Effects of Earnings-Supplement Policies on Adult Economic and Middle-Childhood Outcomes Differ for the "Hardest to Employ"

Child Development

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 1500-1521

  Yoshikawa, Hirokazu ^a,c   Magnuson, Katherine A ^b   Bos, Johannes M ^c   Hsueh, Joann ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c Department of Psychology ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142136655     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00619     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Angrist, J., Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 444-472.
2. Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1994). Welfare realities: From rhetoric to reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Barnett, W. S. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children, 5(3), 25-50.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Belle, D. (1990). Poverty and women's mental health. American Psychologist, 45, 385-389.
6. Berg, L., Olson, L., & Conrad, A. (1991, November). Causes and implications of rapid job loss among participants in a welfare-to-work program. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Bethesda, MD.
7. Blank, R. M. (2002). Evaluating welfare reform in the United States. Journal of Economic Literature, 40, 1167-1201.
8. Bos, J., Huston, A., Granger, R., Duncan, G. J., Brock, T., & McLoyd, V. (1999). New Hope: Two-year results of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
9. Brock, T. F., Doolittle, F., Fellerath, V., & Wiseman, M. (1997). Creating New Hope: Implementation of a program to reduce poverty and reform welfare. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
10. Brooks, M. G., & Buckner, J. C. (1996). Work and welfare: Job histories, barriers to employment, and predictors of work among low-income single mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 526-537.
11. Brooks-Gunn, J., Han, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life. Child Development, 73, 1052-1072.
12. Caughy, M. O., DiPietro, J., & Strobino, D. M. (1994). Day-care participation as a protective factor in the development of low-income children. Child Development, 65, 457-471.
13. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J., (Eds.) (1995). Escape from poverty; What makes a difference for children? New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Cooksey, E. C., Menaghan, E. G., & Jekielek, S. M. (1997). Life course effects of work and family circumstances on children. Social Forces, 76, 637-667.
15. Danziger, S. K., Corcoran, M., Danziger, S., Heflin, C., Kalil, A., & Levine, J. et al (2000). Barriers to the employment of welfare recipients. In R. Cherry & W. M. Rodgers (Eds.), Prosperity for all? The economic boom and African Americans (pp. 239-272). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
16. Danziger, S., Kalil, A., & Anderson, N. (2000). Human capital, health, and mental health characteristics of welfare recipients. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 635-654.
17. Derr, M. K., Douglas, S., & Pavetti, L. (2001). Providing mental health services to TANF recipients: Program design choices and implementation challenges in four states. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research.
18. Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997), Income effects across the life span: Integration and interpretation. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 596-610). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
19. Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development, 65, 296-318.
20. Edin, K., & Lein, L. (1997). Making ends meet: How single mothers survive welfare and low-wage work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
21. Foster, E. M., & McLanahan, S. (1996). An illustration of the use of instrumental variables: Do neighborhood conditions affect a young person's chance of finishing high school? Psychological Methods, 1, 249-260.
22. Friedlander, D. (1988). Subgroup impacts and performance indicators for selected welfare employment programs. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
23. Galambos, N. S., Sears, H. A., Almeida, D. M., & Kolaric, G. C. (1995). Parents' work overload and problem behavior in young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 201-223.
24. Gennetian, L., & Miller, C. (2000). Reforming welfare and rewarding work: The final report on the Minnesota family Investment Program. Volume 2: Effects on children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
25. Gennetian, L. A., & Miller, C. (2002). Children and welfare reform: A view from an experimental welfare program in Minnesota. Child Development, 73, 601-620.
26. Greenberg, D., Meyer, R. H., & Wiseman, M. (1993). Prying the lid from the black box: Plotting evaluation strategy for welfare employment and training programs. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Institute for Research to Poverty.
27. Greenberger, E., O'Neil, R., & Nagel, S. K. (1994). Linking workplace and homeplace: Relations between the nature of adults' work and their parenting behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 30, 990-1002.
28. Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1990). Social Skills Rating System manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
29. Gueron, J., & Pauly, E. (1991). From welfare to work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
30. Hanson, T. L., McLanahan, S., & Thomson, E. (1997). Economic resources, parental practices, and children's well-being. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 190-238). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47, 153-161.
