메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 365-379

Initial Construction and Validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory

Author keywords

narcissistic grandiosity; narcissistic vulnerability; Pathological Narcissism Inventory; scale construction

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; BORDERLINE STATE; CONSTRUCT VALIDITY; EMPATHY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FANTASY; FEMALE; GRANDIOSE DELUSION; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL STRESS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NARCISSISM; PATHOLOGICAL NARCISSISM INVENTORY; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RAGE; SELF ESTEEM; SELF REPORT; SHAME; SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; VALIDATION PROCESS; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

EID: 70249149271     PISSN: 10403590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0016530     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (911)

References (106)
  • 2
    • 0025242091 scopus 로고
    • Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
    • Alden L.E., Wiggins J.S., and Pincus A.L. Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Journal of Personality Assessment 55 (1990) 521-536
    • (1990) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.55 , pp. 521-536
    • Alden, L.E.1    Wiggins, J.S.2    Pincus, A.L.3
  • 6
    • 0036489670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale
    • Andrews B., Qian M., and Valentine J.D. Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: The Experience of Shame Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41 (2002) 29-42
    • (2002) British Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 29-42
    • Andrews, B.1    Qian, M.2    Valentine, J.D.3
  • 9
    • 40649091397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of narcissism, narcissistic personality disorder, and normal personality
    • Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds), Wiley, New York
    • Blais M.A. Of narcissism, narcissistic personality disorder, and normal personality. In: Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds). Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders (2005), Wiley, New York 341-342
    • (2005) Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders , pp. 341-342
    • Blais, M.A.1
  • 11
    • 4544256150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance?
    • Brown R.P., and Zeigler-Hill V. Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance?. Journal of Research in Personality 38 (2004) 585-592
    • (2004) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.38 , pp. 585-592
    • Brown, R.P.1    Zeigler-Hill, V.2
  • 12
    • 0032112923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?
    • Bushman B.J., and Baumeister R.F. Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 219-229
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 219-229
    • Bushman, B.J.1    Baumeister, R.F.2
  • 13
    • 0026180101 scopus 로고
    • Narcissistic acts in everyday life
    • Buss D.M., and Chiodo L.M. Narcissistic acts in everyday life. Journal of Personality 59 (1991) 179-215
    • (1991) Journal of Personality , vol.59 , pp. 179-215
    • Buss, D.M.1    Chiodo, L.M.2
  • 14
    • 40649093092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis
    • Cain N.M., Pincus A.L., and Ansell E.B. Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review 28 (2008) 638-656
    • (2008) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.28 , pp. 638-656
    • Cain, N.M.1    Pincus, A.L.2    Ansell, E.B.3
  • 15
    • 23044529683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is narcissism really so bad?
    • Campbell W.K. Is narcissism really so bad?. Psychological Inquiry 12 (2001) 214-216
    • (2001) Psychological Inquiry , vol.12 , pp. 214-216
    • Campbell, W.K.1
  • 21
    • 0029130577 scopus 로고
    • Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development
    • Clark L.A., and Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment 7 (1995) 309-319
    • (1995) Psychological Assessment , vol.7 , pp. 309-319
    • Clark, L.A.1    Watson, D.2
  • 22
    • 1542409252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: Rationale, methods, and patient characteristics
    • Clarkin J.F., Levy K.N., Lenzenweger M.F., and Kernberg O.F. The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: Rationale, methods, and patient characteristics. Journal of Personality Disorders 18 (2004) 52-72
    • (2004) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.18 , pp. 52-72
    • Clarkin, J.F.1    Levy, K.N.2    Lenzenweger, M.F.3    Kernberg, O.F.4
  • 23
    • 0001922927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis
    • Curran P.J., West S.G., and Finch J.F. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods 1 (1996) 16-29
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 16-29
    • Curran, P.J.1    West, S.G.2    Finch, J.F.3
  • 24
