Partially hydrolyzed guar gum dietary fiber

Fiber Ingredients: Food Applications and Health Benefits

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 79-120

  Kapoor, Mahendra P ^a   Juneja, Lekh R ^a  

^a TAIYO KAGAKU CO LTD   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; CHOLESTEROL; ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS; FATTY ACIDS; HEALTH;

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS; BLOOD CHOLESTEROL; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; PARTIAL FERMENTATIONS; PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED GUAR GUMS; SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS; SOLUBILITY IN WATERS; WEIGHT MANAGEMENT;

FIBERS;

EID: 84886295778     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Eastwood, M.A. and Passmore, R. (1984) ‘A new look at dietary fiber’ Nutr. Today, 19:6-11.
2. Heaton, K.W. (1983) ‘Dietary fiber in perspective’ Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr., 37C: 151-170.
3. Lupton, J.R. and Kurtz, P.P. (1993) ‘Relationship of colonic luminal short chain fatty acids and pH to in vivo cell producing rats’ J. Nutr., 123:1522-1530.
4. Asp, N.G. and Johansson, C.G. (1984) ‘Dietary fiber analysis’ Nutr. Abstr. Rev., 54:736-752.
5. Bosello, O., Cominacini, L., Zocca, I., Garbin, U., Ferrari, F. and Davoli, A. (1984) ‘Effects of guar gum on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins C-I and C-III in patients affected by familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 40:1165-1174.
6. Drasar, B.S. and Jenkins, D.J.A. (1976) ‘Bacteria, diet, large bowel cancer’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 29:1410-1416.
7. Jenkins, D.J.A., Leeds, A.R., Slavin, B., Mann, J. and Jepson, E.M. (1979) ‘Dietary fiber and blood lipids: reduction of serum cholesterol in type II hyperlipidemia by guar gum’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32:16-18.
8. Confectionary Technical Center, Inc. (1990) ‘Effective applications for functional ingredients in foods and beverages technical series: Sun Fiber: a product of the enzyme breakdown of guar gum’ Report No. 4: Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Bureau of Food Distribution.
9. Dikeman, C.L., Murphy, M.R. and Fahey-Jr., G.C. (2006) ‘Dietary fibers affect viscosity of solutions and simulated human gastric and small intestinal digesta’ J. Nutr., 136:913-919.
10. Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2002) ‘Dietary reference intakes: Energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, amino acids’ Prepublication copy: Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
11. Aro, A., Uusitupa, M., Voutilainen, E., Hersio, K., Korhonen, T. and Siitonen, O. (1981) ‘Improved diabetic control and hypocholesterolaemic effect induced by long-term dietary supplementation with guar gum in Type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes’ Diabetologia, 21:29-33.
12. Ellis, P.R., Dawoud, F.M., Morris, E.R. (1991) ‘Blood glucose, plasma insulin and sensory responses to guar-containing wheat breads: effects of molecular weight and particle size of guar gum’ Br. J. Nutr., 66:363-379.
13. Jarjis, H.A., Blackburn, N.A., Redfern, J.S. and Read, N.W. (1984) ‘The effect of ispaghula (Fybogel and Metamucil) and guar gum on glucose tolerance in man’ Br. J. Nutr., 51:371-378.
14. Jenkins, D.J.A., Leeds, A.R., Gassull, M.A., Cochet, B. and Alberti, G.M.M. (1977) ‘Decrease in postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations by guar and pectin’ Ann. Intern. Med. 86:20-23.
15. Morgan, L.M., Tredger, J.A., Madden, A., Kwasowski, P. and Marks, V. (1985) ‘The effect of guar gum on carbohydrate-, fat-and protein-stimulated gut hormone secretion: modification of postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide and gastrin responses’ Br. J. Nutr., 53:467-475.
16. Peterson, D.B., Ellis, P.R., Baylis, J.M., Fielden, P., Ajodhia, J., Leeds, A.R. and Jepson, E.M. (1987) ‘Low dose guar in a novel food product: improved metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes’ Diabetic Med., 4:111-115.
17. Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S., Taylor, R.H., Reynolds, D., Nuneham, R. and Hockadaym, T.D.R. (1980) ‘Diabetic glucose control, lipids, trace elements on long-term guar’ Br. Med. J., 280:1353-1354.
18. Smith, U. and Holm, G. (1982) ‘Effect of a modified guar gum preparation on glucose and lipid levels in diabetics and healthy volunteers’ Atherosclerosis, 45:1-10.
