Two-Year Impacts of a Comprehensive Family Financial Rewards Program on Children's Academic Outcomes: Moderation by Likelihood of Earning Rewards

Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 295-338

  Berg, Juliette ^a   Morris, Pamela ^a   Aber, Larry ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

academic achievement; Conditional cash transfer programs; experimental evaluation; multivariate subgroup analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885401911     PISSN: 19345747     EISSN: 19345739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19345747.2012.755592     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Aber, J. L. 2009. Experiments in 21st-century antipoverty policy. Public Policy Research, 16 (1): 57 - 63.
2. Aber, J. L. and Rawlings, L. B. 2011. North-South knowledge sharing on incentive-based conditional cash transfer programs, Washington, DC: The World Bank. (SP Discussion Paper No. 1101)
3. Adato, M. and Bassett, L. 2007. What is the potential for cash transfers to strengthen families affected by HIV and AIDS? A review of the evidence on impacts and key policy debates, Washington, DC: Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS. (Draft Report Version 1)
4. Angrist, J. and Lavy, V. 2002. The Effect of high school matriculation awards: Evidence from randomized trials, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. (NBER Working Paper No. 9389)
5. Attanasio, O., Fitzsimmons, E. and Gomez, A. 2005. The impact of a conditional education subsidy on school enrolment in Colombia, London, UK: The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Centre for the Evaluation of Development Policies.
6. Attanasio, O., Meghir, C. and Santiago, A. 2005. Education choices in Mexico: Using a structural model and a randomized experiment to evaluate PROGRESA, London, UK: The Institute for Fiscal Studies. (IFS Working Paper EWP05/01)
7. Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control, New York, NY: Freeman.
8. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V. and Pastorelli, C. 2001. Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children's aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development, 72: 187 - 206.
9. Becker, G. 1991. A treatise on the family: Enlarged edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10. Bos, J. and Fellerath, V. 1997. Final report on Ohio's welfare initiative to improve school attendance among teen parents, New York, NY: MDRC.
11. Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J. and Miller-Johnson, S. 2002. Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the Abecedarian Project. Applied Developmental Science, 6: 42 - 57.
12. Chase-Landsdale, P. L. and Brooks-Gunn, J. 1995. Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children?, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
13. Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F. and Vigdor, J. L. 2006. Teacher-student matching and the assessment of teacher effectiveness. Journal of Human Resources, 41: 778 - 820.
14. Cunha, F., Heckman, J., Lochner, L. and Masterov, D. 2006. " Interpreting the evidence on life cycle skill formation ". In Handbook of the economics of education, Edited by: Hanushek, E. and Welch, F. 697 - 812. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: North Holland (Elsevier).
15. Curry, S. J., Wagner, E. H. and Grothaus, L. C. 1991. Evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation interventions with a self-help smoking cessation program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59: 318 - 324.
16. Dahl, G. and Lochner, L. 2005. The impact of family income on child development, Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty. (IRP Discussion Paper 1305-05)
17. Danziger, S. K., Corcoran, M., Danziger, S., Heflin, C., Kalil, A., Levine, J. and Tolman, R. 2000. " Barriers to the employment of welfare recipients ". In Prosperity for all? The economic boom and African Americans, Edited by: Cherry, R. and Rogers, W. 245 - 278. New York: Sage.
18. Darling, N. and Steinberg, L. 1993. Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113: 487 - 496.
19. Dehejia, R. and Wahba, S. 1999. Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94: 1053 - 1062.
20. de Janvry, A., Finan, F. and Sadoulet, E. 2006. Evaluating Brazil's Bolsa Escola program: Impact on schooling and municipal roles, Berkeley: University of California.
21. DeVoe, J. E., Baez, A., Angier, H., Krois, L., Edlund, C. and Carney, P. A. 2007. Insurance + access ≠ health care: Typology of barriers to health care access for low-income families. Annals of Family Medicine, 5: 511 - 518.
22. Duncan, G. J. and Brooks-Gunn, J. 1997. Consequences of growing up poor, New York, NY: Sage.
23. Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P. and Japel, C. 2007. School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43: 1428 - 1446.
24. Duncan, G. J., Morris, P. A. and Rodrigues, C. 2011. Does money really matter? Estimating impacts of family income on young children's achievement with data from random-assignment experiments. Developmental Psychology, 47: 1263 - 1279.
