments. Chemosphere 69: 526-33.
    • (2007) Chemosphere , vol.69 , pp. 526-533
    • Han, Y.1    Cao, Y.2    An, Z.3
  • 37
    • 53249143954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of black carbon in sediments and soils using multi-element scanning thermal analysis (MESTA)
    • Hsieh, Y.P. & Bugna, G.C. (2008) Analysis of black carbon in sediments and soils using multi-element scanning thermal analysis (MESTA). Organic Geochemistry 39: 1562-71.
    • (2008) Organic Geochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 1562-1571
    • Hsieh, Y.P.1    Bugna, G.C.2
  • 38
    • 33645776273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope measurements of carbon fractions (OE/EC) in airborne particulate: A new dimension for source characterization and apportionment
    • Huang, L., Brook, J.R., Zhang, W., et al. (2006) Stable isotope measurements of carbon fractions (OE/EC) in airborne particulate: A new dimension for source characterization and apportionment. Atmospheric Environment 40: 2690-705.
    • (2006) Atmospheric Environment , vol.40 , pp. 2690-2705
    • Huang, L.1    Brook, J.R.2    Zhang, W.3
  • 39
    • 10644224416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of organic and elemental carbon in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia from the NSF/NCAR C-130
    • doi: 10.1029/2004JD004700
    • Huebert, B.J., Bertram, T., Kline, J., Howell, S.G., Eatough, D. & Blomquist, B. (2004) Measurement of organic and elemental carbon in Asian outflow during ACE-Asia from the NSF/NCAR C-130. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D19S11; doi: 10.1029/2004JD004700.
    • (2004) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.109
    • Huebert, B.J.1    Bertram, T.2    Kline, J.3    Howell, S.G.4    Eatough, D.5    Blomquist, B.6
  • 40
    • 0036714511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot-like materials in the aqueous environment: mechanistic considerations
    • Jonker, M.T.O. & Koelmans, A.A. (2002) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot-like materials in the aqueous environment: mechanistic considerations. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 3725-34.
    • (2002) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 3725-3734
    • Jonker, M.T.O.1    Koelmans, A.A.2
  • 41
    • 44449151940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene fire history of black colluvial soils revealed by pyrolysis-GC/MS: a case study from Campo Lameiro (NW Spain)
    • Kaal, J., Cortizas, A.M., Eckmeier, E., Casais, M.C., Estévez, M.S. & Boado, F.C. (2008a) Holocene fire history of black colluvial soils revealed by pyrolysis-GC/MS: a case study from Campo Lameiro (NW Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2133-43.
    • (2008) Journal of Archaeological Science , vol.35 , pp. 2133-2143
    • Kaal, J.1    Cortizas, A.M.2    Eckmeier, E.3    Casais, M.C.4    Estévez, M.S.5    Boado, F.C.6
  • 42
    • 51249098266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of aged black carbon using pyrolysis-GC/MS, thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM), direct and crosspolarisation 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (DP/CP NMR) and the benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method
    • Kaal, J., Brodowski, S., Baldock, J.A., Nierop, K.G.J. & Cortizas, A.M. (2008b) Characterisation of aged black carbon using pyrolysis-GC/MS, thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM), direct and crosspolarisation 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (DP/CP NMR) and the benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method. Organic Geochemistry 39: 1415-26.
    • (2008) Organic Geochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 1415-1426
    • Kaal, J.1    Brodowski, S.2    Baldock, J.A.3    Nierop, K.G.J.4    Cortizas, A.M.5
  • 43
    • 67349207416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of aged charcoal using a coil probe pyrolysis-GC/MS method optimised for black carbon
    • Kaal, J., Martínez Cortizas, A. & Nierop, K.G.J. (2009) Characterisation of aged charcoal using a coil probe pyrolysis-GC/MS method optimised for black carbon. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85: 408-16.
