The font-size effect on judgments of learning: Does it exemplify fluency effects or reflect people's beliefs about memory?

Journal of Memory and Language

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-12

  Mueller, Michael L ^a   Dunlosky, John ^a   Tauber, Sarah K ^a   Rhodes, Matthew G ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Beliefs; Fluency; Judgments of learning; Theory of metamemory judgments

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885769379     PISSN: 0749596X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.007     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Alban M.W., Kelley C.M. Embodiment meets metamemory: Weight as a cue for metacognitive judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2013, 39:1628-1634. 10.1037/a0032420.
2. Alter A.L., Oppenheimer D.M. Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2009, 13:219-235. 10.1177/1088868310367640.
3. Ariel R., Dunlosky J. The sensitivity of judgment-of-learning resolution to past test performance, new learning, and forgetting. Memory & Cognition 2011, 39:171-184. 10.3758/s13421-010-0002-y.
4. Balota D.A., Yap M.J., Cortese M.J., Hutchison K.A., Kessler B., Loftis B., et al. The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods 2007, 39:445-459.
5. Begg I., Duft S., Lalonde P., Melnick R., Sanvito J. Memory predictions are based on ease of processing. Journal of Memory and Language 1989, 28:610-632.
6. Benjamin A.S., Bjork R.A., Schwartz B.L. The mismeasure of memory: When retrieval fluency is misleading as a metamnemonic index. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 1998, 127:55-68. 10.1037/0096-3445.127.1.55.
7. Besken M., Mulligan N.W. Easily perceived, easily remembered? Perceptual interference produces a double dissociation between metamemory and memory performance. Memory & Cognition 2013, 10.3758/s13421-013-0307-8.
8. Bieman-Copland S., Charness N. Memory knowledge and memory monitoring in adulthood. Psychology and Aging 1994, 9:287-302. 10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.287.
9. Bjork R.A., Dunlosky J., Kornell N. Self-regulated learning: Beliefs, techniques, and illusions. Annual Review of Psychology 2013, 64:417-444.
10. Buhrmester M., Kwang T., Gosling S.D. Amazon's mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2011, 6:3-5. 10.1177/1745691610393980.
11. Carpenter S.K., Wilford M.M., Kornell N., Mullaney K.M. Appearances can be deceiving: instructor fluency increases perceptions of learning without increasing actual learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2013, 10.3758/s13423-013-0442-z.
12. Castel A.D. The adaptive and strategic use of memory by older adults: Evaluative processing and value-directed remembering. The psychology of learning and motivation 2007, Vol. 48:225-270. Academic Press, London.
13. Castel A.D. Metacognition and learning about primacy and recency effects in free recall: The utilization of intrinsic and extrinsic cues when making judgments of learning. Memory & Cognition 2008, 36:429-437. 10.3758/MC.36.2.429.
14. Castel A.D., McCabe D.P., Roediger H.L. Illusions of competence and overestimation of associative memory for identical items: Evidence from judgments of learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14:107-111. 10.1177/ 1088868309341564.
15. Cooper E.C., Pantle A.J. The total time hypothesis in verbal learning. Psychological Bulletin 1967, 68:221-234.
16. Crump M.J.C., McDonnell J.V., Gureckis T.M. Evaluating Amazon's mechanical turk as a tool for experimental behavioral research. PLoS One 2013, 8. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057410.
17. Diemand-Yauman C., Oppenheimer D.M., Vaughan E.B. Fortune favors the bold (and the italicized): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. Cognition 2011, 118:111-115.
18. Dunlosky, J., & Ariel, R. (2011). Self-regulated learning and the allocation of study time. In B. Ross (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54, 103-140.
19. Dunlosky, J., Mueller, M. L., & Tauber, S. K. (2013). The contribution of processing fluency (and beliefs) to people's judgments of learning. In S. Lindsay (Ed.), Remembering: Attributions, processes, and control in human memory. Psychology Press (in press).
20. Dunlosky J., Hertzog C. Updating knowledge about strategy effectiveness: A componential analysis of learning about strategy effectiveness from task experience. Psychology & Aging 2000, 15:462-474.
21. Dunlosky J., Matvey G. Empirical analysis of the intrinsic-extrinsic distinction of judgments of learning (JOLs): Effects of relatedness and serial position on JOLs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2001, 27:1180-1191. 10.1037/0278-7393.27.5.1180.
22. Evans K.M., Benjamin A.S. Fluency and familiarity: How memory for perceptual detail influences the remembering events. Constructions of remembering and metacognition 2011, 17-27. Palgrave Macmillan, Great Britain. P.A. Higham, J.P. Leboe (Eds.).
23. Franz V.H., Loftus G.R. Standard errors and confidence intervals in within-subjects designs: Generalizing Loftus and Masson (1994) and avoiding the biases of alternative accounts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2012, 19:395-404. 10.3758/s13423-012-0230-1.
24. Greifeneder R., Unkelbach C. Experiencing thinking. The experience of thinking: How the fluency of mental processes influences cognition and behavior 2012, 1-6. Psychology Press, New York, NY. R. Greifeneder, C. Unkelbach (Eds.).
25. Hertzog C., Dunlosky J., Robinson A.E., Kidder D.P. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2003, 29:22-34. 10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.22.
26. Hertzog C., Price J., Burpee A., Frentzel W.J., Feldstein S., Dunlosky J. Why do people show minimal knowledge updating with task experience: Inferential deficit or experimental artifact?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2009, 62:155-173. 10.1080/17470210701855520.
