Social Identity Development and Children's Ethnic Attitudes in Australia

Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 313-338

  Nesdale, Drew ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Ethnic attitudes; Ethnic self identification; Intergroup divisions; Racial prejudice; Social identity development

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886330577     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118269930.ch13     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Aboud, F. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford : Blackwell.
2. Aboud, F. (1993). The developmental psychology of racial prejudice. Transcultural Psychiatric Review, 30, 229-242.
3. Aboud, F. (1993). The developmental psychology of racial prejudice. Transcultural Psychiatric Review, 30, 229-242.
4. Aboud, F., & Doyle, A. (1996b). Parental and peer influences on children's racial attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371-383.
5. Aboud, F. E., & Fenwick, V. (1999). Exploring and evaluating school-based interventions to reduce prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 767-786.
6. Aboud, F. E., & Levy, S. R. (2000). Interventions to reduce prejudice and discrimination in children and adolescents. In S. Oskamp (Ed.) Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 269-293). Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Aboud, F. E., & Mitchell, F. G. (1977). Ethnic role taking: The effects of preference and selfidentification. International Journal of Psychology, 12, 1-17.
8. Abrams, D., Rutland, A., & Cameron, L. (2004). The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant ingroup and outgroup individuals. Child Development, 74, 1840-1856.
9. Abrams, D., Rutland, A., Cameron L., & Marques, J. M. (2003). The development of subjective group dynamics: When ingroup bias gets specific. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 155-176.
10. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York : Harper and Row.
11. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA : Addison-Wesley.
12. Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Sikes, J., & Snapp, M. (1978). The jig-saw classroom. London : Sage.
13. Asher, S. R., & Allen, V. L. (1969). Racial preference and social comparison processes. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 157-167.
14. Augoustinos, M., & Rosewarne, D. L. (2001). Stereotype knowledge and prejudice in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 143-156.
15. Banks, W. C., & Rompf, W. J. (1973). Evaluative bias and preference behaviour in black and white children. Child Development, 44, 776-783.
16. Bartel, H. W., Bartel, N. R., & Grill, J. J. (1973). A sociometric view of some integrated open classrooms. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 159-173.
17. Bartel, H. W., Bartel, N. R., & Grill, J. J. (1973). A sociometric view of some integrated open classrooms. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 159-173.
18. Beswick, D. G., & Hills, M. D. (1969). An Australian ethnocentrism scale. Australian Journal of Psychology, 21, 211-225.
19. Beswick, D. G., & Hills, M. D. (1972). A survey of ethnocentrism in Australia. A ustralian Journal of Psychology, 24, 153-163.
20. Betts, K. (2001). Boatpeople and public opinion in Australia. People and Place, 9, 43-48.
21. Bigler, R. S. (1995). The role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children's gender stereotyping: A study of the functional use of gender in the classroom. Child Development, 66, 1072-1087.
22. Bigler, R. S., Jones, L. C., & Lobliner, D. B. (1997). Social categorisation and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530-543.
23. Birrell, R., & Birrell, T. (1981). An issue of people: Population and Australian society. Melbourne : Longman.
24. Black-Gutman, D., & Hickson, F. (1996). The relationship between racial attitudes and socialcognitive development in children: An Australian study. Developmental Psychology, 32, 448-456.
25. Boulton, M. (1995). Patterns of bully/victim problems in mixed race groups of children. Social Development, 4, 277-293.
26. Bowers, V., & Swanson, D. (1988). M ore than meets the eye. Vancouver : Pacific Educational Press.
27. Bryant, B.K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413-425.
28. Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice. Its social psychology. Oxford, England : Basil Blackwell.
29. Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Peer relationships. In M. Bornstein, L. Davidson, C. L. Keyes, & K. A. Moore, Well-being: Positive development across the life course (pp. 221-233). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
30. Cahill, D. (1996). Immigration and schooling in the 1990s. Canberra, ACT : AGPS.
31. Cahill, D., & Ewen, J. (1987). Ethnic youth: Their assets and aspirations. Canberra, ACT : AGPS.
32. Callan, V. J. (1983). Anglo-Australian attitudes towards immigrants: A review of survey evidence. International Migration Review, 17, 120-137.