32. Huston, A. C., Duncan, G. J., Granger, R., Bos, J., McLoyd, V., & Mistry, R., et al. (2001). Work-based anti-poverty programs for parents can enhance the school performance and social behavior of children. Child Development, 72, 318-336.
33. Kalil, A., Corcoran, M. E., Danziger, S. K., Tolman, R., Seefeldt, K. S., & Rosen, D. et al. (1998). Getting jobs, keeping jobs, and earning a living wage; Can welfare reform work? Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper #1170-98, Institute for Research on Poverty.
34. Kalil, A., Schweingruber, H., Daniel-Echols, M., & Breen, A. (2000). Mother, worker, welfare recipient: Welfare reform and the multiple roles of low-income women. In S. H. Danziger & A. C. Lin (Eds.), Coping with poverty: The social contexts of neighborhood, work and family in the African American community (pp. 201-223). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
35. Kalil, A., Schweingruber, H., & Seefeldt, K. (2001). Correlates of employment among welfare recipients: Do psychological characteristics and attitudes matter? American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 701-723.
36. Kemple, J. J., Snipes, J. C., & Bloom, H. S. (2000). A regression-based approach for defining subgroups in a social experiment (MDRC Working Paper on Research Methodology). New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
37. Knitzer, J. (2000). Promoting resilience: Helping young children and parents affected by substance abuse, domestic violence, and depression in the context of welfare reform. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty.
38. Knox, V., Miller, C., & Gennetian, L. (2000). Reforming welfare and rewarding work: A summary of the final report on the Minnesota Family Investment Program. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
39. London, A. S., Scott, E. K., Edin, K., & Hunter, V. (2001). Juggling low-wage work and family life: What mothers say about their children's well-being in the context of welfare reform. Working paper, Next Generation research consortium. Retrieved June 7, 2003, from http: // www.mdrc.org/NextGeneration/Working_paper_series/ NG_WkgPpr_4/NG_Summary4-6.htm.
40. Loprest, P., & Acs, G. (1995). Profile of disability among families on AFDC. Washington, DC: The Urban institute.
41. Lowe, E. D., & Weisner, T. (2001). '"You have to push it-who's gonna raise your kids?": Situating child care in the daily routines of low-income families. Working paper, Next Generation research consortium. Retrieved June 7, 2003, from http:/ / www.mdrc.org/NextGeneration/Working_paper_series/ NG_WkgPpr_7 / NG-SituatingChild-care-WP7.htm.
42. Mackinnon, D., Lockwood, C. M., Huffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
43. Mayer, S. (1997). What money can't buy: Family income and children's life chances. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185-204.
45. McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. (1994). Non-employment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562-589.
46. Meeker, W. Q., Cornwell, L. W., & Aroian, L. A. (1981). Selected tables in mathematical statistics, Vol. VII: The product of two normally distributed randome variables. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
47. Menaghan, E. G., & Parcel, T. L. (1995). Determining children's home environments: The impact of maternal characteristics and current occupational and family conditions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 417-431.
48. Meyers, M. K., Brady, H. E., & Seto, E. Y. (2000). Expensive children in poor families: The intersection of childhood disabilities and welfare. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
49. Michalopoulos, C., & Berlin, G. (2001). Financial work incentives for low-wage workers. Poverty Research News, 5(3), 4-6.
50. Michalopoulos, C., & Schwartz, C. (2001). What works best for whom: Impacts of 20 welfare-to-work programs by subgroup. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
51. Miller, C., Knox, V., Gennetian, L. A., Dodoo, M., Hunter, J., & Redcross, C. (2000). Reforming welfare and rewarding work: Final report on the Minnesota Family Investment Program. Volume 1: Effects on adults. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
52. Moffitt, R., & Roff, J. (2000). The diversity of welfare leavers. Welfare, children, and families: A three-city study (Working Paper #00-01). Baltimore: John Hopkins University.
53. Moore, K. A., & Driscoll, A. K. (1997). Low-wage maternal employment and outcomes for children: A study. The Future of Children, 7, 122-127.