19. Blackburn, N.A., Redfern, J.S., Jarjis, H., Holgate, A.M., Hanning, I., Scarpello, J.H.B., Johnson, I.T. and Read. N.W. (1984) ‘The mechanism of action of guar gum in improving glucose tolerance in Man’ Clin. Sci. 66:329-336.
20. Ebeling, P., Yki-Jarvinen, H., Aro, A., Helve, E., Sinisalo, M. and Koivisto V.A. (1988) ‘Glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes: the effect of guar gum’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 48:98-103.
21. Uusitupa, M., Siitonen, O., Savolainen, K., Silvasti, M., Penttilä, I. and Parviainen, M. (1989) ‘Metabolic and nutritional effects of long-term use of guar gum in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes of poor metabolic control. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49:345-351.
22. Landin, K, Holm, G., Tengborn, L. and Smith, U. (1992) ‘Guar gum improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, blood pressure, fibrinolysis in healthy men’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56:1061-1065.
23. Vuorinen-Markkola, H., Sinisalo, M. and Koivisto, V.A. (1992) ‘Guar gum in insulin-dependent diabetes: effects on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56:1056-1060.
24. Gee, J.M., Blackburn, N.A. and Johnson, I.T. (1983) ‘The influence of guar gum on intestinal cholesterol transport in the rat’ Br. J. Nutr., 50:215-224.
25. Evans, A.J., Hood, R.L., Oakenfull, D.G. and Sidhu, G.S. (1992) ‘Relationship between structure and function of dietary fibre: a comparative study of the effects of three galactomannans on cholesterol metabolism in the rat’ Br. J. Nutr., 68:217-229.
26. Whistler, R.L. and Hymowitz, T. (1979) Guar: Agronomy, Production, Industrial Use and Nutrition. West Lafayette IN: Purdue Univ. Press.
27. Burdock, G.A. (1997) Encyclopedia of Food and Color Ddditives. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press.
28. Greenberg, N.A. and Sellman, D. (1998) ‘Partially hydrolyzed guar gum as a source of fiber’ Cereal Foods World, 43:703-707.
29. Daas, P.J.H., Schols, H.A. and de Jongh, H.H.J. (2000) ‘On the galactosyl distribution of commercial galactomannans’ Carbohydrate Res., 329:609-619.
30. McCleary, B.V. and Neukom, H. (1982) ‘Effect of enzymic modification on the solution and interaction properties of galactomannans’ Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 6:109-118.
31. Golay, A. (1992) ‘The effect of soluble fiber and fructose in enteral formula on glucose tolerance in diabetic patients’ Open Meeting (1992): University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
32. Golay, A., Schneider, H., Bloise, D., Vadas, L. and Assal, J. Ph. (1995) ‘The effect of a liquid supplement containing guar gum and fructose on glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients’ Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 5:141-148.
33. Blanchet, A. (2000) ‘Fiber supplementation in type 2 diabetes’ Today’s Dietitian, 6:35-37.
34. Tsuda, K., Inden, T., Yamanaka, K. and Ikeda, Y. (1998) ‘Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on elevation of blood glucose after sugar intake in human volunteers’ Jpn. J. Diet. Fib., 2:15-22.
35. Gu, Y., Yamashita, T., Suzuki, I., Juneja, L.R. and Yokawa, T. (2003) ‘Effect of enzyme hydrolyzed guar gum on the elevation of blood glucose levels after meal’ Med. Biol., 147:19-24.
36. Peters, A.L. and Davidson, M.B. (1996) ‘Addition of hydrolyzed guar to enteral feeding products in type I diabetic patients’ Diabetes Care, 19:899-900.
37. Alam, N.H. (1993) ‘Dietary fibers and their interferences with intestinal functions, especially absorption of macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat) and stool qualities’ Thesis: University of Basel.
38. Yamatoya, K., Sekiya, K., Yamada, H. and Ichikawa, T. (1993) ‘Effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on postprandial plasma glucose and lipid levels in humans’ J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., 46:199-203.
39. Jenkins, D.J.A., Wolever, T.M.S., Leeds, A.R., Gassull, M.A., Haisman, P., Dilawari, J., Goff, D.V., Metz G.L. and Alberti K.G.M.M. (1978) ‘Dietary fiber, fiber analogues and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity’ Br. Med. J., 1:1392-1394.