33. Callan, V. J. (1986). Australian minority groups. Sydney : Harcourt.
34. Callan, V. J. (1986). Australian minority groups. Sydney : Harcourt.
35. Clark, M. (1969). A short history of Australia. London : Heinemann.
36. Corenblum, B., & Annis, R. C. (1987). Racial identity and preference in Native and White Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 19, 254-265.
37. Corenblum, B., & Annis, R. C. (1993). Development of racial identity in minority and majority children: An affect discrepancy model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 499-521.
38. Cramer, P., & Anderson, G. (2003). Ethnic/racial attitudes and self-identification of Black Jamaican and white New England children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 395-416.
39. Davey, A. (1983). Learning to be prejudiced. London : Edward Arnold.
40. Doyle, A. B., & Aboud, F. E. (1995). A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209-228.
41. Doyle, A. B., Beaudet, J., & Aboud, F. E. (1988). Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 3-18.
42. Durkin, K. (1995). Developmental social psychology: From infancy to old age. Oxford : Blackwell.
43. Callan, V. J. (1986). Australian minority groups. Sydney : Harcourt.
44. Feshbach, N. D., & Feshbach, S. (1998). Aggression in schools: Towards reducing ethnic conflict and enhancing ethnic understanding. In P. K. Trickett, & C. J. Schellenbach (Eds.), Violence against children in the family and the community (pp. 269-286). Washington DC : American Psychological Association.
45. Fishbein, H. D., & Imai, S. (1993). Preschoolers select playmates on the basis of gender and race. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 303-316.
46. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Anastosio, P.A., Bachman, B.A., & Rust, M.C. (1993). The common ingroup identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology Vol. 4 (pp. 1-26). Chichester : John Wiley.
47. George, D. M., & Hoppe, R. A. (1979). Racial identification, preference, and self-concept. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 10, 85-100.
48. Greenwald, A. D., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
49. Griffiths, J. (2006). The development of children's understanding of, and attitudes toward, their ethnicity. Unpublished manuscript, Griffith University.
50. Griffiths, J. (2006). The development of children's understanding of, and attitudes toward, their ethnicity. Unpublished manuscript, Griffith University.
51. Harris, R. M., & Smolicz, J. J. (1976). Anglo-Australian views of ethnics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 12, 148-151.
52. Ho, R. (1987). Immigrants and immigration: A survey of attitudes. Australian Psychologist, 22, 3-16.
53. Ho, R., Niles, S., Penny, R., & Thomas, A. (1994). Migrants and multiculturalism-A survey of attitudes in Darwin. Australian Psychologist, 29, 62-70.
54. Hraba, J., & Grant, G. (1970). Black is beautiful: A reexamination of racial preference and identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402.
55. Hughes, R. (1987). The fatal shore. London : Collins.
56. Griffiths, J. (2006). The development of children's understanding of, and attitudes toward, their ethnicity. Unpublished manuscript, Griffith University.
57. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1975). Learning together and alone. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall.
58. Jones, F. L. (1997). Ethnic diversity and national identity. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 33, 285-305.
59. Jupp, J. (1966). Arrivals and departures. Melbourne : Cheshire.
60. Kalantzis, M., & Cope, B. (1984). Head or heart? Strategies for combating racism. University of Wollongong, Wollongong.
61. Katz, P. A. (1976). The acquisition of racial attitudes in children. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 125-154). New York : Pergamon Press.
62. Katz, P. A., Sohn, M., & Zalk, S. R. (1975). Perceptual concomitants of racial attitudes in urban grade-school children. Developmental Psychology, 11, 135-144.
63. Katz. P. A., & Zalk, S. R. (1978). Modification of children's racial attitudes. Developmental Psychology, 11, 135-144.
64. Killen, M., Piscane, K., Lee-Kim, J., & Ardila-Rey, A. (2001). Fairness or stereotypes? Young children's priorities when evaluating group exclusion and inclusion. Developmental Psychology, 37, 587-596.
65. Klocker, N. (2004). Community antagonism towards asylum seekers in Port Augusta, South Australia. Australian Geographical Studies, 42, 1-17.