    • 27144474799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Test-retest stability and internal consistency
    • del Rosario P.M., and White R.M. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Test-retest stability and internal consistency. Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1075-1081
    • (2005) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.39 , pp. 1075-1081
    • del Rosario, P.M.1    White, R.M.2
  • 25
    • 0038649761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism
    • Dickinson K.A., and Pincus A.L. Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders 17 (2003) 188-207
    • (2003) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.17 , pp. 188-207
    • Dickinson, K.A.1    Pincus, A.L.2
  • 26
    • 0036517175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychoanalytic patients in the U.S., Canada, and Australia: I. DSM-III-R disorders, indications, previous treatment, medications, and length of treatment
    • Doidge N., Simon B., Brauer L., Grant D., First M., Brunshaw J., et al. Psychoanalytic patients in the U.S., Canada, and Australia: I. DSM-III-R disorders, indications, previous treatment, medications, and length of treatment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 50 (2002) 575-614
    • (2002) Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association , vol.50 , pp. 575-614
    • Doidge, N.1    Simon, B.2    Brauer, L.3    Grant, D.4    First, M.5    Brunshaw, J.6
  • 27
    • 0021140852 scopus 로고
    • Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
    • Emmons R.A. Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment 48 (1984) 291-299
    • (1984) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.48 , pp. 291-299
    • Emmons, R.A.1
  • 29
    • 0031991655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissistic processes: Optimistic expectations, favorable self-evaluations, and self-enhancing attributions
    • Farwell L., and Wohlwend-Lloyd R. Narcissistic processes: Optimistic expectations, favorable self-evaluations, and self-enhancing attributions. Journal of Personality 66 (1998) 65-83
    • (1998) Journal of Personality , vol.66 , pp. 65-83
    • Farwell, L.1    Wohlwend-Lloyd, R.2
  • 32
    • 0347725971 scopus 로고
    • Oxford University Press, New York
    • Graham J.R. The MMPI handbook (1987), Oxford University Press, New York
    • (1987) The MMPI handbook
    • Graham, J.R.1
  • 34
    • 0002686530 scopus 로고
    • Construct validity of interpersonal personality measures: The interpersonal circumplex as a nomological net
    • Gurtman M.B. Construct validity of interpersonal personality measures: The interpersonal circumplex as a nomological net. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 105-118
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 105-118
    • Gurtman, M.B.1
  • 35
    • 0029839626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal problems in the psychotherapy context: The construct validity of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
    • Gurtman M.B. Interpersonal problems in the psychotherapy context: The construct validity of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Psychological Assessment 8 (1996) 241-255
    • (1996) Psychological Assessment , vol.8 , pp. 241-255
    • Gurtman, M.B.1
  • 36
    • 0000468226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circular measurement redux: The analysis and interpretation of interpersonal circle profiles
    • Gurtman M.B., and Balakrishnan J.D. Circular measurement redux: The analysis and interpretation of interpersonal circle profiles. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 5 (1998) 344-360
    • (1998) Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , vol.5 , pp. 344-360
    • Gurtman, M.B.1    Balakrishnan, J.D.2
  • 38
    • 0031539693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale
    • Hendin H.M., and Cheek J.M. Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality 31 (1997) 588-599
    • (1997) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.31 , pp. 588-599
    • Hendin, H.M.1    Cheek, J.M.2
  • 39
    • 0029921984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of narcissistic personality disorder: A multi-method review
    • Hilsenroth M.J., Handler L., and Blais M. Assessment of narcissistic personality disorder: A multi-method review. Clinical Psychology Review 16 (1996) 655-683
    • (1996) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.16 , pp. 655-683
    • Hilsenroth, M.J.1    Handler, L.2    Blais, M.3
  • 41
    • 70350412607 scopus 로고
    • A rationale and technique for estimating the number of factors in factor analysis
    • Horn J.L. A rationale and technique for estimating the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika 30 (1965) 352-359
    • (1965) Psychometrika , vol.30 , pp. 352-359
    • Horn, J.L.1
  • 42
    • 33644917996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenting narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism?