40. Morgan, L.M., Goulder, T.J. and Tsiolakis, D. (1979) ‘The effect of unadsorbable carbohydrate on gut hormones’ Diabetologia, 17:85-89.
41. Kay, R.M. (1982) ‘Dietary fiber’ J. Lipid Res., 23:221-242.
42. Takeno, F., Yamada, H., Sekiya, K., Fujitani, B. and Ohtsu, K. (1990) ‘Effect of partially decomposed guar gum on high-cholesterol-fed rats and non-dietary fiber-fed rats’ J. Jpn. Nutr. Food Sci., 43:421-425.
43. Yamada, K., Tokunaga, Y., Ikeda, A., Ohkura, K.I., Mamiya, S., Kaku, S., Sugano, M. and Tachibana, H. (1999) ‘Dietary effect of guar gum and its partially hydrolyzed product on the lipid metabolism and immune function of Sprague-Dawley rats’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63:2163-2167.
44. Ide, T., Moriuchi, H. and Nihimoto, K. (1991) ‘Hypolipidemic effects of guar gum and its enzyme hydrolysate in rats fed highly saturated fat diets’ Ann. Nutr. Metab., 35:34-44.
45. Suzuki, T. and Hara, H. (2004) ‘Ingestion of guar gum hydrolysate, a soluble and fermentable nondigestible saccharide, improves glucose intolerance and prevents hypertriglyceridemia in rats fed fructose’ J. Nutr., 134:1942-1947.
46. Favier, M.L., Bost, P.E., Guittard, C., Demigne, C. and Remesy, C. (1997) ‘The cholesterol-lowering effect of guar gum is not the result of a simple diversion of bile acids toward fecal excretion’ Lipids, 32:953-959.
47. Takahashi, H., Yang, S.I., Hayashi, C., Kim, M., Yamanaka, J. and Yamamoto, T. (1993) ‘Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on fecal output in human volunteers’ Nutr. Res., 13:649-657.
48. Yamatoya, K., Kuwano, K. and Suzuki, J. (1997) ‘Effects of hydrolyzed guar gum on cholesterol and glucose in humans’ Food Hydrocolloids, 11:239-242.
49. Alam, N.H., Meier, R., Sarker, S.A., Bardhan, P.K., Schneider, H. and Gyr, N. (2005) ‘Partially hydrolysed guar gum supplemented comminuted chicken diet in persistent diarrhoea: a randomized controlled trial’ Arch. Dis. Child, 90:195-199.
50. Seim, H.C., Holtmeier, K.A., Love, T. and Mitchell, J.E. (1993) ‘Cholesterol lowering effect of hydrolyzed guar gum’ Unpublished thesis: University of Minnesota.
51. Blake, D.E., Hamblett, C.J., Frost, P.G., Judd, P.A. and Ellis, P.R. (1997) ‘Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:107-113.
52. Kondo, S., Xiao, J.Z., Takahashi, N., Miyaji, K., Iwatsuki, K. and Kokubo, S. (2004) Suppressive effects of dietary fiber in yogurt on the postprandial serum lipid levels in healthy adult male volunteers’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68:1135-1138.
53. Bliss, D.Z., Guenter, P.A. and Settle, R.G. (1992) ‘Defining and reporting diarrhea in tube fed patients: what a mess’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55:753-759.
54. Roediger, W.E. and Moore, A. (1981) ‘Effect of short-chain fatty acid on sodium absorption in insolated human colon perfused through the vascular bed’ Dig. Dis. Sci., 26:100-106.
55. Ruppin, H., Bar-Meir, S., Soergel, K.H., Woo, C.H. and Schmitt, M.G. Jr. (1980) ‘Absorption of short-chain fatty acids by the colon’ Gastroenterology, 78:1500-1507.
56. Ramakrishna, B.S. and Mathan, V.I. (1993) ‘Colonic dysfunction in acute diarrhea: the role of luminal short chain fatty acids’ Gut, 34:1215-1218.
57. Rabbani, G.H., Fuchs, G.J. and Teka, T. (1998) ‘Beneficial effects of pectin and raw banana in the dietary management of persistent diarrhea in children’ Gastroenterology, 114:A407.
58. Nakao, M., Ogura, Y., Satake, S., Ito, I., Iguchi, A., Takagi, K. and Nabeshima, T. (2002) ‘Usefulness of soluble dietary fiber for the treatment of diarrhea during enteral nutrition in elderly patients’ Nutr., 18:35-39.