66. Kofkin, J. A., Katz, P. A. & Downey, E. P. (1995). Family discourse about race and the development of children's race attitudes. Paper presented at Society for Research in Child Development Meeting, Indianopolis.
67. Kowalski, K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic and racial attitudes in pre-school aged children. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 677-699.
68. Ladd, G. W., Herald, S. L., & Andrews, R. K. (2006). Young children's peer relations and social competence. In B. Spodek & O. N. Saracho (Eds.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (2nd ed.) (pp. 23-54). Mahwah, NJ : Laurence Erlbaum.
69. Larsen, K. (1981). White attitudes in Townsville: Authoritarianism, religiosity, and contact. Australian Psychologist, 16, 111-122.
70. Lovegrove, M., & Poole, M. (1975). Groping towards tolerance: The Australian experience. In G. Verma & C. Bagley (Eds.), Race and education across cultures. London : Heinemann.
71. Mak, A. S., & Nesdale, A. R. (2001). Migrant distress: The role of perceived racial discrimination and coping resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2632-2647.
72. Marsh, A. (1970). Awareness of racial differences in West African and British children. Race, 11, 289-302.
73. McAllister, I., & Moore, R. (1991). The development of ethnic prejudice: An analysis of Australian immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 14, 127-151.
74. McKenna, M. (1997). D ifferent perspectives on black armband history. (Research paper 5, pp. 1-16) Canberra: Australian Parliamentary Library.
75. Milner, D. (1973). Racial identification and preference in 'black' British children. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 281-295.
76. Milner, D. (1983). Children and race: Ten years on. London : Ward Lock Educational.
77. Milner, D. (1996). Children and Racism: Beyond the value of the dolls. In W. Peter Robinson, Social Groups and Identities. Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel. Butterworth Heinemann.
78. Nesdale, A. R. (1987). Ethnic stereotypes and children. Multicultural Australia Papers, March, 1- 8.
79. Nesdale, A. R. (2000). Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 501-519.
80. Nesdale, D. (1999). Social identity and ethnic prejudice in children. In P. Martin & W. Noble (Eds.), Psychology and society (pp. 92-110). Brisbane : Australian Academic Press.
81. Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds, (Eds.). Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57-72). London : Sage.
82. Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds, (Eds.). Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57-72). London : Sage.
83. Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds, (Eds.). Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57-72). London : Sage.
84. Nesdale, D., & Brown, K. (2004). Children's attitudes towards an atypical member of an ethnic ingroup. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 328-335.
85. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A & Griffiths, J. (2004). Group status, outgroup ethnicity, and children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 237-251.
86. Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice. Social Development, 14, 189-205.
87. Nesdale, D., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506-517.
88. Nesdale, D., Griffiths, J., Durkin, K., & Maass, A. (2005). Empathy, group norms and children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 623-637.
89. Nesdale, D., & Kokkoris, L. (2006). Effects of group norms, rejection sensitivity, prosocial moral reasoning, and outgroup ethnicity on children's ethnic attitudes. Unpublished manuscript, Griffith University.
90. Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Durkin, K., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Group norms, threat and children's ethnic prejudice. Child Development, 76, 1-12.
91. Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds, (Eds.). Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57-72). London : Sage.
92. Nesdale, D. (2001). Development of prejudice in children. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds, (Eds.). Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism. (pp. 57-72). London : Sage.
93. Nesdale, A. R., & Todd, T. (2000). Effect of contact on intercultural acceptance: A field study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 341-360.
94. Oeser, O. A. & Hammond, S. B. (1954). Social structure and personality in a city. London : Routledge.
95. Patchen, M. (1983). Student's own racial abilities and those of peers of both races, as related to interracial behaviour. Sociology and Social Research, 68, 59-77.
96. Pedersen, A., Attwell, J., & Heveli, D. (2005). Prediction of negative attitudes toward asylum seekers: False beliefs, nationalism, and self-esteem. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57, 148-160.
97. Pedersen, A., Beven, J., Walker, I., & Griffiths, B. (2005). Attitudes towards indigenous Australians: The role of empathy and guilt. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 14, 233-249.