    • Horton R.S., Bleau G., and Drwecki B. Parenting narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism?. Journal of Personality 74 (2006) 345-376
    • (2006) Journal of Personality , vol.74 , pp. 345-376
    • Horton, R.S.1    Bleau, G.2    Drwecki, B.3
  • 43
    • 67650706330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
    • Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
    • (1999) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.6 , pp. 1-55
    • Hu, L.1    Bentler, P.M.2
  • 45
    • 25644446048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of three sets of MMPI-2 personality disorder scales
    • Jones A. An examination of three sets of MMPI-2 personality disorder scales. Journal of Personality Disorders 19 (2005) 370-385
    • (2005) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.19 , pp. 370-385
    • Jones, A.1
  • 47
    • 0001798585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical background and diagnostic classification
    • Ronningstam E. (Ed), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC
    • Kernberg O.F. Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical background and diagnostic classification. In: Ronningstam E. (Ed). Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (1998), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC 29-51
    • (1998) Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications , pp. 29-51
    • Kernberg, O.F.1
  • 49
  • 50
    • 33744455691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology
    • Krueger R.F., and Markon K.E. Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2 (2006) 111-133
    • (2006) Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 111-133
    • Krueger, R.F.1    Markon, K.E.2
  • 51
    • 0742271765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Factor structure in a nonclinical sample
    • Kubarych T.S., Deary I.J., and Austin E.J. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Factor structure in a nonclinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences 36 (2004) 857-872
    • (2004) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.36 , pp. 857-872
    • Kubarych, T.S.1    Deary, I.J.2    Austin, E.J.3
  • 52
    • 0035664265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Inventory of Personality Organization: Psychometric properties, factorial composition, and criterion relations with affect, aggressive dyscontrol, psychosis proneness, and self-domains in a nonclinical sample
    • Lenzenweger M.F., Clarkin J.F., Kernberg O.F., and Foelsch P.A. The Inventory of Personality Organization: Psychometric properties, factorial composition, and criterion relations with affect, aggressive dyscontrol, psychosis proneness, and self-domains in a nonclinical sample. Psychological Assessment 13 (2001) 577-591
    • (2001) Psychological Assessment , vol.13 , pp. 577-591
    • Lenzenweger, M.F.1    Clarkin, J.F.2    Kernberg, O.F.3    Foelsch, P.A.4
  • 54
    • 34248377218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP) approach to personality disorder
    • Strack S. (Ed), Springer, New York
    • Livesley W.J. The dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP) approach to personality disorder. In: Strack S. (Ed). Differentiating normal and abnormal personality. 2nd ed. (2006), Springer, New York 401-429
    • (2006) Differentiating normal and abnormal personality. 2nd ed. , pp. 401-429
    • Livesley, W.J.1
  • 55
    • 0001266298 scopus 로고
    • Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory
    • Loevinger J. Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports 3 (1957) 635-694
    • (1957) Psychological Reports , vol.3 , pp. 635-694
    • Loevinger, J.1
  • 58
    • 40649106724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissism: Psychodynamic theme and personality disorder
    • Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds), Wiley, New York
    • Michels R. Narcissism: Psychodynamic theme and personality disorder. In: Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds). Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders (2005), Wiley, New York 339-340
    • (2005) Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders , pp. 339-340
    • Michels, R.1
  • 59
    • 43049136588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism
    • Miller J.D., and Campbell W.K. Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality 76 (2008) 449-476
    • (2008) Journal of Personality , vol.76 , pp. 449-476
    • Miller, J.D.1    Campbell, W.K.2
  • 60
    • 33846783999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissistic personality disorder: Relations with distress and functional impairment
    • Miller J.D., Campbell W.K., and Pilkonis P.A. Narcissistic personality disorder: Relations with distress and functional impairment. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48 (2007) 170-177
    • (2007) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 170-177
    • Miller, J.D.1    Campbell, W.K.2    Pilkonis, P.A.3
  • 61
    • 38549140292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of the factor structure of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, narcissistic personality disorder criteria: 1 or 2 factors?
