Trait Personality Models of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Grandiose Narcissism, and Vulnerable Narcissism

The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 71-88

  Miller, Joshua D ^a   Maples, Jessica ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Grandiose narcissismVulnerable narcissismNarcissistic personality disorderFive Factor ModelTraits

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886008854     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch7     Document Type: Chapter

References (98)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450.
4. Bagby, R. M., Marshall, M. B., & Georgiades, S. (2005). Dimensional personality traits and the prediction of DSM-IV personality disorder symptom counts in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 53-67.
5. Bagge, C. L., & Trull, T. J. (2003). DAPP-BQ: factor structure and relations to personality disorder symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 19-32.
6. Ball, S. A., Tennen, H., Poling, J. C., Kranzler, H. R., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1997). Personality, temperament, and character dimensions and the DSM-IV personality disorders in substance abusers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 545-553.
7. Battaglia, M., Przybeck, T. R., Bellodi, L., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Temperament dimensions explain the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 292-298.
8. Bayon, C., Hill, K., Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Dimensional assessment of personality in an outpatient sample: relations of the systems of Millon and Cloninger. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 341-352.
9. Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Estimating facets of psychopathy from normal personality traits: A step toward community epidemiological investigations. Assessment, 12, 3-18.
10. Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350.
11. Borkenau, P., & Zaltauskas, K. (2009). Effects of selfenhancement on agreement on personality profiles. European Journal of Personality, 23, 107-123.
12. Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1415-1439.
13. Bradlee, P. M., & Emmons, R. A. (1992). Locating narcissism within the interpersonal circumplex and the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 821-830.
14. Brunell, A. B., Gentry, W. A., Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Kuhnert, K. W., & DeMarree, K. G. (2008). Leader emergence: The case of the narcissistic leader. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1663-1676.
15. Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/ personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 638-656.
16. Casey, J. E., & Joyce, P. R. (2007). Personality disorder and the temperament and character inventory in the elderly. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 302-308.
17. Church, A. T. (1994). Relating the tellegen and fivefactor models of personality structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 898-899.
18. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
19. Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-588.
20. Cloninger, C. R. (2000). A practical way to diagnosis personality disorder: A proposal. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 99-108.
21. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975-990.
22. Conrad, R., Schilling, G., Bausch, C., Nadstawek, J., Wartenberg, H. C., Wegener, I., . . . Liedtke, R. (2007). Temperament and character personality profiles and personality disorders in chronic pain patients. Pain, 133, 197-209.
23. Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 593-600.
24. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Lutz, FL: PAR.
25. Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (2002). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
26. De Fruyt, F., De Clercq, B. J., van de Wiele, L., & Van Heeringen, K. (2006). The validity of Cloninger's psychobiological model versus the five-factor model to predict DSM-IV personality disorders in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample: Domain facet and residualized facet descriptions. Journal of Personality, 74, 479-510.
27. De la Rie, S. M., Duijsens, I. J., & Cloninger, C. R. (1998). Temperament, character, and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 362-372.
28. Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 188-207.
29. Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995). Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632-643.
30. Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Bachorowski, J., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385-392.
31. Donnellan, M. B., Conger, R. D., & Burzette, B. G. (2005). Criterion-related validity, self-other agreement, and longitudinal analyses for the Iowa personality questionnaire: A short alternative to the MPQ. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 458-485.
32. Egan, V., & McCorkindale, C. (2007). Narcissism, vanity, personality and mating effort. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2105-2115.
33. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York, NY: Plenum.
34. Fossati, A., Barratt, E. S., Borroni, S., Villa, D., Grazioli, F., & Maffei, C. (2007). Impulsivity, aggressiveness, and DSM-IV personality disorders. Psychiatry Research, 149, 157-167.
35. Fossati, A., Beauchaine, T. P., Grazioli, F., Carretta, I., Cortinovis, F., & Maffei, C. (2005). A latent structure analysis of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, narcissistic personality disorder criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 361-367.
36. Foster, J. D., & Trimm, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach-avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1004-1017.
37. Gaughan, E. T., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2010). Examining the utility of general models of personality in the study of psychopathy: Comparing the HEXACO-PI-R and NEO PI-R. Manuscript under review.
38. Gillespie, N. A., Cloninger, C. R., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2003). The genetic and environmental relationship between Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1931-1946.
39. Goldberg, R. G. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler (Ed.),Review of personality and social psychology, (Vol. 2, pp. 141-165). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40. Goldman, R. G., Skodol, A. E., McGrath, P. J., & Oldham, J. M. (1994). Relationship between the tridimensional personality questionnaire and DSM-III-R personality traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 274-276.
41. Griego, J., Stewart, S. E., & Coolidge, F. L. (1999). A convergent validity study of Cloninger's temperament and character inventory with the Coolidge axis II inventory. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 256-267.
42. Gutierrez, F., Sangorrin, J., Martin-Santos, R., Torres, X., & Torrens, M. (2002). Measuring the core features of personality disorders in substance abusers using the temperament and character inventory (TCI). Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 344-359.
43. Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's narcism scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
44. Hyler, S. E. (1994). PDQ-4+ personality questionnaire. New York, NY: NYSPI.
45. Jakobwitz, S., & Egan V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 331-339.
46. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory-Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
47. Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. D., & Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The dark triad: Facilitating a shortterm mating strategy in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5-18.
48. Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 762-776.
49. Kubarych, T. S., Deary, I. J., & Austin, E. J. (2004). The narcissistic personality inventory: Factor structure in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 857-872.
50. Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism in the five-factor model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571-1582.
51. Livesley, W. J. (2006). The dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP) approach to personality disorder. In S. Strack (Ed), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (2nd ed., pp. 401-425). New York, NY: Springer.