25. Duryea, S. and Morrison, A. 2004. The effect of conditional transfers on school performance and child labor: Evidence from an Ex-post impact evaluation in Costa Rica, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. (IDB Working Paper 418)
26. Entwisle, D. R. and Alexander, K. L. 1990. Beginning school math competence: Minority and majority comparisons. Child Development, 61: 454 - 471.
27. Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M., Simon, B., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R. and Van Voorhis, F. L. 2002. School, family, and community partnerships: Your handbook for action (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
28. Ethridge, M. E. and Percy, S. L. 1993. A new kind of public policy encounters disappointing results: Implementing Learnfare in Wisconsin. Public Administration Review, 53: 340 - 347. July-August
29. Fiszbein, A. and Schady, N. 2009. Conditional cash transfers, Geneva, Switzerland: World Bank Publications.
30. Fryer, R. G. Jr. and Levitt, S. D. 2004. Understanding the black-white test score gap in the first two years of school. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86: 447 - 464.
31. Fryer, R. G. and Levitt, S. D. 2005. The Black-White test score gap through third grade, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. (Working Paper No. 11049)
32. Furstenberg, F. and Hughes, M. 1995. Social capital and successful development among at-risk youth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57: 580 - 592.
33. Gennetian, L. A., Miller, C. and Smith, J. 2005. Turning Welfare into a Work Support: Six-Year Impacts on Parents and Children from the Minnesota Family Investment Program, New York, NY: MDRC.
34. Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L. and Raver, C. C. 2003. " Child poverty in the United States: An evidence-based conceptual framework for programs and policies ". In Handbook of applied developmental science: Promoting positive child, adolescent, and family development through research, policies, and programs, Edited by: Jacobs, F., Wertlieb, D. and Lerner, R. M. 81 - 136. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
35. Gertler, P. 2004. Do conditional cash transfers improve child health? Evidence from PROGRESA's control randomized experiment. The American Economic Review, 94: 336 - 341.
36. Grusec, J. E. and Goodnow, J. J. 1994. The impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30: 4 - 19.
37. Haveman, R. H. and Wolfe, B. S. 1994. On the effects of investments in children, New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
38. Heckman, J. J. 2008. Schools, skills and synapses. Economic Inquiry, 46: 289 - 324.
39. Heckman, J. J. and Masterov, D. V. 2007. The productivity argument for investing in young children, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economics Research. (Working Paper No. 13016)
40. Hennrikus, J., Lando, M., Brelje, D., Baxter, T. and Vessey, L. 2002. The SUCCESS Project: The effect of program format and incentives on participation and cessation in worksite smoking cessation programs. American Journal of Public Health, 92: 274 - 279.
41. Jackson, C. K. 2008. A little now for a lot later: A look at a Texas advanced placement incentive program, Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/workingpapers/69/
42. Kelly, S. E., Binkley, C. J., Neace, W. P. and Gale, B. S. 2005. Barriers to care-seeking for children's oral health among low-income caregivers. American Journal of Public Health, 95: 1345 - 1351.
43. Kemple, J. J. and Snipes, J. C. 2000. Career academies: Impacts on students' engagement and performance in high school, New York, NY: MDRC.
44. Kerpelman, L. C., Connell, D. B. and Gunn, W. J. 2000. Effects of a monetary sanction on immunization rates of recipients of aid to families with dependent children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284: 53 - 59.
45. Lee, V. E. and Burkam, D. T. 2002. Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in achievement as children begin school, Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.
46. Levy, D. and Ohls, J. 2007. Evaluation of Jamaica's PATH programme: Final report, Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.
47. Maccoby, E. E. and Jacklin, C. G. 1983. " The "person" characteristics of children and the family as environment ". In Human development: An interactional perspective, Edited by: Magnusson, D. and Allen, V. L. 75 - 91. New York, NY: Academic Press.
48. Martinson, K. and Hendra, R. 2006. The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Results from the Texas ERA site Washington, DC U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation
49. Mauldon, J., Malvin, J., Stiles, J., Nicosia, N. and Seto, E. 2000. The impact of California's Cal-Learn demonstration project, final report (UC Data Archive & Technical Assistance, UC Data Reports: Paper CLFE), Retrieved from http://repositories.cdlib.org/src/ucdata/report/CLFE
50. McLoyd, V. C. 1998. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53: 185 - 204.
51. Michalopoulos, C., Card, D., Gennetian, L., Harknett, K. and Robins, P. K. 2000. The Self Sufficiency Project at 36 Months: Effects of a Financial Work Incentive on Employment and Income, New York, NY: MDRC.