    • Miller J.D., Hoffman B.J., Campbell W.K., and Pilkonis P.A. An examination of the factor structure of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, narcissistic personality disorder criteria: 1 or 2 factors?. Comprehensive Psychiatry 49 (2008) 141-145
    • (2008) Comprehensive Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 141-145
    • Miller, J.D.1    Hoffman, B.J.2    Campbell, W.K.3    Pilkonis, P.A.4
  • 63
    • 33646529263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring personality and psychopathology
    • Schinka J.A., and Velicer W.F. (Eds), Wiley, New York
    • Morey L.C. Measuring personality and psychopathology. In: Schinka J.A., and Velicer W.F. (Eds). Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology 2 (2003), Wiley, New York 377-405
    • (2003) Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology , vol.2 , pp. 377-405
    • Morey, L.C.1
  • 64
    • 40649097549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality pathology as pathological narcissism
    • Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds), Wiley, New York
    • Morey L.C. Personality pathology as pathological narcissism. In: Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds). Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders (2005), Wiley, New York 328-331
    • (2005) Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders , pp. 328-331
    • Morey, L.C.1
  • 65
    • 33750728359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality reflected in a coherent idiosyncratic interplay of intra- and interpersonal self-regulatory processes
    • Morf C.C. Personality reflected in a coherent idiosyncratic interplay of intra- and interpersonal self-regulatory processes. Journal of Personality 76 (2006) 1527-1556
    • (2006) Journal of Personality , vol.76 , pp. 1527-1556
    • Morf, C.C.1
  • 66
    • 0035623459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model
    • Morf C., and Rhodewalt F. Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry 12 (2001) 177-196
    • (2001) Psychological Inquiry , vol.12 , pp. 177-196
    • Morf, C.1    Rhodewalt, F.2
  • 67
    • 28444498039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dependent/narcissistic couple
    • Carlson J., and Sperry L. (Eds), Brunner/Mazel, Philadelphia
    • Nurse R.A. The dependent/narcissistic couple. In: Carlson J., and Sperry L. (Eds). The disordered couple (1998), Brunner/Mazel, Philadelphia 315-331
    • (1998) The disordered couple , pp. 315-331
    • Nurse, R.A.1
  • 68
    • 0034242321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test
    • O'Connor B.P. SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 32 (2000) 396-402
    • (2000) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , vol.32 , pp. 396-402
    • O'Connor, B.P.1
  • 70
    • 33846326280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of self and others regarding pathological personality traits
    • Krueger R.F., and Tackett J.L. (Eds), Guilford Press, New York
    • Oltmanns T.F., and Turkheimer E. Perceptions of self and others regarding pathological personality traits. In: Krueger R.F., and Tackett J.L. (Eds). Personality and psychopathology (2006), Guilford Press, New York 71-111
    • (2006) Personality and psychopathology , pp. 71-111
    • Oltmanns, T.F.1    Turkheimer, E.2
  • 71
    • 0032063861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing?
    • Paulhus D.L. Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1197-1208
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 1197-1208
    • Paulhus, D.L.1
  • 72
    • 0036953920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy
    • Paulhus D.L., and Williams K.M. The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality 36 (2002) 556-563
    • (2002) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.36 , pp. 556-563
    • Paulhus, D.L.1    Williams, K.M.2
  • 73
    • 31344440779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality disorders
    • Lenzenweger M.F., and Clarkin J.F. (Eds), Guilford Press, New York
    • Pincus A.L. A contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality disorders. In: Lenzenweger M.F., and Clarkin J.F. (Eds). Major theories of personality disorder. 2nd ed. (2005), Guilford Press, New York 282-331
    • (2005) Major theories of personality disorder. 2nd ed. , pp. 282-331
    • Pincus, A.L.1
  • 74
    • 0025607928 scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal problems and conceptions of personality disorders
    • Pincus A.L., and Wiggins J.S. Interpersonal problems and conceptions of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 4 (1990) 342-352
    • (1990) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.4 , pp. 342-352
    • Pincus, A.L.1    Wiggins, J.S.2
  • 75
    • 0018528365 scopus 로고
    • A narcissistic personality inventory
    • Raskin R., and Hall C.S. A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports 45 (1979) 590
    • (1979) Psychological Reports , vol.45 , pp. 590