59. Meier, E.L., Beglinger, C., Schneider, H., Rowedder, A. and Gyr, K. (1993) ‘Effect of a liquid diet with and without soluble fiber supplementation on intestinal transit and cholecystokinin release in volunteers. J. Parenter Enteral Nutr., 17:231-235.
60. Mijan de la Torre, A. and de Mateo Silleras, B. (2003) ‘The use of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG)-containing formulas in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)’ Rivista Italiana di Nutrizione Parenterale ed Enterale, 21:105-111.
61. Lampe, J.W., Effertz, M.E., Larson, J.L. and Slavin, J.L. (1992) ‘Gastrointestinal effects of modified guar gum and soy polysaccharide as part of an enteral formula diet’ J. Parenter Enteral Nutr., 16:538-544.
62. Takahashi, H., Wako, N., Okudo, T., Ishihara, N., Yamanaka, J. and Yamamoto, T. (1994) ‘Influence of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on constipation in women’ J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 40:251-259.
63. Yamatoya, K., Kuwano, K., Suzuki, J., Mitamura, T. and Sekiya, K. (1995) ‘Effect of hydrolyzed guar gum on frequency and feeling of defecation in humans’ J. Appl. Glycosci., 42:251-257.
64. Homann, H.H., Kemen, M., Fuessenich, C., Senkal, M. and Zumtobel, V. (1994) ‘Reduction in diarrhea incidence by soluble fiber in patients receiving total or supplemental enteral nutrition’ J. Parenter Enteral Nutr., 18:486-490.
65. Patrick, P.G., Gohman, S.M., Marx, S.C., DeLegge, M.H. and Greenberg, N.A. (1998) ‘Effect of supplements of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the occurrence of constipation and use of laxative agents’ J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 98:912-914.
66. Fussell, S.T., Garmhausen, I. and Koruda, M.J. (1996) ‘The influence of guar gum on diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients’ J. Parenter Enteral Nutr. 20:26S.
67. Homann, H.H., Senkal, M., Lehnhardt, M. and Druecke, D. (2003) ‘The effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) added to enteral nutrition in medical and surgical patients’ Revista Italiana di Nutrizione Parenterale ed Enterale, 21:78-81.
68. Rushdi, T.A., Pichard, C. and Khater, Y.H. (2004) ‘Control of diarrhea by fiberenriched diet in ICU patients on enteral nutrition: a prospective randomized controlled trial’ Clin. Nutr., 23:1344-1352.
69. Spapen, H., Diltoer, M., Van Malderen, C., Opdenacker, G., Suys, E. and Huyghens, L. (2001) ‘Soluble fiber reduces the incidence of diarrhea in septic patients receiving total enteral nutrition: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial’ Clin. Nutr., 20:301-305.
70. Alam, N.H., Meier, R., Schneider, H., Sarker, S.A., Bardhan, P.K., Mahalanabis, D., Fuchs, G.J. and Gyr, N. (2000) ‘Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: supplemented oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children’ J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 31:503-507.
71. Salyers, A.A., West, S.H.E., Vercellotti, J.R. and Wilkins, T.D. (1977) ‘Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon’ Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 34:529-533.
72. Goldin, B.R. and Gorbach, S.L. (1976) ‘The relationship between diet and rat fecal bacterial enzymes implicated in colon cancer’ J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 57:371-375.
73. Hood, S.K. and Zottola, E.A. (1988) ‘Effect of low pH on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to survive and adhere to human intestinal cells’ J. Food Sci., 53:1514-1516.
74. Alam, N.H., Meier, R., Rausch, T., Meyer-Wyss, B., Hildebrand, P., Schneider, H., Bachmann, C., Minder, E., Fowler, B. and Gyr, N. (1998) ‘Effects of a partially hydrolyzed guar gum on intestinal absorption of carbohydrate, protein and fat: a double-blind controlled study in volunteers’ Clin. Nutr., 17:125-129.
75. Velazquez, M., Davies, C., Marett, R., Slavin, J.L. and Feirtag, J.M. (2000) ‘Effect of oligosaccharides and fibre substitutes on short-chain fatty acid production by human faecal microflora’ Anaerobe, 6:87-92.
76. Pylkas, A.M., Juneja, L.R. and Slavin, J.L. (2005) ‘Comparison of different fibers for in vitro production of short chain fatty acids by intestinal microflora’ J. Med. Food, 8:113-116.