52. Middleton, S., Perren, K., Maguire, S., Rennison, J., Battistin, E., Emmerson, C. and Fitzsimons, E. 2005. Evaluation of education maintenance allowance pilots: Young people aged 16 to 19 years, final report of the quantitative evaluation, London, UK: DfES. (DfES Report No. RR678)
53. Miller, C. 2002. Leavers, stayers, and cyclers: An analysis of the welfare caseload, New York, NY: MDRC.
54. Miller, C., Riccio, J. and Smith, J. 2009. A preliminary look at early educational results of Opportunity NYC-Family Rewards program, New York, NY: MDRC.
55. Minkovitz, C., Holt, E., Hughart, N., Hou, W., Thomas, L., Dini, E. and Guyer, B. 1999. The effect of parental monetary sanctions on the vaccination status of young children: An evaluation of welfare reform in Maryland. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153: 1242 - 1247.
56. Moffitt, R., Cherlin, A., Burton, L., King, M. and Roff, J. 2002. The characteristics of families remaining on welfare: A Background paper to Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. (Working Paper No. 02-02)
57. Morris, P. A. and Hendra, R. 2009. Losing the safety net: How a time-limited welfare policy affects families at risk of reaching time limits. Developmental Psychology, 45: 383 - 400.
58. Morris, P. A., Huston, A. C., Duncan, G. J., Crosby, D. A. and Bos, J. M. 2001. How welfare and work policies affect children: A synthesis of research, New York, NY: MDRC.
59. Patterson, G. R. and Stouthamer-Loeb, M. 1984. The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55: 1299 - 1307.
60. Peck, L. R. 2012. What works for addressing the what works question in field experiments, Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc. (Abt Thought Leadership Paper 2012-2)
61. Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. and Criss, M. M. 2001. Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72: 583 - 598.
62. Post, E. P., Cruz, M. and Harman, J. 2006. Incentive payments for attendance at appointments for depression among low-income African Americans. Psychiatric Services, 57: 414 - 416.
63. Rathbun, A. and West, J. 2004. From kindergarten through third grade: Childen's beginning school experiences, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (NCES 2004-007)
64. Rawlings, L. B. and Rubio, G. M. 2005. Evaluating the impact of conditional cash transfer programs. The World Bank Economic Review, 20: 29 - 55.
65. Reardon, S. F. 2011. " The widening academic achievement gap between the rich and the poor: New evidence and possible explanations ". In Whither opportunity? Rising inequality and the uncertain life chances of low-income children, Edited by: Murnane, R. and Duncan, G. 91 - 116. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
66. Reynolds, A. J. and Lee, J. S. 1991. Factor analyses of measures of home environment. Education and Psychology Measures, 51: 181 - 192.
67. Reynolds, A. J. and Walberg, H. J. 1992. A structural model of science achievement and attitude: An extension to high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81: 371 - 382.
68. Riccio, J., Dechausay, N., Greenberg, D., Miller, C., Rucks, Z. and Verma, N. 2010. Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City's conditional cash transfer program, New York, NY: MDRC.
69. Rosenbaum, P. R. and Rubin, D. 1983. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70: 41 - 55.
70. Rosenbaum, P. R. and Rubin, D. 1984. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propsensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79: 516 - 524.
71. Schady, N. and Araujo, M. C. 2006. Cash transfers, conditions, school enrollment, and child work: Evidence from a randomized experiment in Ecuador, Washington, DC: World Bank. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3930)
72. Schultz, T. 2001. School subsidies for the poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA poverty program (Yale University Economic Growth Center: Discussion Paper No. 834)
73. Sigel, I. E. 1990. Parental belief systems: Consequences for children's development, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Skoufias, E. 2005. PROGRESA and its impacts on the welfare of rural households in Mexico, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. (Research Report No. 139)
75. Skoufias, E. and Parker, S. 2001. Conditional cash transfers and their impact on child work and schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA program in Mexico. Economia,: 45 - 96. Fall
76. Wolf, S., Aber, J. L. and Morris, P. A. 2012. Drawing on psychological theory to understand and improve antipoverty policies: The case of conditional cash transfers. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, Advance online publication doi: 10.1037/a0029498
77. Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L. and Beardslee, W. R. 2012. The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: Implications for prevention. American Psychologist, 67: 272 - 284.
78. Yoshikawa, H., Magnuson, K. A., Bos, J. M. and Hsueh, J. 2003. Effects of earnings-supplement policies on adult economic and middle-childhood outcomes differ for the "hardest to employ.". Child Development, 74: 1500 - 1521.