54. Morris, P. A., Huston, A. C, Duncan, G., Crosby, D., & Bos, J. (2001). A synthesis of the effects of welfare-to-work programs on children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
55. Newman, K. S. (1999). No shame in my game: The working poor in the inner city. New York: Knopf and Sage.
56. Olson, K., & Pavetti, L. (1997). Personal and family challenges to the successful transition from welfare to work. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
57. Parcel, T. L., & Menaghan, E. G. (1994). Early parental work, family social capital, and early childhood outcomes. American Journal of Sociology, 99, 972-1009.
58. Peterson, J. L., & Zill, N. (1986), Marital disruption, parent-child relationships, and behavioral problems in children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 295-307.
59. Quint, J. C., Bos, J. M., & Polit, D. R (1997). New Chance: Final report on a comprehensive program for young mothers in poverty and their children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
60. Raver, C. C. (in press). Does work pay, psychologically as well as economically? The of role of employment in predicting depressive symptoms and parenting among low-income families. Child Development.
61. Raver, C. C., & Spagnola, M. (2002). When my mommy was angry, I was speechless": Children's perceptions of maternal emotional expressiveness within the context of economic hardship. Marriage and Family Review, 23, 63-88.
62. Riccio, J. A., & Bloom, H. S. (2001). Extending the reach of randomized social experiments: New directions in the evaluation of American welfare-to-work and employment initiatives. MDRC Working Paper on Research Methodology. Retrieved June 7, 20003, from http:// www.mdrc.org/ResearchMethodologyPprs.htm.
63. Rosenbaum, P. R. (1995). Observational studies. New York: Springer-Verlag.
64. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70, 41-55.
65. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. (1984). Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 516-524.
66. Rosman, E. A., & Knitzer, J. (2001). Welfare reform: The special case of young children with disabilities and their families. Infants and Young Children, 13, 25-35.
67. Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1995). Does employment affect health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 230-243.
68. Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3. Social competence in children (pp. 49-74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
69. Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Sameroff, A. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In R D. Horowitz, M. Hetherington, S. Scarr, & G. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child development research: Vol. 4 (pp. 187-244). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
71. Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: The influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64, 80-97.
72. Scott, E. K., Edin, K., London, A. S., & Mazelis, J. M. (2002). My children come first: Welfare-reliant women's post-TANF views of work-family tradeoffs, neighborhoods, and marriage. In G. J. Duncan & P. L. Chase-Lansdale (Eds.), For better or for worse: Welfare reform and the well-being of children and families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
73. Seifer, R. (1995). Perils and pitfalls of high-risk research. Developmental Psychology, 31, 420-424.
74. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Appendix 5.1: Important developments in analyzing data from designs with nonequivalent groups. In W. R. Shadish, T. D. Cook, & D. T. Campbell (Eds.), Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for causal inference (pp. 161-170). New York: Houghton Mifflin.
75. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
76. Singer, J. D., Fuller, B., Keiley, M. K., & Wolf, A. (1998). Early child-care selection: Variation by geographic location, maternal characteristics, and family structure. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1129-1144.
77. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290-312). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
78. Vandell, D. L., & Ramanan, J. (1992). Effects of early and recent maternal employment on children from low-income families. Child Development, 63, 938-949.
79. Wright, J. C., & Huston, A. C. (1995). Effects of educational TV viewing of lower-income preschools on academic skills, school readiness, and school adjustment one to three years later. Lawrence, KS: Center for Research on the Influences of Television on Children.
80. Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. The Future of Children, 5(3), 51-75.
81. Yoshikawa, H. (1999). Welfare dynamics, support services, mothers' earnings, and child cognitive development: Implications for contemporary welfare reform. Child Development, 70, 779-801.
82. Yoshikawa, H., & Seidman, E. (2001). Multi-dimensional profiles of welfare and work dynamics: Development, validation, and relationship to child cognitive and mental health outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 907-936.
83. Zaslow, M. J., & Emig, C. (1997). When low-income mothers go to work: Implications for children. The Future of Children, 7, 110-115.
84. Zaslow, M. J., Hair, E. C., Dion, M. R., Ahluwalia, S. K., & Sargent, J. (2001). Maternal depressive symptoms and low literacy as potential barriers to employment in a sample of families receiving welfare: Are there two-generational implications? Women and Health, 32, 211-252.