77. Okubo, T., Ishihara, N., Takahashi, H., Fujisawa, T., Kim, M., Yamamoto, T. and Misuoka, T. (1994) ‘Effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum intake on human intestinal microflora and its metabolism’ Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 58:1364-1369.
78. Tuohy, K.M., Kolida, S., Lustenberger, A.M. and Gibson, G.R. (2001) ‘The prebiotic effects of biscuits containing partially hydrolysed guar gum and fructooligosaccharides: a human volunteer study’ Br. J. Nutr. 86:341-348.
79. Takahashi, H., Akachi, S., Ueda, Y., Kim, M., Hirano, K. and Yamamoto, T. (1995) ‘Effect of liquid diets with or without partially hydrolyzed guar gum on intestinal microbial flora and function of rats’ Nutr. Res., 15:527-536.
80. Rastall, B. and Gibson, G. (2006) Prebiotics: Development and Application. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
81. Miller-Fosmore, C.M., Holt, S.M. and Cote, G.L. (2002) ‘Utilization of oligosaccharides by colonic bacteria’ Illinois State Academy of Science 95(Supplement): 93.
82. Salminen, S. (2004) Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiological and Function Aspects, 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.
83. Giannini, E.G., Mansi, C., Dulbecco, P. and Savarino, V. (2006) ‘Role of partially hydrolyzed guar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome’ Nutr. 22:334-342.
84. Uneddu, A. (2005) ‘Diet therapy in constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (C-IBS): comparison between Sardinian brown bread and soluble non-gelling fibre (PHGG) dietary supplementation’ Eur. Bull. Drug Res., 13:1-6.
85. Giaccari, S., Grasso, G., Tronci, S., Allegretta, L., Sponziello, G., Montefusco, A., Siciliano, J.G., Guarisco, R., Candiani, C. and Chiri, S. (2001) ‘Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: fiber added to treat irritable bowel syndrome’ Clinica Terapeutica, 152:21-25.
86. Parisi, G.C., Zilli, M., Miani, M.P., Carrara, M., Bottona, E., Verdianelli, G., Battaglia, G., Desideri, S., Faedo, A., Marzolino, C., Tonon, A., Ermani, M. and Leandro, G. (2002) ‘High-fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)’ Digest Dis. Sci. 47:1697-1704.
87. Parisi, G.C., Bottona, E., Carrara, M., Cardin, F., Faedo, A., Goldin, D., Marino, M., Pantalena, M., Tafner, G., Verdianelli, G., Zilli, M. and Leandro, G. (2005) ‘Treatment effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on symptoms and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter randomized open trial’ Digest Dis. Sci., 50:1107-1112.
88. Van Nieuwenhoven, A.M., Eva Kovacs, M.R., Brummer, R.J.M., Plantenga, M.S.W. and Brouns, F. (2001) ‘The effect of different dosages of guar gum on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit of a consumed semisolid meal’ J. Am. College Nutr., 20:87-91.
89. Rose, K.E., Ishihara, N., Irimescu R. and Juneja, L.R. (2006) ‘Glycemic response, glycemic index and soluble fiber: Comparative effect of partially hydrolysed guar gum (Sunfiber) and other soluble fibers on glycemic response’ Ingredients, Health and Nutrition, 6-9.
90. Trinidad, T., Perez, E., Loyola, A., Mallillin, A., Encabo, R., Yokawa, T., Aoyama, N. and Juneja, L.R. (2004) ‘Glycemic index of sunfiber (cyamoposis tetragonolobus) product in normal and diabetic subjects’ Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 39:1093-1098.
91. Calvert, R., Schneeman, B.O., Satchithanandam, S., Cassidy, M.M. and Vahouny, G.V. (1985) ‘Dietary fiber and intestinal adaptation: effects on intestinal and pancreatic digestive enzyme activities’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 41:1249-1256.
92. Poksay, K.S. and Schneeman, B.O. (1983) ‘Pancreatic and intestinal response to dietary guar gum in rats’ J. Nutr., 113:1544-1549.
93. Shah, N., Mahoney, R.R. and Pellett, P.L. (1986) ‘Effect of guar gum, lignin and pectin on proteolytic enzyme levels in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat: a time-based study’ J. Nutr., 116:786-794.
94. Shah, N., Mahoney, R.R. and Pellett, P.L. (1987) ‘Effect of guar gum, pectin and lignin on proteolytic zymogens in the pancreas of the rat’ Nutr. Rep. Int., 36:223-228.