    • (2009) Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , vol.85 , pp. 408-416
    • Kaal, J.1    Martínez Cortizas, A.2    Nierop, K.G.J.3
  • 44
    • 77956284090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographic controls on black carbon accumulation in Alaskan black spruce forest soils: implications for organic matter dynamics
    • Kane, E.S., Hockaday, W.C., Turetsky, M.R., et al. (2010) Topographic controls on black carbon accumulation in Alaskan black spruce forest soils: implications for organic matter dynamics. Biogeochemistry 100: 39-56.
    • (2010) Biogeochemistry , vol.100 , pp. 39-56
    • Kane, E.S.1    Hockaday, W.C.2    Turetsky, M.R.3
  • 46
    • 71549127713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of elemental carbon in lake sediments using a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method
    • Khan, A.J., Swami, K., Ahmed, T., Bari, A., Shareef, A. & Husain, L. (2009) Determination of elemental carbon in lake sediments using a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method. Atmospheric Environment 43: 5989-95.
    • (2009) Atmospheric Environment , vol.43 , pp. 5989-5995
    • Khan, A.J.1    Swami, K.2    Ahmed, T.3    Bari, A.4    Shareef, A.5    Husain, L.6
  • 47
    • 0028991602 scopus 로고
    • Method for determining black carbon in residues of vegetation fires
    • Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. (1995) Method for determining black carbon in residues of vegetation fires. Environmental Science and Technology 29: 2695-702.
    • (1995) Environmental Science and Technology , vol.29 , pp. 2695-2702
    • Kuhlbusch, T.A.J.1
  • 48
    • 51249085635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can levoglucosan be used to characterize and quantify char/charcoal black carbon in environmental media?
    • Kuo, L.-J., Herbert, B.E. & Louchouarn, P. (2008) Can levoglucosan be used to characterize and quantify char/charcoal black carbon in environmental media? Organic Geochemistry 39: 1466-78.
    • (2008) Organic Geochemistry , vol.39 , pp. 1466-1478
    • Kuo, L.-J.1    Herbert, B.E.2    Louchouarn, P.3
  • 49
    • 53749087372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle size characteristics of levoglucosan in ambient aerosols from rice straw burning
    • Lee, J., Engling, G., Lung, S.-C.C. & Lee, K.-Y. (2008) Particle size characteristics of levoglucosan in ambient aerosols from rice straw burning: Atmospheric Environment 42: 8300-8.
    • (2008) Atmospheric Environment , vol.42 , pp. 8300-8308
    • Lee, J.1    Engling, G.2    Lung, S.-C.C.3    Lee, K.-Y.4
  • 51
    • 60749132756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology
    • Earthscan Publishers Ltd
    • Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (eds) (2009) Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan Publishers Ltd.
    • (2009)
    • Lehmann, J.1    Joseph, S.2
  • 52
    • 0038581673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments
    • Lehmann, J., da Silva, J.P.Jr, Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W. & Glaser, B. (2003) Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil 249: 343-57.
    • (2003) Plant and Soil , vol.249 , pp. 343-357
    • Lehmann, J.1    Da Silva Jr., J.P.2    Steiner, C.3    Nehls, T.4    Zech, W.5    Glaser, B.6
  • 53
    • 33846020966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal stability of black carbon characterised by oxidative differential scanning calorimetry
    • Leifeld, J. (2007) Thermal stability of black carbon characterised by oxidative differential scanning calorimetry. Organic Geochemistry 38: 112-27.
    • (2007) Organic Geochemistry , vol.38 , pp. 112-127
    • Leifeld, J.1
  • 55
    • 0030465577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous-Tertiary clays
    • Lim, B. & Cachier, H. (1996) Determination of black carbon by chemical oxidation and thermal treatment in recent marine and lake sediments and Cretaceous-Tertiary clays. Chemical Geology 131: 143-54.
    • (1996) Chemical Geology , vol.131 , pp. 143-154
    • Lim, B.1    Cachier, H.2
  • 56
    • 12944271885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry to characterize modelable soil organic matter fractions
    • Lopez-Capel, E., Sohi, S.P., Gaunt, J.L. & Manning, D.A.C. (2005) Use of thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry to characterize modelable soil organic matter fractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69: 136-40.