    • Raskin, R.1    Hall, C.S.2
  • 76
    • 0019417328 scopus 로고
    • The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity
    • Raskin R., and Hall C.S. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment 45 (1981) 159-162
    • (1981) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.45 , pp. 159-162
    • Raskin, R.1    Hall, C.S.2
  • 77
    • 0026133149 scopus 로고
    • Narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement
    • Raskin R.N., Novacek J., and Hogan R. Narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement. Journal of Personality 59 (1991) 19-38
    • (1991) Journal of Personality , vol.59 , pp. 19-38
    • Raskin, R.N.1    Novacek, J.2    Hogan, R.3
  • 79
    • 0024004572 scopus 로고
    • A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity
    • Raskin R.N., and Terry H. A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988) 890-902
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 890-902
    • Raskin, R.N.1    Terry, H.2
  • 81
    • 28944442973 scopus 로고
    • Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings
    • Rhodewalt F., and Morf C. Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality 29 (1995) 1-23
    • (1995) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.29 , pp. 1-23
    • Rhodewalt, F.1    Morf, C.2
  • 83
    • 33847349087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissistic personality disorder: A review
    • Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds), Wiley, New York
    • Ronningstam E. Narcissistic personality disorder: A review. In: Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds). Evidence and experience in psychiatry: Volume 8 personality disorders (2005), Wiley, New York 277-327
    • (2005) Evidence and experience in psychiatry: Volume 8 personality disorders , pp. 277-327
    • Ronningstam, E.1
  • 85
    • 4043117619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balanced on the horns of a dilemma: Observations on work and chronic depression
    • Sarasohn K.M. Balanced on the horns of a dilemma: Observations on work and chronic depression. Clinical Social Work Journal 32 (2004) 171-183
    • (2004) Clinical Social Work Journal , vol.32 , pp. 171-183
    • Sarasohn, K.M.1
  • 86
    • 0003217529 scopus 로고
    • Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis
    • von Eye A., and Clogg C.C. (Eds), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Satorra A., and Bentler P.M. Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In: von Eye A., and Clogg C.C. (Eds). Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (1994), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 399-419
    • (1994) Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research , pp. 399-419
    • Satorra, A.1    Bentler, P.M.2
  • 88
    • 0003854088 scopus 로고
    • Subscales for scale 5 and 0 of the MMPI
    • Unpublished manuscript
    • Serkownek, K. (1975). Subscales for scale 5 and 0 of the MMPI. Unpublished manuscript.
    • (1975)
    • Serkownek, K.1
  • 89
    • 0025665398 scopus 로고
    • In search of an everyday morality: The development of a new measure
    • Shelton C.M., and McAdams D.P. In search of an everyday morality: The development of a new measure. Adolescence 25 (1990) 923-943
    • (1990) Adolescence , vol.25 , pp. 923-943
    • Shelton, C.M.1    McAdams, D.P.2
  • 90
    • 30344469970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissism and adult attachment: A multivariate approach
    • Smolewska K., and Dion K.L. Narcissism and adult attachment: A multivariate approach. Self and Identity 4 (2005) 59-68
    • (2005) Self and Identity , vol.4 , pp. 59-68
    • Smolewska, K.1    Dion, K.L.2
  • 91
    • 0001945303 scopus 로고
    • Representation of personality disorders in circumplex and five-factor space: Explorations with a clinical sample
    • Soldz S., Budman S., Demby A., and Merry J. Representation of personality disorders in circumplex and five-factor space: Explorations with a clinical sample. Psychological Assessment 5 (1993) 41-52
    • (1993) Psychological Assessment , vol.5 , pp. 41-52
    • Soldz, S.1    Budman, S.2    Demby, A.3    Merry, J.4
  • 92
    • 0348251528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal narcissism: An etiological and ethological perspective
    • Ronningstam E. (Ed), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC
    • Stone M.H. Normal narcissism: An etiological and ethological perspective. In: Ronningstam E. (Ed). Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (1998), American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC 7-28
    • (1998) Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications , pp. 7-28
    • Stone, M.H.1
  • 93
    • 0030569034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of the general factor with the interpersonal circumplex structure: Application to the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