52. Livesley, W., Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941-948.
53. Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the fivefactor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401-412.
54. Marcus, B., Machilek, F., & Schutz, A. (2006). Personality in cyberspace: Personal websites as media for personality and impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 1014-1031.
55. Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139-157.
56. Maruta, T., Yamata, E., Iimori, M., Kato, M., & Livesley, W. J. (2006). Factor structure of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology-Basic questionnaire and its relationship with the revised NEO personality inventory in a Japanese sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 528-533.
57. Miller, J. D., Bagby, R. M., Pilkonis, P. A., Reynolds, S. K., & Lynam, D. R. (2005). A simplified technique for scoring the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model. Assessment, 12, 404-415.
58. Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76, 449-476.
59. Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). The case for using research on trait narcissism as a building block for understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 180-191.
60. Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., Pilkonis, P. A., & Morse, J. Q. (2008). Assessment procedures for narcissistic personality disorder: A comparison of the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 and best estimate clinical judgments. Assessment, 15, 483-492.
61. Miller, J. D., Campbell, W. K., Young, D. L., Lakey, C. E., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Goodie, A. S. (2009). Examining the relations among narcissism, impulsivity, and self-defeating behaviors. Journal of Personality, 77, 761-794.
62. Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78, 1529-1564.
63. Miller, J. D., Gaughan, E. T., Pryor, L. R., Kamen, C., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). Is research using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory relevant for understanding narcissistic personality disorder? Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 482-488.
64. Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B., Campbell, W. K., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2008). An examination of the factor structure of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder criteria: One or two factors? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 141-145.
65. Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B., Gaughan, E. T., Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Campbell, W. K. (in press). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of Personality.
66. Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2003). Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality: A replication and extension. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 168-178.
67. Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Jones, S. E. (2008). Externalizing behavior through the lens of the five factor model: A focus on agreeableness and conscientiousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 158-164.
68. Miller, J. D., Lynam, D., Widiger, T. A., & Leukefeld, C. (2001). Personality disorders as an extreme variant of common personality dimensions: Can the fivefactor model represent psychopathy. Journal of Personality, 69, 253-276.
69. Miller, J. D., Reynolds, S. K., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2004). The validity of the five-factor model prototypes for personality disorders in two clinical samples. Psychological Assessment, 16, 310-322.
70. Miller, J. D., Widiger, T. A., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Narcissistic personality disorder and the DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 640-649.
71. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
72. Mulder, R. T., Joyce, P. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1994). Temperament and early environment influence comorbidity and personality disorders in major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 225-233.
73. Mulder, R. T., Joyce, P. R., Sullivan, P. F., Bulik, C. M., & Carter, F. A. (1999). The relationship among three models of personality psychopathology: DSM-III-R personality disorder, TCI scores, and DSQ defences. Psychological Medicine, 29, 943-951.
74. Nagoshi, C. T., Walter, D., Muntaner, C., & Haertzen, C. A. (1992). Validation of the tridimensional personality questionnaire in a sample of male drug users. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 401-409.
75. Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2006). Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 779-802.
76. Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2006). Predictors of a behavioral measures of scholastic cheating: Personality and competence but not demographics. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31, 97-122.
77. Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002). Development and validation of a brief form of the multidimensional personality questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 14, 150-163.
78. Paulhus, D. L. (2001). Normal narcissism: Two minimalist accounts. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 228-229.
79. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.
80. PDM Task Force. (2006). Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. Silver Spring, Md: Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations.
81. Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379.
82. Ramanaiah, N. V., Detwiler, F. R. J., & Byravan, A. (1994). Revised NEO personality inventory profiles of narcissistic and nonnarcissistic people. Psychological Reports, 75, 512-514.
83. Raskin., R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
84. Ruiz, J. M., Smith, T. W., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Distinguishing narcissism and hostility: Similarities and differences in interpersonal circumplex and five-factor correlates. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 537-555.
85. Russ, E., Shedler, J., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2008). Refining the construct of narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic criteria and subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1473-1481.
86. Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2004). Clinicians' personality descriptions of prototypic personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 286-308.
87. Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008a). Convergence of narcissism measures from the perspective of general personality functioning. Assessment, 15, 364-374.
88. Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008b). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-f actor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: a facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326-1342.
89. Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
90. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E., Gregg, A., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400-416.
91. Simms, L. J. (2007). The big seven model of personality and its relevance to personality pathology. Journal of Personality, 75, 65-94.
92. Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 991-999.
93. Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. G. (2008). Exploring personality through test construction: development of the multidimensional personality questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.),The Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. II. Personality measurement and testing (pp. 261-292). London, England: Sage.
94. Trull T. J., & McCrae, R. R. (2002). A five-factor perspective on personality disorder research. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.),Personality disorders and the fivefactor model of personality (pp. 45-58). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
95. Trull, T. J., Widiger, T. A., Lynam, D. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 193-202.
96. Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 445-452.
97. Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2002). Five-Factor Model personality disorder research. In P. T. Costa Jr. & T. A. Widiger (Eds.),Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 59-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
98. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597.