    • (2005) Soil Science Society of America Journal , vol.69 , pp. 136-140
    • Lopez-Capel, E.1    Sohi, S.P.2    Gaunt, J.L.3    Manning, D.A.C.4
  • 57
    • 71849086798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in size fractions of aerosol Standard Reference Materials
    • Louchouarn, P., Kuo, L.-J., Wade, T. & Schantz, M.M. (2009) Determination of levoglucosan and its isomers in size fractions of aerosol Standard Reference Materials. Atmospheric Environment 43: 5630-6.
    • (2009) Atmospheric Environment , vol.43 , pp. 5630-5636
    • Louchouarn, P.1    Kuo, L.-J.2    Wade, T.3    Schantz, M.M.4
  • 58
    • 84925704213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test procedures for determining the quantity of biochar within soils
    • In Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (eds), Earthscan Publishers Ltd
    • Manning, D.A.C. & Lopez-Capel, E. (2009) Test procedures for determining the quantity of biochar within soils. In Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (eds), Biochar for Environmental Management-Science and Technology. Earthscan Publishers Ltd, pp. 301-15.
    • (2009) Biochar for Environmental Management-Science and Technology , pp. 301-315
    • Manning, D.A.C.1    Lopez-Capel, E.2
  • 59
    • 0032546815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in deep-sea sediments
    • Masiello, C.A. & Druffel, E.R.M. (1998) Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science 280: 1911-13.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1911-1913
    • Masiello, C.A.1    Druffel, E.R.M.2
  • 60
    • 70350569847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in the degree of aromatic condensation of chars
    • McBeath, A.V. & Smernik, R.J. (2009) Variation in the degree of aromatic condensation of chars. Organic Geochemistry 40: 1161-8.
    • (2009) Organic Geochemistry , vol.40 , pp. 1161-1168
    • McBeath, A.V.1    Smernik, R.J.2
  • 61
    • 0036591771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon from the Mississippi River: quantities, sources and potential implications for the global carbon cycle
    • Mitra, S., Bianchi, T.S., McKee, B.A. & Sutula, M. (2002) Black carbon from the Mississippi River: quantities, sources and potential implications for the global carbon cycle. Environmental Science & Technology 36: 2296-302.
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 2296-2302
    • Mitra, S.1    Bianchi, T.S.2    McKee, B.A.3    Sutula, M.4
  • 62
    • 1442291182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of thermal resistance as a measure of black carbon content in diesel soot, wood char, and sediment
    • Nguyen, T.H., Brown, R.A. & Ball, W.P. (2004) An evaluation of thermal resistance as a measure of black carbon content in diesel soot, wood char, and sediment. Organic Geochemistry 35: 217-34.
    • (2004) Organic Geochemistry , vol.35 , pp. 217-234
    • Nguyen, T.H.1    Brown, R.A.2    Ball, W.P.3
  • 63
    • 0021282644 scopus 로고
    • The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry
    • Novakov, T. (1984) The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. The Science of the Total Environment 36: 1-10.
    • (1984) The Science of the Total Environment , vol.36 , pp. 1-10
    • Novakov, T.1
  • 64
    • 33645124009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between PAH and black carbon contents in size fractions of Norwegian harbor sediments
    • Oen, A.M.P., Cornelissen, G. & Breedveld, G.D. (2006) Relation between PAH and black carbon contents in size fractions of Norwegian harbor sediments. Environmental Pollution 141: 370-80.
    • (2006) Environmental Pollution , vol.141 , pp. 370-380
    • Oen, A.M.P.1    Cornelissen, G.2    Breedveld, G.D.3
  • 65
    • 57849160618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification methods of black carbon: Comparison of Rock-Eval analysis with traditional methods
    • Poot, A., Quik, J.T.K., Veld, H. & Koelmans, A.A. (2009) Quantification methods of black carbon: Comparison of Rock-Eval analysis with traditional methods. Journal of Chromatography A 1216: 613-22.