    • Tracey T.J.G., Rounds J., and Gurtman M.B. Examination of the general factor with the interpersonal circumplex structure: Application to the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Multivariate Behavioral Research 31 (1996) 441-466
    • (1996) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.31 , pp. 441-466
    • Tracey, T.J.G.1    Rounds, J.2    Gurtman, M.B.3
  • 94
    • 85047671034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory
    • Wallace H.M., and Baumeister R.F. The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002) 819-834
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 819-834
    • Wallace, H.M.1    Baumeister, R.F.2
  • 95
    • 40649097772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity of narcissism and a continuum of self-esteem regulation
    • Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York
    • Watson P.J. Complexity of narcissism and a continuum of self-esteem regulation. In: Maj M., Akiskal H.S., Mezzich J.E., and Okasha A. (Eds). Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders (2005), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York 336-338
    • (2005) Evidence and expereince in psychiatry Volume 8: Personality disorders , pp. 336-338
    • Watson, P.J.1
  • 96
    • 0027103209 scopus 로고
    • Measures of the narcissistic personality: Complexity of relationships with self-esteem and empathy
    • Watson P.J., Little T., Sawrie S.M., and Biderman M.D. Measures of the narcissistic personality: Complexity of relationships with self-esteem and empathy. Journal of Personality Disorders 64 (1992) 434-449
    • (1992) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.64 , pp. 434-449
    • Watson, P.J.1    Little, T.2    Sawrie, S.M.3    Biderman, M.D.4
  • 97
    • 40649110897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissism and self-esteem in the presence of imagined others: Supportive versus destructive object representations and the continuum hypothesis
    • Watson P.J., Trumpter N., O'Leary B.J., Morris R.J., and Culhane S.E. Narcissism and self-esteem in the presence of imagined others: Supportive versus destructive object representations and the continuum hypothesis. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 25 (2005-2006) 253-268
    • (2005) Imagination, Cognition and Personality , vol.25 , pp. 253-268
    • Watson, P.J.1    Trumpter, N.2    O'Leary, B.J.3    Morris, R.J.4    Culhane, S.E.5
  • 98
    • 0002994961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported narcissism and perfectionism: An ego-psychological perspective and the continuum hypothesis
    • Watson P.J., Varnell S.P., and Morris R.J. Self-reported narcissism and perfectionism: An ego-psychological perspective and the continuum hypothesis. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 19 (1999-2000) 59-69
    • (1999) Imagination, Cognition and Personality , vol.19 , pp. 59-69
    • Watson, P.J.1    Varnell, S.P.2    Morris, R.J.3
  • 99
    • 0030920544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of Axis II
    • Westen D. Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of Axis II. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 895-903
    • (1997) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 895-903
    • Westen, D.1
  • 100
    • 33847369456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plate techtonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model
    • Widiger T.A., and Trull T.J. Plate techtonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist 62 (2007) 71-83
    • (2007) American Psychologist , vol.62 , pp. 71-83
    • Widiger, T.A.1    Trull, T.J.2
  • 102
    • 0026828635 scopus 로고
    • Three types of narcissism in women from college to mid-life
    • Wink P. Three types of narcissism in women from college to mid-life. Journal of Personality 60 (1992) 7-30
    • (1992) Journal of Personality , vol.60 , pp. 7-30
    • Wink, P.1
  • 103
    • 27844441376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spiritual seeking, narcissism, and psychotherapy: How are they related?
    • Wink P., Dillon M., and Fay K. Spiritual seeking, narcissism, and psychotherapy: How are they related?. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 44 (2005) 143-158
    • (2005) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.44 , pp. 143-158
    • Wink, P.1    Dillon, M.2    Fay, K.3
  • 105
    • 33646191439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability
    • Zeigler-Hill V. Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality 74 (2006) 119-143
    • (2006) Journal of Personality , vol.74 , pp. 119-143
    • Zeigler-Hill, V.1
  • 106
    • 26444469006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients
    • Zimmerman M., Rothschild L., and Chelminski I. The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1911-1918
    • (2005) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1911-1918
    • Zimmerman, M.1    Rothschild, L.2    Chelminski, I.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.