98. Pedersen, A., Clarke, S., Dudgeon, P., & Griffiths, B. (2005). Attitudes towards indigenous Australians: The role of false beliefs and other social-psychological variables. Australian Psychologist, 40, 170-178.
99. Pedersen, A., Griffiths, B., Contos, N., Bishop, B., & Walker, I. (2000). Attitudes towards Aboriginal Australians in city and country settings. Australian Psychologist, 35, 109-117.
100. Pedersen, A., & Walker, I. (1997). Prejudice towards Australian Aborigines: Old-fashioned and modern forms. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 561-587.
101. Phillips, S. (1979). Young Australians: The attitudes of our children. Sydney : Harper. Ramsey, P. G. (1991). The salience of race in young children growing up in an all-white community. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 28-34.
102. Rice, A. S., Ruiz, R. A., & Padilla, A. M. (1974). Person perception, self-identify, and ethnic group preference in Anglo, Black and Chicano preschool and third grade children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5 (1), 100-108.
103. Richardson, A., & Taft, R. (1968). Australian attitudes towards immigrants: A review of social survey findings. International Migration Review, 2, 46-55.
104. Rosenfield, D., & Stephan, W. G. (1981). Intergroup relations among children. In S. S. Brehm & S. Kassin (Eds.), Developmental social psychology (pp. 221-297). Oxford.
105. Rubin, K., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships and groups. In W. Daemon (Series Ed.) and N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.3, Social emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 619-700). New York : Wiley.
106. Rubin, K., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships and groups. In W. Daemon (Series Ed.) and N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.3, Social emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 619-700). New York : Wiley.
107. Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A., & McGeorge, P. (2005). Social norms and self- presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development, 76, 451-466.
108. Rubin, K., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships and groups. In W. Daemon (Series Ed.) and N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol.3, Social emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 619-700). New York : Wiley.
109. Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S., Krome, S., Ludlow, C., & Ryan, M. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57, 170-179.
110. Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S., Krome, S., Ludlow, C., & Ryan, M. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57, 170-179.
111. Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C. M., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 559-576.
112. Stoller, A. (1966). New faces. Sydney : Cheshire.
113. Taft, R. (1978). Australian attitudes to immigrants. In Meredith Memorial Lectures. Australia's multicultural society. Melbourne : La Trobe University.
114. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorisation and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
115. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorisation and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
116. Teplin, L. A. (1976). A comparison of racial/ethnic preferences among Anglo, Black and Latino children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 702-709.
117. Theimer, C. E., Killen, M., & Stangor, C. (2001). Young children's evaluations of exclusion in gender-stereotypic peer contexts. Developmental Psychology, 37, 18-37.
118. Van Ausdale, D., & Feagin, J. R. (1996). Using racial and ethnic concepts: The critical case of very young children. American Sociological Review, 61, 779-793.
119. Vaughan, G. M. (1964). The development of ethnic attitudes in New Zealand school children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 70, 135-175.
120. Vaughan, G. M. (1987). A social psychological model of ethnic identity development. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialisation. London : Sage.
121. Vaughan, G. M. (1988). The psychology of intergroup discrimination. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-14.
122. Vaughan, G. M. (1988). The psychology of intergroup discrimination. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 17, 1-14.
123. Verkuyten, M., & Masson, K. (1995). "New Racism," Self esteem, and ethnic relations among minority and majority youth in the Netherlands. Social Behaviour and Personality, 23, 2, 137-154.
124. Walker, I. (1994). Attitudes to minorities: Survey evidence of Western Australians' attitudes to Aborigines, Asians, and women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 46, 137-143.
125. Weiland, A., & Coughlin, R. (1979). Self-identification and preferences. A comparison of white and Mexican-American first and third graders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 10, 356-365.
126. Weiner, M. J., & Wright, F. E. (1973). Effects of undergoing arbitrary discrimination upon subsequent attitudes toward a minority group. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3, 94-102.
127. Western, J. S. (1969). What white Australians think. Race, 10, 411-434.
128. Williams, J. E., Best, D. L., & Boswell, D. A. (1975). The measurement of children's racial attitudes in the early school years. Child Development, 46, 494-500.