    • (2009) Journal of Chromatography A , vol.1216 , pp. 613-622
    • Poot, A.1    Quik, J.T.K.2    Veld, H.3    Koelmans, A.A.4
  • 66
    • 33748847530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions
    • Preston, C.M. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2006) Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeoscience 3: 397-420.
    • (2006) Biogeoscience , vol.3 , pp. 397-420
    • Preston, C.M.1    Schmidt, M.W.I.2
  • 67
    • 44349192869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon
    • doi:10.1038/ngeo156
    • Ramanathan, V. & Carmicheal, G. (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience 1: 221-7; doi:10.1038/ngeo156.
    • (2008) Nature Geoscience , vol.1 , pp. 221-227
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Carmicheal, G.2
  • 68
    • 32044441673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture
    • Rumpel, C., Chaplot, V., Planchon, O., Bernadou, J., Valentin, C. & Mariotti, A. (2006) Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture. Catena 65: 30-40.
    • (2006) Catena , vol.65 , pp. 30-40
    • Rumpel, C.1    Chaplot, V.2    Planchon, O.3    Bernadou, J.4    Valentin, C.5    Mariotti, A.6
  • 69
    • 77950517339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the influence of black carbon on the distribution of PAHs in sediments from along the entire Swedish continental shelf
    • Sánchez-García, L., Cato, I. & Gustafsson, Ö. (2010) Evaluation of the influence of black carbon on the distribution of PAHs in sediments from along the entire Swedish continental shelf. Marine Chemistry 119: 44-51.
    • (2010) Marine Chemistry , vol.119 , pp. 44-51
    • Sánchez-García, L.1    Cato, I.2    Gustafsson, Ö.3
  • 70
    • 37349130239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical characterisation of fine particle emissions from wood stove combustion of common woods growing in mid-European Alpine regions
    • Schmidl, C., Marr, L.L., Caseiro, A., et al. (2008) Chemical characterisation of fine particle emissions from wood stove combustion of common woods growing in mid-European Alpine regions. Atmospheric Environment 42: 126-41.
    • (2008) Atmospheric Environment , vol.42 , pp. 126-141
    • Schmidl, C.1    Marr, L.L.2    Caseiro, A.3
  • 71
    • 0033761807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges
    • Schmidt, M.W.I. & Noack, A.G. (2000) Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14: 777-94.
    • (2000) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.14 , pp. 777-794
    • Schmidt, M.W.I.1    Noack, A.G.2
  • 72
    • 0038034417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning
    • doi: 10.1029/2002GB001939
    • Schmidt, M.W.I., Skjemstad, J.O. & Jäger, C. (2002) Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: 1123; doi: 10.1029/2002GB001939.
    • (2002) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.16 , pp. 1123
    • Schmidt, M.W.I.1    Skjemstad, J.O.2    Jäger, C.3
  • 73
    • 3242743513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Final recommendations for reference materials in black carbon analysis
    • Schmidt, M.W.I., Masiello, C.A. & Skjemstad, J.O. (2003) Final recommendations for reference materials in black carbon analysis. Eos 84: 582-3.
    • (2003) Eos , vol.84 , pp. 582-583
    • Schmidt, M.W.I.1    Masiello, C.A.2    Skjemstad, J.O.3
  • 74
    • 77956481206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) pattern of wood pyrolyzed between 200 °C and 1000°C
    • Schneider, M.P.W., Hilf, M., Vogt, U.F. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2010) The benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) pattern of wood pyrolyzed between 200 °C and 1000°C. Organic Geochemistry 41: 1082-8.
    • (2010) Organic Geochemistry , vol.41 , pp. 1082-1088
    • Schneider, M.P.W.1    Hilf, M.2    Vogt, U.F.3    Schmidt, M.W.I.4
  • 75
    • 79952623232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of gas with liquid chromatography for the determination of benzenepolycarboxylic acids as molecular tracers of black carbon
    • Schneider, M.P.W., Smittenberg, R.H., Dittmar, T. & Schmidt, M.W.I. (2011) Comparison of gas with liquid chromatography for the determination of benzenepolycarboxylic acids as molecular tracers of black carbon, Organic Geochemistry 42: 275-82.