95. Ikegami, S., Tsuchihashi, F., Harada, H., Tsuchihashi, N., Nishide, E. and Innami, S. (1990) ‘Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreaticbiliary secretion and digestive organs in rats’ J. Nutr., 120:353-360.
96. Graham, S.L., Arnold, A., Kasza, L., Ruffin, G.E., Jackson, R.C., Watkins, T.L. and Graham, C.H. (1981) ‘Subchronic effects of guar gum in rats’ Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 9:287-290.
97. Takahashi, H., Yang, S.I., Kim, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1994) ‘Protein and energy utilization of growing rats fed on the diets containing intact or partially hydrolyzed guar gum’ Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 107A:255-260.
98. Heini, A.F., Lara-Castro, C., Schneider, H., Kirk, K.A., Considine, R.V. and Weinsier, R.L. (1998) ‘Effect of hydrolyzed guar fiber on fasting and postprandial satiety and satiety hormones: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial during controlled weight loss’ Int. J. Obesity, 22:906-909.
99. Minekus, M., Jelier, M., Xiao, J.Z., Kondo, S., Iwatsuki, K., Kokubo, S., Bos, M., Dunnewind, B. and Havenaar, R. (2005) ‘Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on the bioaccessibility of fat and cholesterol’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69:932-938.
100. Yamada, K., Tokunaga, Y., Ikeda, A., Ohkura, K. I., Kaku-Ohkura, S., Mamiya, S., Lim, B.O. and Tachibana, H. (2003) ‘Effect of dietary fiber on the lipid metabolism and immune function of aged Sprague-Dawley rats’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67:429-433.
101. Naito, Y., Takagi, T., Katada, K., Uchiyama, K., Kuroda, M., Kokura, S., Ichikawa, H., Watabe, J., Yoshida, N., Okanoue, T. and Yoshikawa, T. (2006) ‘Partially hydrolyzed guar gum down-regulates colonic inflammatory response in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice’ J. Nutr. Biochem., 17:402-409.
102. Kelsay, J.L., Behall, K.M and Prather, E.S. (1979) ‘Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32:1876-1880.
103. Oku, T., Konishi, F. and Hosoya, N. (1982) ‘Mechanism of inhibitory effect of unavailable carbohydrate on the intestinal calcium absorption’ J. Nutr., 112:410-415.
104. Hara, H., Nagata, M., Ohta, A. and Kasae, T. (1996) ‘Increases in calcium absorption with ingestion of soluble dietary fibre, guar-gum hydrolysate, depend on the caecum in partially nephrectomized and normal rats’ Br. J. Nutr., 76:773-784.
105. Palacio, J.C. and Rombeau, J.L. (1990) ‘Dietary fiber: a brief review and potential application to enteral nutrition’ Nutr. Clin. Pract., 5:99-106.
106. Watanabe, O., Hara, H. and Kasai, T. (2000) ‘Effect of a phosphorylated guar gum hydrolysate on increased calcium solubilization and the promotion of calcium absorption in rats’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64:160-166.
107. Watanabe, O., Hara, H., Aoyama, Y. and Kasai, T. (2000) ‘Increased intestinal calcium absorption from the ingestion of a phosphorylated guar gum hydrolysate independent of cecal fermentation in rats’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64:613-616.
108. Watanabe, O., Hara, H., Aoyama, Y. and Kasai, T. (2001) ‘Improving effect of feeding with a phosphorylated guar gum hydrolysate on calcium absorption impaired by ovariectomy in rats’ Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 65:613-618.
109. Hara, H, Suzuki, T., Kasai, T., Aoyama, Y. and Ohta, A. (1999). Ingestion of guargum hydrolysate partially restores calcium absorption in the large intestine lowered by suppression of gastric acid secretion in rats’ Br. J. Nutr., 81:315-321.
110. Hara, H., Suzuki, T., Kasai, T., Aoyama, Y. and Ohta. A. (1999) ‘Ingestion of guar gum hydrolysate, a soluble fiber, increases calcium absorption in totally gastrectomized rats’ J. Nutr., 129:39-45.
111. Gulliford, M.C., Pover, G.G., Bicknell, E.J. and Scarpello, J.H.B. (1988) ‘Guar delays intestinal calcium absorption in man’ Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 42:451-454.
112. Conrad, M.E. (1987) Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd edition, Johnson, LR, Ed. Raven Press. 1437-1453.