27. Jacoby L.L., Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1981, 3:306-340.
28. Jacoby L.L., Kelley C.M. Unconscious influences of memory for a prior event. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1987, 13:314-336. 10.1080/17470218.2012.739183.
29. Jacoby L.L., Kelley C.M., Dywan J. Memory attributions. Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving 1989, 391-422. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. H.L. Roediger, F.I.M. Craik (Eds.).
30. Jacoby L.L., Witherspoon D. Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1982, 36:300-324. 10.1037/h0080638.
31. Kelley C.M., Jacoby L.L. Adult egocentrism: Subjective experience versus analytic bases for judgment. Journal of Memory and Language 1996, 35:157-175.
32. Kelley C.M., Rhodes M.G. Making sense and nonsense of experience: Attributions in memory and judgment. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 2002, 293-320. Academic Press, New York. B. Ross (Ed.).
33. Koriat A. Easy comes, easy goes? The link between learning and remembering and its exploitation in metacognition. Memory & Cognition 2008, 36:416-428.
34. Koriat A., Bjork R.A. Mending metacognitive illusions: A comparison of mnemonic-based and theory-based procedures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2006, 32:1133-1145.
35. Koriat A., Bjork R.A., Sheffer L., Bar S.K. Predicting one's own forgetting: The role of experience-based and theory based processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 2004, 133:643-656. 10.1037/0096-3445.133.4.643.
36. Kornell N., Rhodes M.G., Castel A.D., Tauber S.K. The ease-of-processing heuristic and stability bias: Dissociating memory, memory beliefs, and memory judgment. Psychological Science 2011, 22:787-794. 10.1177/0956797611407929.
37. Matvey G., Dunlosky J., Guttentag R. Fluency of retrieval at study affects judgments of learning (JOLs): An analytic or nonanalytic basis for JOLs?. Memory & Cognition 2001, 29:222-233. 10.3758/BF03194916.
38. McDonough I.M., Gallo D.A. Illusory expectations can affect retrieval-monitoring accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2012, 38:391-404.
39. Metcalfe J., Finn B. Evidence that judgments of learning are causally related to study choice. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2008, 15:174-179. 10.3758/PBR.15.1.174.
40. Miele D.B., Finn B., Molden D.C. Does easily learned mean easily remembered? It depends on your beliefs about intelligence. Psychological Science 2011, 22:320-324. 10.1177/0956797610397954.
41. Miller J.K., Lloyd M.E., Westerman D.L. When does modality matter? Perceptual versus conceptual fluency-based illusions in recognition memory. Journal of Memory and Language 2008, 58:1080-1094. 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.006.
42. Mueller M.L., Tauber S.K., Dunlosky J. Contributions of beliefs and processing fluency to the effect of relatedness on judgments of learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2013, 20:378-384. 10.3758/s13423-012-0343-6.
43. Pashler H., Harris C.R. Is the replicability crisis overblown? Three arguments examined. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2012, 7:531-536.
44. Platt J.R. Strong inference. Science 1964, 146:347-353.
45. Ratcliff R., Gomez P., McKoon G. A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychological Review 2004, 111:159-182.
46. Rhodes M.G., Castel A.D. Memory predictions are influenced by perceptual information: Evidence for metacognitive illusions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 2008, 137:615-625. 10.1037/a0013684.
47. Rhodes M.G., Castel A.D. Metacognitive illusions for auditory information: Effects on monitoring and control. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2009, 16:550-554.
48. Schwartz B.L., Efklides A. Metamemory and memory efficiency: Implications for student learning. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2012, 1:145-151. 10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.002.
49. Schwarz N. Meta-cognitive experiences in consumer judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2004, 14:332-348.
50. Son L.K., Metcalfe J. Metacognitive and control strategies in study-time allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2000, 26:204-221. 10.1037/0278-7393.26.1.204.
51. Tauber S.K., Dunlosky J. Can older adults judge their learning of emotional information?. Psychology and Aging 2012, 27:924-933.
52. Tauber S.K., Rhodes M.G. Metacognitive errors contribute to the difficulty in remembering proper names. Memory 2010, 18:522-532. 10.1080/09658211.2010.481818.
53. Undorf M., Erdfelder E. Judgments of learning reflect encoding fluency: Conclusive evidence for the ease-of-processing hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2011, 37:1264-1269. 10.1037/a0023719.
54. Westerman D.L., Lloyd M.E., Miller J.K. On the attribution of perceptual fluency in recognition memory: The role of expectation. Journal of Memory and Language 2002, 47:607-617. 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00022-0.
55. Westerman D.L., Miller J.K., Lloyd M.E. Change in perceptual form attenuates the use of the fluency heuristic in recognition. Memory & Cognition 2003, 31:619-629. 10.3758/BF03196102.
56. Whittlesea B.W.A. Two routes to remembering (and another to remembering not). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2002, 131:325-348.
57. Whittlesea B.W.A., Leboe J.P. Two fluency heuristics (and how to tell them apart). Journal of Memory and Language 2002, 49:62-79. 10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00009-3.
58. Whittlesea B.W.A., Williams L.D. The source of feelings of familiarity: The discrepancy-attribution hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2000, 26:547-565.
59. Yap M.J., Balota D.A., Tan S.E. Additive and interactive effects in semantic priming: Isolating lexical and decision processes in the lexical decision task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2012, 39:140-158. 10.1037/a0028520.