    • (2011) Organic Geochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 275-282
    • Schneider, M.P.W.1    Smittenberg, R.H.2    Dittmar, T.3    Schmidt, M.W.I.4
  • 76
    • 3042786292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Simpson, M.J. & Hatcher, P.G. (2004) Determination of black carbon in natural organic matter by chemical oxidation and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Organic Geochemistry 358: 923-35.
    • (2004) Organic Geochemistry , vol.358 , pp. 923-935
    • Simpson, M.J.1    Hatcher, P.G.2
  • 77
    • 68049111513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organo-mineral interactions mask the true sorption potential of biochars in soils
    • Singh, N. & Kookana, R.S. (2009) Organo-mineral interactions mask the true sorption potential of biochars in soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 44: 214-19.
    • (2009) Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B , vol.44 , pp. 214-219
    • Singh, N.1    Kookana, R.S.2
  • 83
    • 72049103677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mineral dust and elemental black carbon records from an Alpine ice core (Colle Gnifetti glacier) over the last millennium
    • doi: 10.1029/2008JD011490
    • Thevenon, F., Anselmetti, F.S., Bernasconi, S.M. & Schwikowski, M. (2009) Mineral dust and elemental black carbon records from an Alpine ice core (Colle Gnifetti glacier) over the last millennium. Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (D17102): 1-11; doi: 10.1029/2008JD011490.
    • (2009) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.114 , Issue.D17102 , pp. 1-11
    • Thevenon, F.1    Anselmetti, F.S.2    Bernasconi, S.M.3    Schwikowski, M.4
  • 84
    • 77957266484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining charcoal and elemental black carbon analysis in sedimentary archives: Implications for past fire regimes, the pyrogenic carbon cycle, and the human climate interactions
    • Thevenon, F., Williamson, D., Bard, E., Anselmetti, F.S., Beaufort, L. & Cachier, H. (2010) Combining charcoal and elemental black carbon analysis in sedimentary archives: Implications for past fire regimes, the pyrogenic carbon cycle, and the human climate interactions. Global and Planetary Change 72: 381-9.
    • (2010) Global and Planetary Change , vol.72 , pp. 381-389
    • Thevenon, F.1    Williamson, D.2    Bard, E.3    Anselmetti, F.S.4    Beaufort, L.5    Cachier, H.6
  • 85
    • 77952097873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black carbon in urban topsoils of Xuzhou (China): environmental implications and magnetic proxy
    • Wang, X.S. (2010) Black carbon in urban topsoils of Xuzhou (China): environmental implications and magnetic proxy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 163: 41-7.
    • (2010) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.163 , pp. 41-47
    • Wang, X.S.1
  • 86
    • 30344446472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons
    • Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C. & Chen, L.-W.A. (2005) Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 5: 65-102.
    • (2005) Aerosol and Air Quality Research , vol.5 , pp. 65-102
    • Watson, J.G.1    Chow, J.C.2    Chen, L.-W.A.3
  • 87
    • 0024530466 scopus 로고
    • Elemental carbon in sediments: Determination and isotopic analysis in the presence of kerogen
    • Wolbach, W.S. & Anders, E. (1989) Elemental carbon in sediments: Determination and isotopic analysis in the presence of kerogen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53: 1637-47.
    • (1989) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.53 , pp. 1637-1647
    • Wolbach, W.S.1    Anders, E.2
  • 88
    • 35549009360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification and radiocarbon source apportionment of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols using the CTO-375 method
    • Zencak, Z., Elmquist, M. & Gustafsson, Ö. (2007) Quantification and radiocarbon source apportionment of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols using the CTO-375 method. Atmospheric Environment 41: 7895-906.
    • (2007) Atmospheric Environment , vol.41 , pp. 7895-7906
    • Zencak, Z.1    Elmquist, M.2    Gustafsson, Ö.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.