113. Takahashi, H., Yang, S.I., Ueda, Y., Kim, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1994) ‘Influence of intact and partially hydrolysed guar gum on iron utilization in rats fed on iron-deficient diets’ Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 109A:75-82.
114. De Cassia Freitas, K., Amancio, O.M., Ferreira, N.N., Fagundes, N.U. and de Morais M.B. (2006) ‘Partially hydrolyzed guar gum increases intestinal absorption of iron in growing rats with iron deficiency anemia’ Clin. Nutr., 25:851-858.
115. Van der Aar, P.J., Fahey, G.C. Jr., Ricke, S.C., Allen, S.C. and Berger, L.L. (1983) ‘Effects of dietary fibers on mineral status of chicks’ J. Nutr., 113:653-661.
116. Fernandez, R. and Phillips, S.F. (1982) ‘Components of fiber impaired iron absorption in the dog’ Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 35:107-112.
117. Hara, H., Konishi, A. and Kasai, T. (2000) ‘Contribution of the cecum and colon to zinc absorption in rats’ J. Nutr., 130:83-89.
118. Muto, Y. (1990) Digestion and Absorption. Daiichi Shuppan Co. Ltd., Tokyo. 185-187.
119. Takahashi, H., Yang, S.I., Fujiki, M., Kim, M., Yamamoto, T. and Greenberg, N.A. (1994) ‘Toxicity studies of partially hydrolyzed guar gum’ J. Amer. Coll. Toxicol., 13:273-278.
120. Trepel, F. (2004) ‘Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses’ Wien. Klin.Wochenschr, 116: 511-522.
121. Ishihara, N., Chu, D.C., Akachi, S. and Juneja, L.R. (2000) ‘Preventive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on infection of Salmonella enteritidis in young and laying hens’ Poultry Sci., 79:689-697.
122. Okazaki, H., Nishimune, T. and Senga, T. (1999) ‘Improvement in defecation by a beverage containing partially hydrolyzed guar gum’ J. Nutr. Food, 2:1-8.
123. Bailey, D.E., Morgareidge, K. and Collins, T.X. (1976) ‘Comparative acute oral toxicity of twelve food grade gums in the mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit’ Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 37:143.
124. Koujitani, T., Oishi, H., Kubo, Y., Maeda, T., Sektya, K., Yasuba, M., Matsuoka, N., Nishimura, K. (1997) ‘Absence of detectable toxicity in rats fed partially hydrolyzed guar gum (K-13) for 13 weeks’ Int. J. Toxicol., 16:611-623.
125. Aruga, F. (1990) ‘Reverse mutation study on Sunfiber using bacteria’ Unpublished final report: Nihon Bioresearch Center, Inc.
126. Spaeth, C., Berg, R.D., Specian, R.D. and Deitch, E.A. (1990) ‘Food without fiber promotes bacterial translocation from the gut’ Surgery, 108:240-247.
127. Wells, C.L. (1991) ‘Effect of Impact (with and without guar/soy supplementation) and Compleat on the composition of the intestinal flora, on ileal histology, on the translocation of intestinal bacteria’ Letter to: Sandoz Nutrition Corporation (16 May 1991).
128. Wells, C.L., Barton, R.G., Jechorek, W.P., Gillingham, K.J. and Cerra F.B. (1992) ‘Effect of fiber supplementation of liquid diet on cecal bacteria and bacterial translocation in mice’ Nutr., 8:266-271.
129. Weaver, G.Y., Tangel, C.T., Krause, J.A., Alpern, H.D., Jenkins, P.L., Parfitt, M.M. and Stragand, J.J. (1996) ‘Dietary guar gum alters colonic microbial fermentation in azoxymethane-treated rats’ J. Nutr., 126:1979-1991.
130. Cihan, A., Oguz, M., Acun, Z., Ucan, B.H., Armutcu, F., Gurel, A. and Ulukent, S.C. (2004) ‘Comparison of early postoperative enteral nutrients versus chow on colonic anastomotic healing in normal animals’ Eur. Surg. Res. 36:112-115.
131. Okamoto, T. (1990) Effective Applications for Functional Ingredients in Food and Beverages: Sunfiber. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries-Bureau of Food Distribution, Confectionary Technical Center Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
132. Angeles, R.M. (1995) ‘Letter: From Food and Drug Administration’ (23 May 1995).
133. Rulis, A.M. (1995) Federal Register 60: 36151 (13 July 1995).